Interrater Reliability Estimation via Maximum Likelihood for Gwet’s Chance Agreement Model

Interrater reliability (IRR) statistics, like Cohen’s kappa, measure agreement between raters beyond what is expected by chance when classifying items into categories. While Cohen’s kappa has been widely used, it has several limitations, prompting development of Gwet’s agreement statistic, an alternative “kappa”statistic which models chance agreement via an “occasional guessing” model. However, we show that Gwet’s formula for estimating the proportion of agreement due to chance is itself biased for intermediate levels of agreement, despite overcoming limitations of Cohen’s kappa at high and low agreement levels. We derive a maximum likelihood estimator for the occasional guessing model that yields an unbiased estimator of the IRR, which we call the maximum likelihood kappa (κML). The key result is that the chance agreement probability under the occasional guessing model is simply equal to the observed rate of disagreement between raters. The κMLstatistic provides a theoretically principled approach to quantifying IRR that addresses limitations of previous κcoefficients. Given the widespread use of IRR measures, having an unbiased estimator is important for reliable inference across domains where rater judgments are analyzed.

Chaotic Map-Based Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol with Low-Latency for Metasystem

With the rapid advancement in exploring perceptual interactions and digital twins,metaverse technology has emerged to transcend the constraints of space-time and reality,facilitating remote AI-based collaboration.In this dynamic metasystem environment,frequent information exchanges necessitate robust security measures,with Authentication and Key Agreement(AKA)serving as the primary line of defense to ensure communication security.However,traditional AKA protocols fall short in meeting the low-latency requirements essential for synchronous interactions within the metaverse.To address this challenge and enable nearly latency-free interactions,a novel low-latency AKA protocol based on chaotic maps is proposed.This protocol not only ensures mutual authentication of entities within the metasystem but also generates secure session keys.The security of these session keys is rigorously validated through formal proofs,formal verification,and informal proofs.When confronted with the Dolev-Yao(DY)threat model,the session keys are formally demonstrated to be secure under the Real-or-Random(ROR)model.The proposed protocol is further validated through simulations conducted using VMware workstation compiled in HLPSL language and C language.The simulation results affirm the protocol’s effectiveness in resisting well-known attacks while achieving the desired low latency for optimal metaverse interactions.

Cautionary Remarks When Testing Agreement between Two Raters for Continuous Scale Measurements: A Tutorial in Clinical Epidemiology with Implementation Using R

Background: When continuous scale measurements are available, agreements between two measuring devices are assessed both graphically and analytically. In clinical investigations, Bland and Altman proposed plotting subject-wise differences between raters against subject-wise averages. In order to scientifically assess agreement, Bartko recommended combining the graphical approach with the statistical analytic procedure suggested by Bradley and Blackwood. The advantage of using this approach is that it enables significance testing and sample size estimation. We noted that the direct use of the results of the regression is misleading and we provide a correction in this regard. Methods: Graphical and linear models are used to assess agreements for continuous scale measurements. We demonstrate that software linear regression results should not be readily used and we provided correct analytic procedures. The degrees of freedom of the F-statistics are incorrectly reported, and we propose methods to overcome this problem by introducing the correct analytic form of the F statistic. Methods for sample size estimation using R-functions are also given. Results: We believe that the tutorial and the R-codes are useful tools for testing and estimating agreement between two rating protocols for continuous scale measurements. The interested reader may use the codes and apply them to their available data when the issue of agreement between two raters is the subject of interest.

Improved quantum key agreement protocol with authentication

In order to make the quantum key agreement process immune to participant attacks, it is necessary to introduce the authentication in the communication process. A quantum key agreement protocol with identity authentication that exploits the measurement correlation of six-particle entangled states is proposed. In contrast to some recently proposed quantum key agreement protocols with authentication, this protocol requires neither a semi-trusted third party nor additional private keys in the authentication process. The entire process of authentication and key agreement can be achieved using only n six-particle entangled states, which saves communication costs and reduces the complexity of the authentication process.Finally, security analysis shows that this scheme is resistant to some important attacks.

