Integrated Evaluation of Ecological Security at Different Scales Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Zhongxian County, the Three Gorges Area, China

Based on related literature and this research, an ecological security evaluation from the pixel scale to the small watershed or county scale was presented using remote sensing data and related models. With the driver-pressure, state and exposure to pollution-response （DPSER） model as a basis, a conceptual framework of regional ecological evaluation and an index system were established. The extraction and standardization of evaluation indices were carried out with GIS techniques, an information extraction model and a data standardization model. The conversion of regional ecological security results from the pixel scale to a small watershed or county scale was obtained with an evaluation model and a scaling model. Two conceptual scale conversion models of regional ecological security from the pixel scale to the county scale were proposed： 1） scale conversion of ecological security regime results from plxel to small watershed; and 2） scale conversion from pixel to county. These research results could provide useful ideas for regional ecological security evaluation as well as ecological and environmental management.

Evaluation and scenario simulation for forest ecological security in China

Continuously growing populations and rapid economic development have led to the excessive use of forest resources,and the forest ecosystem is threatened.In response,forest ecological security(FES)has attracted attention.In this study,an integrated dynamic simulation model was constructed using the system dynamic method,and it was used to evaluate the FES in China from 1999 to 2014.A scenario analysis was then used to evaluate the changes in the FES under five forestry policy scenarios for the 2015–2050 period,including the baseline,afforestation policy,harvesting policies,management policy,investment policy,and a policy mix.The results showed that the evaluation values of the FES increased during the period from 1999 to 2002,the period from 2004 to 2010 and the year 2014,and they decreased in 2003 and during the period from 2011 to 2013.During the 2015–2050 simulation period,the FES improved continuously.In particular,China would enter a new stage when the economic systems,social systems and ecosystems were in harmony after 2040.To improve the FES and the current status of the FES,a scenario analysis showed the most suitable scenario to be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2020 and Scenario 2 from 2021 to 2050.To relieve pressure,the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2040 and from 2046 to 2050,and the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 4 for 2041–2045.A policy mix(Scenario 5)would be most efficient under current conditions,while the effects of all the benefits of the forestry policies would weaken over the long term.The integrated method can be regarded as a decision support tool to help policy makers understand FES and promulgate a reasonable forestry policy.

Evaluation on Ecological Agriculture Benefit and Coordinated Development Level in Henan Province

[Objective] The aim was to establish theevaluation index system of ecological agriculture benefit in Henan Province to assess its ecological agriculture benefit and coordinated development level. [Method] Based on the existing evaluation index system of ecological agriculture, the evaluation index system of ecological agriculture benefit in Henan Province was established by means of factor analysis from the aspects of economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit, so as to assess the ecological agriculture benefit and coordinated development level of cities at prefecture level in Henan Province. [Result] Zhengzhou City had the highest development level in ecological agriculture in Henan Province, and coordination level was the highest in Anyang City, while coordinated development level was the highest in Zhengzhou and lowest in Sanmenxia City. [Conclusion] The study could provide reference for the evaluation on ecological agriculture benefit in China.

ECOLOGICAL SECURITY EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARST MOUNTAINOUS AREA—A Case Study of Du'an Yao Autonomous County in Guangxi

Ecological security is the main task and applied field of present geography, resources and environment sciences and ecology. Ecological security evaluation will efficiently promote ecological security and environmental construction in regional land use. In this thesis, the authors put forward the index system of ecological security evaluation in karst mountainous area on three aspects, the pressure of resources and eco-environment, the quality of resources and eco-environment, and the ability of environmental protection and ecological improvement. Using the evaluation method with single index, based on the case study ofDu'an Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the system of synthetic regionalization of ecological agricultural economy was formed, which includes three regions, south region with basic security and synthetic agricultural development, east region with critical security and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry balanced development, mid-west and south region with ecological insecurity and compounded agriculture and forestry management. Meanwhile, for these regions, the countermeasures of sustainable agricultural development were pointed out, which provide the basis and example for ecological regulation and control of sustainable agricultural development in counties ofkarst mountainous area.

Application of Security Index in Evaluation of Agricultural Insurance Security Level

At present,there is still no unified standard for evaluation of agricultural insurance security level,especially in the quantitative evaluation. In order to explore a scientific and reasonable evaluation method for agricultural insurance security level,this paper analyzed the current situation of evaluation methods of social insurance,endowment insurance and medical insurance,as well as the application of security index. It is expected to provide a certain reference for evaluation of agricultural insurance security level by the agricultural insurance security index.

