Analysis of the Design and Application of a Novel CT Secondary Cable Line Calibrator

With the rapid development of electrical power systems,ensuring the accuracy and reliability of power transmis-sion has become particularly crucial.The secondary cable line calibrator for current transformers(CT)plays an essential role in calibrating electrical power systems.It is not only related to the safe operation of the system but also directly im-pacts the accuracy of energy metering.This study aims to design and analyze an efficient CT secondary cable line calibra-tor to explore its application effects in the power system.By thoroughly analyzing the characteristics of CT secondary ca-ble lines and the design requirements of the calibrator,this paper proposes an innovative design scheme for the calibrator.This device demonstrates significant effects in enhancing the accuracy and stability of power system calibration,providing robust technical support for the optimization and upgrade of the power system.This research not only offers a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and application of CT secondary cable line calibrators but also contributes new ideas and methods for the precise calibration and efficient management of the power system.

Case Study on Synchronous Construction Technology for Secondary Lining of Large-diameter Single track Shiel Shield-bored ored Tunnel

The synchronous construction of the secondary lining during the boring of large-diameter shield faces challenges such as the design of the lining jumbo,the high requirements on the performance for the lining jumbo,the organization of the construction activities in the small and confined area,the horizontal transportation for shield boring and high safety management requirements.A super-long invert lining construction jumbo,as well as the matching California switch,is developed,which provides solution for the confliction between the invert lining construction and the horizontal transportation.The procedure and method for the synchronous operation of the shield boring and the secondary lining are developed by referring to the synchronous construction of the secondary lining during the boring of the TBMs in hard rocks.Due to the adoption of the synchronous operation of the shield boring and the secondary lining,the construction period is shortened and the construction cost is reduced.The paper can provide reference for the synchronous construction of the secondary lining in similar projects in the future.

Failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock at deep large section chamber intersection in the Wanfu Coal Mine

In order to solve the problem of large deformation at the intersection of deep large section soft rock roadway,this paper takes the intersection of kilometer-deep roadway in the Wanfu Coal Mine as an engineering example and applies Negative Poisson’s Ratio(NPR)steel anchor cable in roadway support for the first time.By combining numerical simulation indoor test,theoretical analysis and field test,the deformation mechanism of surrounding rock at the intersection of deep-buried roadway was analyzed,and the control strategy with micro NPR steel anchor cable as the core was put forward.Through numerical simulation,the numerical analysis model of roadway intersection with different intersection angles and excavation sequence was constructed,and the impact of two key variables of rake angle and excavation sequence on the stability of surrounding rock at roadway intersection was studied.The optimal dip angle is 90°and the optimal excavation sequence was determined as pump house-pump house passage-substation.The mechanical properties of the micro-NPR steel anchor cable were studied through the static tensile test in the laboratory.The results showed that the micro-NPR steel anchor cable showed high constant resistance,uniform tensile,no yield platform,and no obvious necking phenomenon during breaking.Through theoretical derivation,it was calculated that the vertical stress of roadway intersection is 45 MPa,and the bearing capacity of superposed arch composed of micro NPR steel anchor cable is 1257 kN,which is enough to guarantee the overall stability of intersection.Support application test and monitoring were carried out on site,and it was verified that the combined support strategy of short and long micro NPR steel anchor cable has a good control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock at intersection,which provides a new support material and support means for the safety and stabilization control of surrounding rock at intersection.

Load laws of composite lining in mountain tunnel model tests and numerical simulation validation

Currently,model tests are increasingly being used to simulate the construction of mountain tunnels,but the support structure of the model tests does not show the composite lining,and the force laws of the composite lining are not yet clear.In this research,the force variation of composite lining under three cases in model tests of deep-buried tunnels were carried out with the surrounding rock grade and installation time as the variation factors.The test results reveal that:(1)The suitable method to reduce the contact load between the secondary lining and primary support is to enhance the primary support in the soft and weak surrounding rock.Correspondingly,for ClassⅢsurrounding rock and better quality of surrounding rock,the primary support can lag behind the excavation face a certain distance.(2)The axial forces of the bolts tend to rise with concentration of 0.4 kN-0.7 kN after the secondary lining was installed.(3)With or without two to three excavation cycles delayed,the load sharing ratio of the secondary lining of the Class III surrounding rock is less than 10%.Finally,the numerical simulation verifies the feasibility of the model tests.

