Modeling Blood Flow in Veins of Uniform Properties (Giraffe Jugular Vein)

This paper models the giraffe’s jugular veins as a uniform collapsible tube from a rigid skull. The equations governing one-dimensional steady flow through such a tube for various conditions have been developed. The effects of inertial and inclination angles that have not been discussed previously have been included. It has been shown that different flows for a uniform tube (vein) are possible. However, this flow matches that of a jugular vein which is supercritical, and the steady solution has been given by the balance between the driving forces of gravity and the viscous resistance to the flow at the right atrium of the heart must be sub-critical for a fixed right-atrium pressure which means that an elastic jump is required to return the flow to sub-critical from the supercritical flow upstream this type of relationship gives rise to flow limitation at the same time given any right atrium fixed pressure there exists a maximum flow rate which when exceeded the boundary conditions of the flow do not hold boundary conditions at the right atrium are not satisfied hence making the steady flow impossible this mechanism of flow limitation is slightly different from the other one in that causes airways through forced expiration from the observation made it is clearly shown that there is an intravascular pressure difference with a change in height.

TOPOLOGY AND VORTEX STRUCTURES OF A CURVING TURBINE CASCADE WITH TIP CLEARANCE (Ⅱ)- TOPOLOGICAL FLOW PATTERN AND VORTEX STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A BLADE CASCADE

By means of ink trace visualization of the flows in conventional straight, positively curved and negatively curved cascades with tip clearance, and measurement of the aerodynamic parameters in transverse section, and by appling topology theory, the topological structures and vortex structure in the transverse section of a blade cascade were analyzed. Compared with conventional straight cascade, blade positive curving eliminates the separation line of the upper passage vortex, and leads the secondary vortex to change from close separation to open separation, while blade negative curving effects merely the positions of singular points and the intensities and scales of vortex.

Theory of Flexural Shear, Bending and Torsion for a Thin-Walled Beam of Open Section

Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.

A note on the numerical simulations of flow past a wavy square-section cylinder

The flow past a square-section cylinder with a geometric disturbance is investigated by numerical simulations. The extra terms, due to the introduction of mapping transformation simulating the effect of disturbance into the transformed Navier-Stokes equations, are correctly derived, and the incorrect ones in the previous literature are pointed out and analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between the vorticity, especially on the cylinder surface, and the disturbance is derived and explained theoretically. The computations are performed at two Reynolds numbers of 100 and 180 and three amplitudes of waviness of 0.006, 0.025 and 0.167 with another aim to explore the effects of different Reynolds numbers and disturbance on the vortex dynamics in the wake and forces on the body. Numerical results have shown that, at the mild waviness of 0.025, the Kairmain vortex shedding is suppressed completely for Re = 100, while the forced vortex dislocation is appeared in the near wake at the Reynolds number of 180. The drag reduction is up to 21.6% at Re = 100 and 25.7% at Re = 180 for the high waviness of 0.167 compared with the non-wavy cylinder. The lift and the Strouhal number varied with different Reynolds numbers and the wave steepness are also obtained.

The Research of Urban Rail Transit Sectional Passenger Flow Prediction Method

This paper studies the short-term prediction methods of sectional passenger flow, and selects BP neural network combined with the characteristics of sectional passenger flow itself. With a case study, we design three different schemes. We use Matlab to realize the prediction of the sectional passenger flow of the Beijing subway Line 2 and make comparative analysis. The empirical research shows that combining data characteristics of sectional passenger flow with the BP neural network have good prediction accuracy.

Top coal flows in an excavation disturbed zone of high section top coal caving of an extremely steep and thick seam

与轻轻的剧降相比长墙的探穴，在为极其陡峭、厚的缝接的充分使机械化的最高煤的探穴的一张工作的脸的长度是短的，当它的水平节与增加高时生产。但是探穴比率是低的，在一些灾难的力量结果例如房顶下降，在煤气的累积导致的一张工作的脸和危险由最高的煤的本地、大的区域倒塌导致了它。在裂缝的发展以后并且煤身体变弱，极其陡峭的缝接的最高的煤(小粒的媒介) 的高、破节(超过 60 掳) 表演清除非线性的运动的特征。我们彻底地分析了地质的环境，挖掘的采矿条件扰乱了地区。从大规模 3D 为最高的煤鈥搘a ter 鈥揼a s 的模拟建模并且联合的一个物理实验基于结果，我们断定削弱的最高的煤能被认为是间断媒介。我们使用了一个粒子流动代码程序高比较并且分析移植进程和 30 m 的运动节在在 Weihuliang 煤矿极其陡峭的缝接变弱前后随着时间的过去超过煤。我们的模拟，实验和监视表演的结果水的那注射前并且预先切开爆炸改进探穴能力和对称的探穴，为大区域减轻空间动态倒塌超过煤，延长有害气体的迁居时间并且外面免除他们 mined 区域并且那么在采矿完成安全。

The Effect of Sudden Change in Pipe Diameter on Flow Patterns of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipe (Ⅱ) Sudden-Expansion Cross-Section

In this companion paper, flow patterns in the upstream and downstream tubes of a sudden-expansion cross-section (SECS) in a vertical straight pipe were presented. The effect of SECS on flow patterns upstream and downstream was analyzed by comparing with flow patterns in uniform cross-section vertical tubes. It is found the effect is great. There exist great instabilities of two-phase flow in the neighboring areas of the SECS both downstream and upstream.