Efficient Certificateless Authenticated Key Agreement for Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Medical Things

Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)plays an essential role in collecting and managing personal medical data.In recent years,blockchain technology has put power in traditional IoMT systems for data sharing between different medical institutions and improved the utilization of medical data.However,some problems in the information transfer process between wireless medical devices and mobile medical apps,such as information leakage and privacy disclosure.This paper first designs a cross-device key agreement model for blockchain-enabled IoMT.This model can establish a key agreement mechanism for secure medical data sharing.Meanwhile,a certificateless authenticated key agreement(KA)protocol has been proposed to strengthen the information transfer security in the cross-device key agreement model.The proposed KA protocol only requires one exchange of messages between the two parties,which can improve the protocol execution efficiency.Then,any unauthorized tampering of the transmitted signed message sent by the sender can be detected by the receiver,so this can guarantee the success of the establishment of a session key between the strange entities.The blockchain ledger can ensure that the medical data cannot be tampered with,and the certificateless mechanism can weaken the key escrow problem.Moreover,the security proof and performance analysis are given,which show that the proposed model and KA protocol are more secure and efficient than other schemes in similar literature.

A Provably Secure and PUF-Based Authentication Key Agreement Scheme for Cloud-Edge IoT

With the exponential growth of intelligent Internet of Things(IoT)applications,Cloud-Edge(CE)paradigm is emerging as a solution that facilitates resource-efficient and timely services.However,it remains an underlying issue that frequent end-edgecloud communication is over a public or adversarycontrolled channel.Additionally,with the presence of resource-constrained devices,it’s imperative to conduct the secure communication mechanism,while still guaranteeing efficiency.Physical unclonable functions(PUF)emerge as promising lightweight security primitives.Thus,we first construct a PUF-based security mechanism for vulnerable IoT devices.Further,a provably secure and PUF-based authentication key agreement scheme is proposed for establishing the secure channel in end-edge-cloud empowered IoT,without requiring pre-loaded master keys.The security of our scheme is rigorously proven through formal security analysis under the random oracle model,and security verification using AVISPA tool.The comprehensive security features are also elaborated.Moreover,the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing related schemes in terms of computational and communication efficiency.

药品数据专有权国际立法溯源与中国制度安排

药品上市审批对于药品安全有效性数据的专门审查要求,造就了涉及药品数据的独特知识产权保护机制。基于药品数据获取的高昂投入及其对于药品仿制与后续创新的重要价值,美欧发达国家在世界范围内率先建立了药品数据保护机制,其逐渐成为一项国际性的法律规则。无论是美欧发达国家的立法,还是相关国际法律规则,对于药品数据的知识产权保护都呈现从商业秘密模式向专有权机制转变的立法格局。产业利益驱动无疑是其中的一个重要诱因,但归根结底是源自药品数据专有权有效兼顾原研发药企经济利益与社会公众健康权益的制度优势。鉴于此,在药品数据专有权保护的国际趋势下,我国应从本土药品产业激励创新与规范仿制的基本诉求出发,以必要的内部限制与外部监管明确药品数据专有权的法律边界,并通过药品数据动态化公示平台的设置与药品数据付费使用模式的创设,建构起与药品专利制度有机衔接的数据专有权保护机制。

5G车联网中安全高效的组播服务认证与密钥协商方案

5G车联网(5G-V2X)中,内容提供者通过以点对多的传输方式向属于特定区域的一组车辆提供服务消息。针对于车辆获取组播服务遭受的安全威胁与隐私泄露问题,该文提出一种认证和密钥协商方案用于内容提供者与车辆之间的组播服务消息传输。首先,采用无证书聚合签名技术批量验证群组内所有车辆,提高了认证请求的效率。其次,基于多项式密钥管理技术实现安全的密钥协商,使得非法用户或核心网络无法获取共享会话密钥。最后,实现了群组内车辆的动态密钥更新机制,当车辆加入或离开群组时,内容提供者只需要发送1条密钥更新消息即可更新会话密钥。基于形式化验证工具和进一步安全性分析表明,所提方案可以保证匿名性、不可链接性、前向和后向安全性以及抗共谋攻击等安全需求。与现有方案相比,计算效率提高了约34.2%。

部际信用治理合作备忘录:性质、效力与优化

合作备忘录是部际信用合作治理的重要方式。不同于行政规范性文件,合作备忘录既是公法协定中的部际协定,也是一种契约治理形态。合作备忘录遵循契约相对性一般原理,具有相对效力,但这种效力相对性也是相对的。由于科层制特有的权力结构与行政服从义务、不完善的信用立法、对个人利益的保护等,合作备忘录的效力溢出至地方公权力主体和相对人。合作备忘录具有补充信用立法、强化行政协助、促进参与式治理等优势,也存在冲击法律体系、违反法律保留原则、规避监督、缺乏合作保障等不足,因而需从合法性、规范性、民主性等方面加以优化。