Stability Analysis of Large Section Rocky Tunnel Support Structure

In order to study the stress characteristics of the initial support and secondary lining of the large section tunnel and to solve the problem of secondary lining cracking during operation. Taking the large section tunnel in Zihong village, Qi County as the research object, a numerical simulation method was used to establish a finite element model of the large section tunnel. So as to simulate and analyze the stress characteristics of the support structure of this tunnel. Through the simulation of the initial support and second lining of this large section tunnel in terms of displacement, stress, plastic zone damage and anchor shaft force, the results show that as the excavation progresses, the stress and displacement on the surface of the newly excavated tunnel profile is faster, especially at the side walls and arch footings, the stress and displacement values are slightly larger than other characteristic points, but the final values are stable and converge, and are basically consistent with the field monitoring results, which indicates that this support system is basically in stable state. Therefore, during the tunnel excavation and support process, special attention should be paid to the stability of the sidewalls and footings, and the results of this study will be of great practical significance for tunnel construction and maintenance.

Influence of secondary lining thickness on mechanical behaviours of double-layer lining in large-diameter shield tunnels

In large-diameter shield tunnels,applying the double-layer lining structure can improve the load-bearing properties and maintain the stability of segmental lining.The secondary lining thickness is a key parameter in the design of a double lining structure,which is worth being explored.Based on an actual large-diameter shield tunnel,loading model tests are carried out to investigate the effect of the secondary lining thickness on the mechanical behaviours of the double lining structure.The test results show that within the range of secondary lining thicknesses discussed,the load-bearing limit of the double-layer lining increases with growing secondary lining thickness.As a passive support,the secondary lining acts as an auxiliary load-bearing structure by contacting the segment.And changes in secondary lining thickness have a significant effect on the contact state between the segment and secondary lining,with both the contact pressure level and the contact area between the two varying.For double-layer lining structures in large-diameter shield tunnels,it is proposed that the stiffness of the secondary lining needs to be matched to the stiffness of the segment,as this allows them to have a coordinated deformation and a good joint load-bearing effect.

Long-term mechanical analysis of tunnel structures in rheological rock considering the degradation of primary lining

Rock load on lining structures increases over time for tunnels buried in rheological rock,and in addition deterioration of primary lining is common due to its structural characteristics and service environment attack,where these delayed features affect the mechanical response of tunnels.However,accounting for these delayed features in long-term stability assessment of tunnel structures is complex and has not attracted enough attention.In this paper,an analytical approach is proposed for investigating long-term mechanical response of tunnel structures in rheological rock influenced by degradation of primary lining.For this purpose,degradation of primary lining,char-acterized by decreasing concrete stiffness over time,is quantitatively described by an exponential model.The rheological characteristic of surrounding rock is simulated by the Burgers model.The time-varying solutions for rock deformation and support pressure are obtained by considering the coordinated interaction between surrounding rock and linings,and their correctness is verified by comparing them with numerical results.The results revealed that the pressure imposed on linings due to the rheological behavior of surrounding rock increases over time.As the primary lining degrades,the rheological load is transferred from primary lining to secondary lining,leading to increasing pressure on secondary lining;and a faster degradation rate of primary lining leads to greater pressure on secondary lining.Therefore,the primary lining should not be overlooked in long-term safety assessment of operation tunnels because of its role in bearing and transmitting load.Finally,the tunnel’s design and operational maintenance strategy are discussed when the delay effects of surround-ing rock and lining are taken into account.