WTO条件下中国农业法律体系生态化构筑研究——以美国的农业Security and Investment为中心

美国农业法的主要内容就是维持对农业的大力补贴,其特点就是保护和投资。基于此,在已加入WTO的情况下,中国应当加强农业立法和完善生态规划,以生态学理论为视角、以可持续发展为基础建立起中国生态化的农业法律体系。

Ecological Security Evaluation Algorithm for Resource-Exhausted Cities Based on the PSR Model

Today,resource depletion threatens a number of resource-based cities in China.The ecological security problem caused by the long-term exploitation of natural resources is a key issue to be solved in the development of resource-exhausted cities.Using 23 indicators,this study evaluated the ecological security status and development trends of 21 resource-exhausted cities in China from 2011 to 2017.The results showed that from 2011 to 2015,the overall ecological security of this type of city was low,with over 60%of the cities at an unsafe level.However,ecological security improved rapidly after 2016,and by 2017,all of the cities had reached the critical safety level.The top 10 indicators of ecological security included industrial sulfur dioxide emissions,water supply,agricultural fertilizer application,and forest coverage.These 10 indicators’cumulative contribution to ecological security was 48.3%;among them,reducing industrial sulfur dioxide emissions contributed the most at 5.7%.These findings can help governments better understand the ecological security status of resource-exhausted cities,and it can provide a reference for the allocation of funds and other resources to improve the ecological safety of these cities.

Study on New Urbanization and Urban Ecological Security Assessment

Taking the relationship between new urbanization and urban ecological security protection as research object, based on pressure -status - response model, taking Gaochun （Gucheng Lake basin） and Zhangjiakou （Guanting Reservoir basin） as the examples, basin ecological security in its new urbanization process was evaluated. Based on the principle of comprehensiveness, representativeness and data availability, evaluation indexes were selected, and index system was established. Mathematical function of evaluation indexes was established, and security index of each evaluation indicator in index layer was determined. Using weighted average method, ecological security indexes in the two areas were obtained. On the basis of comparison and analysis, it is proposed that we must deal with urban ecological security problem in new urbanization process, thereby truly achieving ultimate value orientation of new urbanization construction oriented by people.

Preliminary Study on Early-warning System of Ecological Security in Water-Level-Fluctuating Zone (WLFZ) of Three Gorges Reservoir

The area,the scope as well as some ecological environment questions in Three Gorges Reservoir was briefly introduced. Then its early warning-system frame was preliminarily constructed,which includes ecological security dynamic monitoring,ecological security appraisal,ecological security forecast and ecological security decision-making management. The synthetic evaluation indicator system of the ecological security quality were initially established,which includes ecological environment pollution,land use and land cover change,geological hazard and epidemic outbreaks. At the same time,29 evaluating indicators were selected,divides into the basic factors,response factors and inducing factors,which need to be Real-time monitored.

Ecological Security Assessment of Red River Basin in Guangxi

[Objective] The study aimed at assessing the ecological security of Red River basin in Guangxi. [Method] Firstly, the ecological security assessment index system of Red River basin was established based on the framework of 'pressure-state-response' model, and index information of ecological security assessment was extracted by using RS and GIS technology; afterwards, the ecological security of Red River basin was divided into five grades according to ecological security index, and the distribution and characteristics of ecological security at various levels were analyzed; finally, the measures to maintain the ecological security of Red River basin were put forward on the basis of problems in ecological security. [Result] Most areas of Red River basin in Guangxi were in generally safe state, especially Lingyun County, Fengshan County, Du'an County, Dahua County, Shanglin County, Binyang County, Guiping City, etc., and the area accounted for 74.25% of total area; next came safer state (12.74%), the regions in the two states above were the most important environmental areas of Red River basin. The ecological security problems of Red River basin were mainly related to fragile ecological environment, lagging economic development, rapid population growth, excessive development and utilization of natural resources and so forth. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the rational development and utilization of land resources, protection and construction of ecological environment in Red River basin.