国家力量的双重进入与村规民约的重塑——基于215份优秀村规民约的文本分析

国家权力主要通过国家的“村规民约化”和村规民约的“国家化”两种方式进入到乡土社会中。国家力量与地方非正式规范的遭遇中,嵌入地方知识的同时将其纳入到国家的规则体系之下规范化地运行。当代村规民约在承担更多的国家政策的转译与国家规范化要求的同时也面临着治理资源不足的困境,因此当代村规民约需要以治理有效为目标引入多元复合的治理手段,以交错配置的方式来完成其治理内容。村规民约的性质也从传统时期的非正式制度转向“自治、法治、德治”相融合的制度载体。

网络通信中嵌入式TCP/IP协议单片机技术的应用

嵌入式系统已经是当前网络通信的主要技术。单片机在嵌入式系统开发与实现中的多个环节发生作用。为此,文章重点探讨在网络通信系统嵌入式协议中单片机的具体应用。首先对嵌入式协议技术的总体架构与技术细节进行了汇总;其次对单片机技术及其作用进行了探讨;最后从多个方面分别分析了单片机在具体电路中的应用。以期为后续的产品开发与技术应用奠定基础。

区域贸易协定中竞争政策规则对出口国内增加值的影响研究

以64个国家1995—2017年141个区域贸易协定为样本,在测度竞争政策规则深度的基础上,实证考察其对出口国内增加值的影响。研究结果表明:竞争政策规则的强化有助于提升缔约方出口国内增加值。该结果经过稳健性检验后依然成立。机制分析结果表明,缔约方制度质量加强了竞争政策规则对出口国内增加值的促进作用,但区域贸易协定灵活度会阻碍该促进作用。区分条款发现,横向原则与国有企业条款可以促进出口国内增加值;区分国别发现,竞争政策规则对不同经济发展水平国家出口国内增加值存在异质性影响。进一步分析发现,竞争政策规则的强化对第三方国家存在溢出效应。因此,中国应有意识地强化竞争政策的基础性地位,合理设计竞争政策条款并逐步提升执行度,打造更为开放透明、公平竞争的市场环境。

环境法典编纂纳入“双碳”目标的可行路径研究

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中明确指出要积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和,自我国提出“双碳”目标以来不仅在全球气候变化治理发挥了积极作用,还进一步推进了国内能源、经济等领域的低碳发展转型。通过对“双碳”目标进行辨析,相关政策与法律现状进行梳理,发现我国当前保障“双碳”目标存在专门法缺失、相关法的保障制度仍需完善、配套政策保障手段不足的问题。结合对法国、瑞典与德国三国的立法经验进行分析,基于我国国情,未来可以尝试于环境法典以可持续发展衔接“双碳”目标价值内涵,建立环境法典、单行法与政策的协同机制,推进“双碳”因素纳入环境影响评价与环境行政许可,合理衔接刑事责任的方式保障“双碳”目标的顺利实现。

“村规-村建-村管”联动的乡村建设路径探索——以浙江省余村乡村共同缔造实验为例

历史上长期的城乡二元制度,使得城与乡在土地使用和行政运行机制等方面存在巨大差异,使得我国在城镇建设中取得的巨大成功与经验难以复制到乡村建设领域。掺杂有城市规划思维烙印的村庄规划长期存在不实用、不适用,以及与村庄建设、村庄运营维护管理脱节的问题。通过对比乡村建设与城市建设的模式差异,以共同缔造理念为依托,在学界已有实践认知的基础上,提出围绕事权主体的“实用性”村庄规划、基于村民主体需求的“内生型”乡村建设行动和面向多元主体参与的“自治型”村规民约。按照“村规、村建、村管”的共同缔造路径,提出乡村建设的全过程治理策略,并以浙江省余村村庄规划为实验案例,对全过程治理策略进行了实证分析。

RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响研究

在国际贸易不确定性加剧的背景下,RTA知识产权保护强度对其成员国间出口贸易有着重要的影响。基于DESTA数据库2003—2020年间有效运行的RTA,选取有RTA关系的165个国家组成的2927组国家对作为研究对象,测度了RTA的知识产权保护强度,并构建回归模型探究RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响。研究发现:RTA知识产权保护强度越大,越有利于提高RTA成员国间出口贸易的稳定性。此外,国家间信息流动性越强,以及进口国经济自由度越高,RTA知识产权保护对出口贸易稳定性的促进作用就越强。该效应对于不同类型国家和不同出口行业而言不一样:RTA知识产权保护对南北国家间的双边出口贸易稳定有促进作用,而对南南国家和北北国家间的促进作用不显著;对动植物及食品制造类,皮革、纺织及杂制类,电子、化工及机械制造类行业出口贸易稳定有促进作用。这些研究结论对国家间开展贸易合作,签订合理知识产权保护强度的RTA,维护长久稳定的出口贸易关系具有重要意义。