The Effect of Sudden Change in Pipe Diameter on Flow Patterns of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipe (I) Sudden-Contraction Cross-Section

Flow patterns upstream and downstream of a sudden-contraction cross-section in a vertical straight pipe were presented. By comparing with flow patterns in uniform cross-section vertical tubes, the effect of the sudden change in pipe diameter on flow patterns was analyzed. Flow pattern transition mechanisms were discussed and transition criteria for flow pattern transitions were deduced accordingly using the dimensional analysis.

The Optimal Cross-section Design of the “Trapezoid-V” Shaped Drainage Canal of Viscous Debris Flow

Debris flow drainage canal is one of the most widely used engineering measures to prevent and manage debris flow hazards.The shape and the sizes of the cross-section are important parameters when design debris flow drainage canal.Therefore,how to design the appropriate shape and sizes of the cross-section so that the drainage canal can have the optimal drainage capacity is very important and few researched at home and abroad.This study was conducted to analyze the hydraulic condition of a Trapezoid-V shaped drainage canal and optimize its cross-section.By assuming characteristic sizes of the cross-section,the paper deduced the configuration parameter of the cross-section of a Trapezoid-V shaped debris flow drainage canal.By theory analysis,it indicates that the optimal configuration parameter is only related to the side slope coefficient and the bottom transverse slope coefficient.For this study,the Heishui Gully,a first-order tributary of the lower Jinsha River,was used as an example to design the optimal cross-section of the drainage canal of debris flow.

HYBRID PERTURBATION-GALERKIN SOLUTION OF THE FLOW IN A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION TUBE WITH CONSTRICTION

Using hybrid perturbatin_Galerkin technique,a crcular cross_section tube model with sinusoidal wall is studied.This technique can remove the limitation of small parameters for perturbation and the difficulty of selecting good coordinate functions about Galerkin technique.The effects caused by the boundary conditions and the Reynolds number on the flow were discussed.The position of the separate and reattachment points was obtained.The tendency of the variation about the shear stress on the wall and friction factor along the axis direction were also analyzed.The results at a small parameter have good agreements with the perturbation ones.

Stability of stratified shear flows in channels with variable cross sections

For the instability problem of density stratified shear flows in sea straits with variable cross sections, a new semielliptical instability region is found. Rurthermore, the instability of the bounded shear layer is studied in two cases： （i） the density which takes two different constant values in two layers and （ii） the density which takes three different constant values in three layers. In both cases, the dispersion relation is found to be a quartic equation in the complex phase velocity. It is found that there are two unstable modes in a range of the wave numbers in the first case, whereas there is only one unstable mode in the second case.

Flow patterns and their transition characteristics of the air-water two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe with a sudden-changed cross-section area

Flow patterns in upstream and downstream straight tubes of sudden-changed areas in a horizontal straight pipe were experimentally examined. Both sudden-expansion cross-section (SECS) and sudden-contraction cross-section (SCCS) were investigated. The flow pattern maps upstream and downstream were delineated and compared with those in straight tubes with uniform cross-sections. The effects of the SECS and SCCS on flow patterns were discussed and analyzed. Furthermore, flow pattern transition mechanisms resulting in occurrences of different flow patterns were simply discussed and some transition criteria for the flow pattern transitions were deduced by using the non-dimensionlized analysis method.

红江拦河闸消能工优化试验研究

通过新建红江闸工程水工断面模型试验,研究了闸后水流流态、流速分布等情况,针对设计方案闸下水流衔接不利、海漫跌水严重、流速过大等问题,提出取消消力墩、降低消能防冲段整体高程、调整闸门初始开度等优化措施,明显改善闸后流态,减缓出池水流流速,有效提高了闸下消能防冲能力,保障水闸运行安全。研究成果在工程中得以应用并取得预期成效,可为类似工程的设计和建设提供参考。

煤层气水平井筒倾斜-水平耦合流动规律影响分析

精确掌握煤层气水平井井筒内气液流动规律,对煤层气水平井的合理开发工艺和设备的选择具有重要意义。基于气液两相流理论采用Fluent软件模拟分析的方法,研究了煤层气水平井段倾斜-水平耦合条件下变状态流动规律。分析结果表明:水平段井筒中,上倾斜段井筒内的流动会加剧井筒内气液两相界面的波动。高气、液量下水平段井筒内持液率在流体流动方向上不断增大,低气、液量下水平段井筒内持液率在流体流动方向上不断减小。上倾段倾斜角小于20°时,倾斜角对水平段平均持液率影响较大;下水平段井筒中,倾斜段井筒的长度和倾斜角会影响水平井筒中假想断面的位置,同一流动条件下,出口上倾井筒的倾斜角越大、长度越大,假想断面位置越远离出口端上倾井筒。研究结果可为煤层气水平井下泵深度等排采工艺设计和优选提供理论依据。