引领世界新一轮农业革命、筑牢粮食安全体系的中国式农业强国路径

农业强大是工业强大、国家强大、社会稳定的基石,只有农业强起来、粮食安全有保障,才能稳住经济大局,国家才有应变局、开新局的底气。当今世界因粮食危机引发政治危机的事件屡见不鲜,揭示了农业科技水平及农产品生产供给能力在国家安全中占据“基础地位”和“核心地位”。在当今世界刚刚开启第三次农业革命的时代背景下,本研究提出了推进科技创新是摆脱粮食危机的关键,以科技创新推动中国农业现代化、加速推进生态型智慧农业,以多学科交叉融合打造特色生态型农业模式。党的二十大部署了“加快建设农业强国”任务,中国要走以“绿水青山就是金山银山”为价值观的生态型智慧农业发展之路。本研究剖析了世界粮食危机的根源,评析了新时代中国粮食稳产增产的保障措施,阐释了科技创新在保障国家粮食安全中的重要地位,勾勒了中国未来农业“生态与智慧融合一体”的特色发展路径。

农业领域新质生产力的生态内涵及发展方式

农业现代化是中国式现代化的重要组成部分,推动农业现代化,实现农业强国迫切需要发展农业领域新质生产力。从生态学视角来讲,以科技创新为核心的农业领域新质生产力,在劳动者、劳动资料及劳动对象等方面都具有独特的生态内涵;同时,在新发展阶段担负着保障国家粮食安全、提升农业生态产品供给能力、推动生产方式绿色转型、提升耕地土壤健康水平以及水土资源利用效率等方面的历史使命。为此,需要全面树立健康引领农业领域新质生产力发展的理念,构建与农业领域新质生产力相适应的生产关系,建立和完善科技创新体系、人才支撑体系以及资金保障体系。

应对粮食危机视角下国家粮食安全体系构筑策略研究

农业是国家安全和社会稳定的基石,只有农业强起来,粮食安全有保障才能稳住国家经济大局。当今世界粮食危机频发,继而引发严重的政治危机,只有牢牢把控粮食生产的可持续性才能消除粮食危机。笔者剖析了世界粮食危机的根源,分析了我国粮食安全的风险因素及时代化特征,从加大种植结构的管控力度防止耕地“非农化”“非粮化”、培育新型农业人才、“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”推进高标准农田建设、攻关主粮种子选育技术、多渠道改造和利用盐碱地、提升农业机械化水平、选育抗病性能的新品种等7个方面提出了保障粮食安全和化解粮食风险的策略,为构筑国家粮食安全体系提供理论依据和解决方案。

农地流转对土地生态安全的影响研究进展

综述了土地生态安全领域研究进展及农地流转对土地生态安全的影响,总结了农地流转领域的相关研究,分析了新时代农业经营主体多元化背景下,土地利用中出现的新情况、新问题。针对当前农地流转生态风险认知不足、土地生态安全系统性评估方法体系有待完善、适应经营权流转的土地生态安全调控机制尚不健全等现实问题,提出进一步探索农业经营主体多元化对土地生态安全的影响机制,发展土地生态安全评估方法,建立从源头调控的土地生态安全调控机制,以满足新形势下乡村振兴中生态振兴对农地持续利用的精细化管理需求。

工业废水综合毒性评价方法及其应用研究进展

我国目前实施的工业废水处理排放标准无法客观而准确地评价废水水质安全性。系统梳理了国内外废水综合毒性评价方法体系的特点和应用状况,其中重点探讨了废水综合毒性检测(WET)、直接毒性评估(DTA)、废水综合评估(WEA)的特点和应用。对比分析并总结了我国在废水综合毒性指标体系和评价方法等方面的不足,从物种选择、试验流程和评价方法等方面提出了建立废水综合毒性评价体系的合理化建议,指出我国应综合考虑废水污染物特征、排放方式、受纳水环境质量等实际状况,建立符合我国国情的废水综合毒性控制指标和评价方法体系。

