Objective To determine the extent of secondhand smoke exposure in China, and to explore the potential associated factors. Methods This study was a nationally representative household survey examining secondhand smoke ...Objective To determine the extent of secondhand smoke exposure in China, and to explore the potential associated factors. Methods This study was a nationally representative household survey examining secondhand smoke exposure of non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 and older using a global standardized geographically clustered sample design. A total of 13 354 people completed the individual questionnaire with questions on gender, age, educational level, residence, profession, potential factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure, and workplace smoking policy. The data were used to determine whole population estimates of secondhand smoke exposure. Results Among non-smokers aged 15 years and older, it was estimated that 72.4% （556 million） were exposed to secondhand smoke, with 52.5% （292 million） exposed to secondhand smoke daily. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was 74.1% for men, 71.6% for women, 70.5% for urban populations, and 74.2% for rural populations. The rates were 67.3%, 63.3%, and 72.7% respectively, within the household, indoor workplaces and public places. Secondhand smoke exposure was significantly reduced in workplaces with a smoking ban but not in workplaces with a partial smoking ban. Conclusion Although China has made some progress toward a smoke-free environment there remains a high degree of exposure to secondhand smoke.展开更多
<strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this mixed methods research was to develop an educational comic booklet to prevent pregnant women’s exposure to secondhand smoke. <strong>Methods:</strong> We ...<strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this mixed methods research was to develop an educational comic booklet to prevent pregnant women’s exposure to secondhand smoke. <strong>Methods:</strong> We assessed the suitability of the comic booklet by measuring participant response to content, literacy demand, graphics, layout and typography, learning stimulation, motivation, and cultural appropriateness. The participants were 17 Indonesians living in Japan who were recruited through Respondent-Driven-Sampling and met all criteria for the survey. Means and standard deviations were used to determine the suitability of the educational comic. <strong>Results:</strong> About 80% of participants rated the comic as “superior” on a rating scale with options of “superior”, “adequate”, “not suitable”, or “not applicable”. The most successful aspects of the comic were content and cultural appropriateness, as it provided clear contents and the graphics showed realistic Indonesian smoking behavior. The least successful aspect of the comic was the literacy demand because there were long sentences using difficult words. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results of this study may be used to conduct a randomized controlled trial using this comic booklet with some modifications.展开更多
Background: Recent studies further expose the dangers of secondhand smoke (SHS) to smokers and nonsmokers alike. The health care visit provides a face-to-face opportunity to deliver vital information about those dange...Background: Recent studies further expose the dangers of secondhand smoke (SHS) to smokers and nonsmokers alike. The health care visit provides a face-to-face opportunity to deliver vital information about those dangers, yet, little is known about primary care providers (PCPs) who address this topic with their patients in clinical practice. Purpose: We examined primary care providers’ advice to patients regarding SHS exposure and the factors promoting such communication. Methods: Data from 3 years (2008, 2009, and 2010) of physician questionnaires (approximately 1250 family/general practitioners, internists, and obstetricians/gynecologists (OBs/GYNs) were used to examine physician advice to patients with children, to smokers and to nonsmokers to prevent or avoid SHS exposure. Using 2010 data we evaluated descriptive statistics and logistic regression for offering patient advice regarding SHS exposure. Results: Web-based data revealed that almost 90% of PCPs advise patients with children to keep their children from being exposed to SHS, 80% advise patients who smoke to avoid exposing others to SHS in their homes and cars, and 70% advise nonsmokers to avoid general exposure to SHS. Logistic regression analysis indicated that OB/GYNs were less likely to engage in SHS counseling than their family practice/general practitioner colleagues. Conclusions: Physician efforts advising patients to avoid SHS exposure varied little in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Primary care providers, particularly OB/GYNs, are encouraged to advise their patients during routine visits to avoid SHS exposure that could compromise fetal health and growth. More extensive tobacco education and targeted specialty guidelines may be展开更多