双自由度D形截面柱体流致振动的二维数值模拟

本文研究了D形截面柱体在顺流向和横流向两个自由度下的流致振动特性,迎流角为90°,质量比为2.6,雷诺数为370~3685,应用RANS方程采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Newmark-β法求解水流运动和柱体运动,入口流速采用匀加速法,检验了数值模型的网格和时间步长敏感性,并与相关文献的实验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性。基于计算结果,系统分析了D形截面柱体的振幅、振动频率、水动力系数、尾涡脱落模式,以及平均位置偏移情况。结果表明,双自由度D形截面柱体在约化速度为8~14的区间内表现为涡激振动-驰振模式,尾涡多为2S和S+2S交替脱落,双自由度振幅比单自由度有显著的增大。升力主要偏向截面的直线边一侧,且升力出现了多个倍频。横流向和顺流向平均偏移量最大都可达到一倍特征长度以上。

翼型叶片安装方式对粉煤灰气力输送的影响

针对当前螺旋流气力输送中有关叶片安装方式的研究,分析了典型NACA系列翼型截面叶片应用于起旋装置时的流场。通过对观测面轴向流速与切向流速的仿真,计算叶片不同安装方式与安装角度时螺旋流场的旋流强度,确定了前缘迎风的安装方式比尾缘迎风起旋效果更强;安装方式固定时,旋流强度随安装角度的增大而减小。

MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC PIPE FLOW IN DUCTS WITH PARTIAL CIRCULAR RING CROSS SECTION AND ANNULAR CROSS SECTION

In this paper we use the Green function method to solve the problem of steady one dimensional flow of an incompressible viscous, electrically conducting fluid through a pipe with partial circular ring cross sec- tion and one with annular cross section, in the presence of an applied transverse uniform magnetic field, We ob- tain analytic solutions and carry out some numerical calculations of the velocity distribution and induced magnet- ic field.

生态浮床布设下明渠水流结构及阻力特性试验研究

生态浮床已广泛运用于城市河道净化工程,但浮床布设改变了原河道断面水流结构,增加水流阻力,可能降低河道行洪能力。现有研究主要针对浮床水动力学特性分析,而关于浮床引起的水流阻力变化定量研究较少。为此,通过水槽试验研究了浮床刚性植物在10、20、30 cm三种淹没深度及平行、交错两种布置方式的组合工况下对水槽断面水流结构产生的影响。由于传统的曼宁公式无法直接用于浮床覆盖区糙率系数的求解,基于等效断面原理增加浮床阻力项,求解浮床覆盖区综合糙率与刚性植物附加糙率。结果表明,淹没深度越大,浮床阻水效果越强;交错布置方式比平行布置方式更增加水流阻力;浮床刚性植物在平行布置条件下断面综合糙率在0.381~0.417之间,交错布置条件下断面综合糙率在0.397~0.427之间,断面综合糙率随植物淹没深度和布置方式的变化而变化。

无缝钢管张力减径工艺减径率分配修正模型理论研究

无缝钢管张力减径工艺减径率分配是孔型分配合理与否的关键步骤,但其分配仍依赖于经验公式。从金属流动的角度分析了减径率的分配规律,在经验的基础上提出了“三点两段统合式”减径率分配修正模型。将修正模型得到的结果与传统模型计算结果以及企业生产数据相比,发现变化趋势相近,减径率和减径量变化曲线更加光滑,应用于生产有利于金属流动。

侧式进 出水口顶板扩张角对拦污栅断面流速分布影响规律研究

抽水蓄能电站侧式进出水口双向过流,其顶板扩张角的大小将直接影响拦污栅断面流速分布是否均匀,甚至出现反向流速。抽水蓄能电站设计规范将3°~5°作为侧式进出水口顶板扩张角的推荐范围,其依据是矩形渐扩管阻力系数最小的扩张角度,但侧式进出水口体型较之复杂很多,因此有必要进一步探讨。本文以某侧式进出水口体型为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法,研究了11种角度的顶板扩张角对出流工况和进流工况拦污栅断面流速分布的影响。结果表明:在出流工况下,随着顶板扩张角的增大,中孔拦污栅断面的主流位置由居中部逐渐向底部降低,断面流速分布由上下基本对称趋于底部大上部小的上下不对称,当顶板扩张角较大时中孔拦污栅断面上部出现反向流速;随着顶板扩张角的增大,边孔拦污栅断面流速分布由基本均匀逐渐变为底部大上部小的不均匀分布;随着顶板扩张角的增大,中、边孔孔口流速不均匀系数均逐渐增大,但中孔拦污栅断面流速分布受顶板扩张角影响更大。在进流工况下,随着顶板扩张角的增大,中、边孔拦污栅断面流速分布及孔口流速不均匀系数均无明显影响。研究成果可为优化侧式进出水口设计提供指导。