基于灰色关联模型的沿黄区域山东段生态安全综合评价及时空演化

以沿黄区域山东段为例,建立PSR模型构建生态安全评价指标体系,借助熵权法和灰色关联度模型对其2000—2018年展开生态安全综合评价,并进行时空演变分析。结果显示,整体上沿黄区域山东段生态安全水平呈现出波动中上升的趋势,由“不安全”向“比较安全”转变,子系统中生态响应和生态状态增加的幅度高于生态环境压力增大的幅度,生态环境有所好转;市级尺度下,山东段17地市生态安全水平有所提高,呈现出“下降-上升-下降”的倒“N”字形演变,生态安全类型以“一般安全”为主,高等级类型较少,城市生态安全问题比较严峻;城市生态安全内部空间差异明显,生态安全空间格局向东、向北转移,呈现出“东高西低”“北高南低”的高低错落分布,高等级生态安全区域从东部沿海向鲁北扩散,“临界安全”区域缩小至鲁中南和鲁西北。最后从生态环境治理与保护、优化调控三大空间、经济结构转型升级等方面提出优化路径,改善生态环境质量。

长江经济带省域农业生态安全与粮食安全耦合协调

[目的]探究长江经济带农业生态安全和粮食安全耦合协调状况,为提升长江经济带农业生态安全、粮食安全及二者协调发展提供决策参考。[方法]以长江经济带11个省(市)为研究尺度,采用熵权法、综合指数模型、耦合度模型、耦合协调度模型、灰色关联度模型、灰色预测模型和指数平滑模型定量分析农业生态安全和粮食安全的耦合协调水平、耦合协调发展等级、影响因素及未来趋势。[结果]①2002-2022年,长江经济带省域农业生态安全与粮食安全综合指数大多呈现较大波动态势,省域间农业生态安全与粮食安全综合指数水平差距先缩小再扩大,样本间的差距整体不大。②从时间维度来看,长江经济带各省耦合协调度在2002-2022年期间变动较大,总体呈上升发展趋势,耦合协调等级大多升至更优一级水平。在空间维度上,整体呈现出“上游低、中游高、下游相对较低”的分布特征,区域差异比较显著。③农业生态安全与粮食安全是一个耦合交互的系统,农业生态安全子系统与粮食安全子系统均对耦合协调度具有影响。长江经济带省域粮食安全子系统对耦合协调度的影响更高一些。④用指数平滑法预测长江经济带未来五年省域耦合协调度值,不同省份呈不同趋势,既有上升趋势,也有小幅下降趋势。[结论]长江经济带各省应因地制宜,在弥补子系统短板弱项的基础上进一步增强系统内外要素的协同联动,最终实现二者良性协同发展。

生态农业研究进展评述

生态农业是以生态理论为基础,尊重生态环境,采用综合性、循环性、自然性、和谐性和可持续性的方式进行的农业生产。生态农业的主要目的是保护生态,保持生态平衡,提高土地利用率,最终实现农业的可持续发展。生态农业研究热点集中在生态农业概念界定、生态农业模式、生态农业评价体系、生态农业产业化以及生态农业建设等方面。未来,多学科视野下理论与技术、政府与市场联动作用、产业化规模化发展、发展趋势等研究方向和重点领域值得关注和深入探讨。

塔里木河流域水储量变化及绿洲生态安全评估

绿洲是干旱、半干旱地区最具生态敏感性和独特性的景观类型,是维系人类生存和社会经济发展的重要区域。然而,在气候变化与人类活动双重影响下,干旱区水资源及其绿洲生境正发生剧烈变化。基于2000—2020年MODIS、GRACE卫星数据、土地利用数据和气象观测资料,通过计算植被覆盖度,估算植被初级生产力(NPP)和遥感生态指数(RSEI),系统分析了过去20 a塔里木河(简称塔河)流域陆地水储量和绿洲的动态变化并完成了绿洲区生态安全评估。结果表明:(1)2002—2020年塔河流域陆地水储量以0.27 mm·月-1的速率减少,空间上塔河流域陆地水储量在北部和西部区域显著减少,而在南部区域显著增加。(2)2000—2020年塔河流域绿洲面积显著增加,面积增加6.49%(0.42×10^(4)km^(2))。塔河流域整体生态环境呈转好趋势,生态等级由较差级别转为中等级别,生态改善区占总流域面积的69%,而生态退化区面积不足5%。塔河流域归一化植被指数(NDVI)由2000年的0.13增至2020年的0.16,近20 a植被覆盖度增加36.79%,NPP增加31.55%。(3)气温升高和降水增多的同时伴随下游河川径流增加,这进一步加剧了塔河流域陆地水资源储量的时空差异性,但人类活动仍是绿洲显著扩张最根本的原因。