Background Despite extensive research evaluating the association between prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke(SHS)and the development of autism spectrum disorders(ASD),no study has investigated the association by con...Background Despite extensive research evaluating the association between prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke(SHS)and the development of autism spectrum disorders(ASD),no study has investigated the association by considering the pre-conceptional period.This study aimed to investigate the associations of pre-conceptional and prenatal SHS exposure and the development of ASD among toddlers.Methods In this cross-sectional study,parents of 6049 toddlers aged 16–30 months were recruited from 7 tertiary hospitals,21 communities,and 7 kindergartens located in seven cities in six provinces from five geographical regions of China.We analyzed the associations of SHS exposure and the odds of ASD among toddlers in different exposure windows(pre-conceptional and/or prenatal periods).Data were analyzed from November 2021 to January 2022.Results Among the 6049 toddlers included in the analysis[22.7(4.1)months;44.8%girls],71 were identified and diagnosed with ASD.Compared with the unexposed toddlers,toddlers with pre-conceptional SHS exposure had higher odds of ASD(OR 2.30,95%CI 1.36–3.84),while we observed a non-significantly positive association regarding prenatal SHS exposure.When considering both pre-conceptional and prenatal periods,toddlers who were continuously exposed to SHS during these two periods had higher odds than those without SHS exposure(OR 2.32,95%CI 1.24–4.14).Conclusion We reported positive SHS–ASD associations when exposed during the pre-conceptional period and continuously exposed during pre-conceptional and prenatal periods,emphasizing the critical window of pre-conception for targeted intervention on smoking.展开更多
目的基于观察性研究,采用Meta分析探索二手烟暴露与孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)风险的关联,以探究二手烟与ASD风险关联的关键暴露窗口。方法检索Ovid、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、PubMed、中国知网...目的基于观察性研究,采用Meta分析探索二手烟暴露与孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)风险的关联,以探究二手烟与ASD风险关联的关键暴露窗口。方法检索Ovid、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、PubMed、中国知网、万方数据库,检索时限为自建库起至2023年4月30日。纳入二手烟暴露与ASD风险的相关研究,进行质量评估,采用推荐、评估、发展和评价分级系统(The Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,GRADE)及最佳证据综合(The Best Evidence Synthesis,BES)方法进行证据强度评价,根据异质性应用随机效应模型或固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果本研究纳入36篇观察性研究,Meta分析结果显示,孕期和1岁以后的二手烟暴露与ASD患病风险相关(孕期:OR=1.79,95%CI:1.20~2.68;1岁以后:OR=1.39,95%CI:1.10~1.75),但两种证据强度评价结果均显示强度较低。亚组分析未发现异质性来源,敏感性分析显示结果稳定,剪补法提示现问卷/报告/访谈形式收集二手烟暴露信息的所有暴露时期暴露组可能存在发表偏倚。结论孕期和1岁以后二手烟暴露会增加后代ASD患病风险,未发现其他时期与ASD相关。但受证据强度低的限制,未来应进一步采用高质量研究以验证此关联。展开更多
Objective To determine the level of awareness of the hazards of tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke inhalation among adults in China. Methods Household surveys were conducted with a total of 13 354 respondents aged 1...Objective To determine the level of awareness of the hazards of tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke inhalation among adults in China. Methods Household surveys were conducted with a total of 13 354 respondents aged 15 years or over from 100 counties of 28 Chinese provinces using a stratified multi-stage geographically clustered sample design. Results The findings revealed that 81.8% of the population was aware that smoking causes serious diseases, and 27.2% and 38.7% were aware that smoking causes stroke and heart attack, respectively. Only 64.3% of respondents were aware that secondhand smoke can cause serious diseases, and 27.5%, 51.0%, and 52.6% were aware that secondhand smoke causes heart disease in adults, lung disease in children and lung cancer in adults, respectively. Awareness regarding smoking-related hazards across all participants was significantly associated with several factors, including gender, smoking status, urban/rural residency, education level and exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days. Awareness regarding tobacco-related hazards in smokers was significantly associated with urban/rural residency, education level, exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days, and physician＇s advice. Awareness relating to the hazards of inhaling secondhand smoke was associated with smoking status, urban/rural residency, age, education level, and exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days. Medical professionals were found to know more about the health hazards of tobacco compared with people in other types of employment. Conclusions Overall awareness of the health hazards of tobacco has improved in the last 15 years in China, but is still relatively poor. Improved means of communicating information and more effective warning labels on cigarette packaging are necessary for increasing public awareness of tobacco hazards, particularly among rural residents and people with less education.展开更多