适用于智能家居的格上基于身份多方认证密钥协商协议

随着物联网应用的日益普及,物联网设备终端数量激增、种类多样、层次复杂,常处于不可控的环境之中,因此,确保数据传输过程的安全性和隐私性至关重要。对基于物联网架构的智能家居服务进行探讨得出,启用智能家居应用需涉及多个方面,如用户、云、物联网智能集线器(the IoT smart hub,ISH)和智能设备,它们需要多方验证以进行安全通信。由此提出了一种针对智能家居应用的格上基于身份多方认证密钥协商协议,并证明在eCK模型下是安全的。其安全性可以归约到环上带误差学习(ring learning with errors,RLWE)问题的困难性,能够抗量子计算攻击。所提协议由一个格上基于身份的加密方案转换而成,无须公钥证书,避免了部署一个庞大的公钥基础设施(public key infrastructure,PKI)。通过信息交互实现显式认证,且可具有一定的匿名性质,与其他相关的后量子格上多方认证密钥协商协议方案相比,该协议在安全性和执行效率方面更具优势。

政府合同概念的体系化重构

现有政府合同管理规范对政府合同的内涵和外延进行了界定,但学理意义上的概念构造尚未完成,“政府合同=行政协议+缔结主体一方为行政机关的民事合同”之结论存在缺陷。通过把合同还原为通用于各部门法的中性工具,将政府合同的研究视角从救济前移至行政过程,政府合同的识别标准被调整为“行政机关与任何主体订立的合同均为政府合同”。以行政任务为出发点,可将政府合同区分为公务型政府合同和管理型政府合同,公务型政府合同可被进一步区分为内部公务型政府合同与外部公务型政府合同。以救济途径为落脚点,可以将政府合同区分为行政协定与非行政协定,非行政协定可被进一步区分为行政协议、民事合同、磋商性文件和劳动人事协议,其中,民事合同和行政协议属于狭义政府合同。将两条基于不同场景的体系化路径进行对接与融合,有助于形成对政府合同概念相对立体的认知,动态还原政府合同概念的全貌。

基于SM9的可指定验证双向身份认证方案

针对身份认证过程中数字签名泄露双方身份信息的问题,提出一种基于SM9的可指定验证双向身份认证方案。该方案基于应答式双向身份认证模型,在身份认证阶段将对方生成的随机群元素代入数字签名的生成过程,在密钥协商阶段为问候消息添加时间戳使会话密钥拥有时效性。理论分析结果表明,该方案在保护认证双方身份信息隐私的同时,能够有效防止攻击者对会话密钥进行重放攻击。与其他方案相比,该方案提供了更高安全性且具有较好的性能。

集体经营性建设用地入市的规范路径研究——以入市合同的性质与效力为切入点

集体经营性建设用地的入市流转需要衔接以《土地管理法》为代表的公法规范和以《民法典》为代表的私法规范。集体经营性建设用地入市参照适用国有建设用地流转制度的同时,仍需关注集体经营性建设用地入市交易的特殊性。集体经营性建设用地入市牵涉多方面法律关系,入市过程伴随着一系列新型且复杂的法律关系与权利义务发生,需要厘清农村集体经济组织的主体资格及权责边界,以规范农村集体经营性建设用地入市的主体范畴。同时通过规范集体经营性建设用地入市的土地用途,形成与国有建设用地相协调的统一城乡土地交易市场体系,进而对出让合同和租赁合同的性质与效力重新认定,构建符合自身特性的入市合同规范。

智能家居网络下基于多因子的认证密钥协商方案

智能家居网络通过物联网技术将智能设备相连,用户可以远程查看和控制家居设备,但信息在不安全的公共网络上传输将面临各种网络威胁,因此研究和设计安全高效且符合智能家居网络的认证密钥协商协议非常必要。2020年,WAZID等人针对智能家居网络提出轻量级认证密钥协商方案(Wazid-Das方案),经过安全性分析和证明后发现,该方案过于依赖智能家居网关节点(Gateway Node,GWN),系统健壮性不高;该方案将用户和设备密钥存储在GWN中,但GWN面临特权攻击和各种外部网络攻击,并不绝对安全,且没有考虑用户的访问控制。文章在Wazid-Das方案的基础上针对智能家居网络提出一种基于切比雪夫映射(Chebyshev Chaotic Map)和安全略图(Secure Sketch)的多因子认证密钥协商方案。安全性证明和仿真实验结果表明,该方案虽然计算开销有所增加,但安全性显著提高,且通信开销大幅降低。