基金supported by Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation the Centers for Disease Control Foundation and World Health Organization (WHO).Project No:HQTFI081955
文摘Objective To determine the extent of secondhand smoke exposure in China, and to explore the potential associated factors. Methods This study was a nationally representative household survey examining secondhand smoke exposure of non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 and older using a global standardized geographically clustered sample design. A total of 13 354 people completed the individual questionnaire with questions on gender, age, educational level, residence, profession, potential factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure, and workplace smoking policy. The data were used to determine whole population estimates of secondhand smoke exposure. Results Among non-smokers aged 15 years and older, it was estimated that 72.4% （556 million） were exposed to secondhand smoke, with 52.5% （292 million） exposed to secondhand smoke daily. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was 74.1% for men, 71.6% for women, 70.5% for urban populations, and 74.2% for rural populations. The rates were 67.3%, 63.3%, and 72.7% respectively, within the household, indoor workplaces and public places. Secondhand smoke exposure was significantly reduced in workplaces with a smoking ban but not in workplaces with a partial smoking ban. Conclusion Although China has made some progress toward a smoke-free environment there remains a high degree of exposure to secondhand smoke.
文摘<strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this mixed methods research was to develop an educational comic booklet to prevent pregnant women’s exposure to secondhand smoke. <strong>Methods:</strong> We assessed the suitability of the comic booklet by measuring participant response to content, literacy demand, graphics, layout and typography, learning stimulation, motivation, and cultural appropriateness. The participants were 17 Indonesians living in Japan who were recruited through Respondent-Driven-Sampling and met all criteria for the survey. Means and standard deviations were used to determine the suitability of the educational comic. <strong>Results:</strong> About 80% of participants rated the comic as “superior” on a rating scale with options of “superior”, “adequate”, “not suitable”, or “not applicable”. The most successful aspects of the comic were content and cultural appropriateness, as it provided clear contents and the graphics showed realistic Indonesian smoking behavior. The least successful aspect of the comic was the literacy demand because there were long sentences using difficult words. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results of this study may be used to conduct a randomized controlled trial using this comic booklet with some modifications.
文摘Background: Recent studies further expose the dangers of secondhand smoke (SHS) to smokers and nonsmokers alike. The health care visit provides a face-to-face opportunity to deliver vital information about those dangers, yet, little is known about primary care providers (PCPs) who address this topic with their patients in clinical practice. Purpose: We examined primary care providers’ advice to patients regarding SHS exposure and the factors promoting such communication. Methods: Data from 3 years (2008, 2009, and 2010) of physician questionnaires (approximately 1250 family/general practitioners, internists, and obstetricians/gynecologists (OBs/GYNs) were used to examine physician advice to patients with children, to smokers and to nonsmokers to prevent or avoid SHS exposure. Using 2010 data we evaluated descriptive statistics and logistic regression for offering patient advice regarding SHS exposure. Results: Web-based data revealed that almost 90% of PCPs advise patients with children to keep their children from being exposed to SHS, 80% advise patients who smoke to avoid exposing others to SHS in their homes and cars, and 70% advise nonsmokers to avoid general exposure to SHS. Logistic regression analysis indicated that OB/GYNs were less likely to engage in SHS counseling than their family practice/general practitioner colleagues. Conclusions: Physician efforts advising patients to avoid SHS exposure varied little in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Primary care providers, particularly OB/GYNs, are encouraged to advise their patients during routine visits to avoid SHS exposure that could compromise fetal health and growth. More extensive tobacco education and targeted specialty guidelines may be
基金This work was supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(2019B030335001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(82103794)the National Social Science Foundation of China(20&ZD296).
文摘Background Despite extensive research evaluating the association between prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke(SHS)and the development of autism spectrum disorders(ASD),no study has investigated the association by considering the pre-conceptional period.This study aimed to investigate the associations of pre-conceptional and prenatal SHS exposure and the development of ASD among toddlers.Methods In this cross-sectional study,parents of 6049 toddlers aged 16–30 months were recruited from 7 tertiary hospitals,21 communities,and 7 kindergartens located in seven cities in six provinces from five geographical regions of China.We analyzed the associations of SHS exposure and the odds of ASD among toddlers in different exposure windows(pre-conceptional and/or prenatal periods).Data were analyzed from November 2021 to January 2022.Results Among the 6049 toddlers included in the analysis[22.7(4.1)months;44.8%girls],71 were identified and diagnosed with ASD.Compared with the unexposed toddlers,toddlers with pre-conceptional SHS exposure had higher odds of ASD(OR 2.30,95%CI 1.36–3.84),while we observed a non-significantly positive association regarding prenatal SHS exposure.When considering both pre-conceptional and prenatal periods,toddlers who were continuously exposed to SHS during these two periods had higher odds than those without SHS exposure(OR 2.32,95%CI 1.24–4.14).Conclusion We reported positive SHS–ASD associations when exposed during the pre-conceptional period and continuously exposed during pre-conceptional and prenatal periods,emphasizing the critical window of pre-conception for targeted intervention on smoking.
文摘目的基于观察性研究,采用Meta分析探索二手烟暴露与孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)风险的关联,以探究二手烟与ASD风险关联的关键暴露窗口。方法检索Ovid、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、PubMed、中国知网、万方数据库,检索时限为自建库起至2023年4月30日。纳入二手烟暴露与ASD风险的相关研究,进行质量评估,采用推荐、评估、发展和评价分级系统(The Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,GRADE)及最佳证据综合(The Best Evidence Synthesis,BES)方法进行证据强度评价,根据异质性应用随机效应模型或固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果本研究纳入36篇观察性研究,Meta分析结果显示,孕期和1岁以后的二手烟暴露与ASD患病风险相关(孕期:OR=1.79,95%CI:1.20~2.68;1岁以后:OR=1.39,95%CI:1.10~1.75),但两种证据强度评价结果均显示强度较低。亚组分析未发现异质性来源,敏感性分析显示结果稳定,剪补法提示现问卷/报告/访谈形式收集二手烟暴露信息的所有暴露时期暴露组可能存在发表偏倚。结论孕期和1岁以后二手烟暴露会增加后代ASD患病风险,未发现其他时期与ASD相关。但受证据强度低的限制,未来应进一步采用高质量研究以验证此关联。
基金supported by Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation the Center for Disease Control Foundation and World Health Organization (WHO).Project No.HQTFI081955
文摘Objective To determine the level of awareness of the hazards of tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke inhalation among adults in China. Methods Household surveys were conducted with a total of 13 354 respondents aged 15 years or over from 100 counties of 28 Chinese provinces using a stratified multi-stage geographically clustered sample design. Results The findings revealed that 81.8% of the population was aware that smoking causes serious diseases, and 27.2% and 38.7% were aware that smoking causes stroke and heart attack, respectively. Only 64.3% of respondents were aware that secondhand smoke can cause serious diseases, and 27.5%, 51.0%, and 52.6% were aware that secondhand smoke causes heart disease in adults, lung disease in children and lung cancer in adults, respectively. Awareness regarding smoking-related hazards across all participants was significantly associated with several factors, including gender, smoking status, urban/rural residency, education level and exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days. Awareness regarding tobacco-related hazards in smokers was significantly associated with urban/rural residency, education level, exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days, and physician＇s advice. Awareness relating to the hazards of inhaling secondhand smoke was associated with smoking status, urban/rural residency, age, education level, and exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days. Medical professionals were found to know more about the health hazards of tobacco compared with people in other types of employment. Conclusions Overall awareness of the health hazards of tobacco has improved in the last 15 years in China, but is still relatively poor. Improved means of communicating information and more effective warning labels on cigarette packaging are necessary for increasing public awareness of tobacco hazards, particularly among rural residents and people with less education.
