Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield in Wadi El Hachem watershed(Algeria)using the RUSLE-SDR approach

One of the most common types of soil degradation is water erosion.It reduces soil quality at the erosion site and may cause sedimentation issues at the deposition site.This phenomenon is estimated using a variety of models.The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)model is the most often used,due to its consistence and low data requirement.It is useful for estimating annual soil loss at the watershed scale.To investigate the relationship between soil erosion and sediment deposition,the combined RUSLE and Sediment Delivery Ratio(SDR)models are used.The Wadi El Hachem watershed is a coastal and mountainous Mediterranean basin with rugged topography and high degree of climatic aggressiveness.Both of these characteristics can have an immediate effect on soil erosion and sediment yield.This research includes estimating the Average Annual Soil Loss(A)and Sediment Yield(SY)in the Wadi El Hachem watershed,mapping different RUSLE factors as well as A and SY,and studying the influence of rainfall erosivity(R)on A and SY in dry and rainy years.The A results vary from 0 to 410 t·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1)with an annual average of 52 t·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1).The Renfro's SDR model was selected as the best model for estimating SY,with standard error,standard deviation,coefficient of variation,and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)values of 0.38%,0.02,0.07%,and 1.00,respectively.The average SY throughout the whole watershed is around 27 t·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1).The SY map for the entire Wadi El Hachem watershed revealed that sediment production zones are mainly concentrated in the Northeast of the basin,at the basin’s outlet,and in the tributaries of the dam.The simulation results of soil loss and sediment yield in dry and rainy years revealed that R is one of the main factors affecting soil erosion and sediment deposition in the Wadi El Hachem watershed.The mean difference in R factor between dry year and rainy year is 671 MJ·mm·ha^(-1)·h^(-1)·yr^(-1).As a result of this fluctuation,the soil loss and sediment yield have increased by 15 and 8 t·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1),respectively.The results of this research can be used to provide scientific and technical support for conservation and management strategies of the Wadi El Hachem watershed.

Identifying the driving factors of sediment delivery ratio on individual flood events in a long-term monitoring headwater basin

The Sediment Delivery Ratio(SDR) has multi-fold environmental implications both in evaluating the soil and water losses and the effectiveness of conservation measures in watersheds. Various factors, including hydrological regime and watershed properties, may influence the SDR at interannual timescales. However, the effect of certain important dynamic factors, such as rainfall peak distribution, runoff erosion power and sediment bulk density, on the sediment delivery ratio of single flood events(SDRe) has received little attention. The Qiaogou headwater basin is in the hilly-gully region of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and it encompasses a 0.45 km^2 catchment. Three large-scale field runoff plots at different geomorphological positions were chosen to obtain the observation data, and the 20-year period between 1986 and 2005 is presented. The results showed that the SDRe of the Qiaogou headwaters varied from 0.49 to 2.77. Among the numerous influential factors, rainfall and runoff were the driving factors causing slope erosion and sediment transport. The rainfall erosivity had a significant positive relationship with the sediment transport modulus(R^2=0.85, P<0.01) but had no significant relationship with SDRe. The rainfall peak coefficient was significantly positively correlated with the SDRe(R^2=0.64, P<0.05), indicating the influence of rainfall energy distribution on the SDRe. The runoff erosion power index was not only significantly related to the sediment transport modulus(R^2=0.84, P<0.01) but also significantly related to the SDRe(R^2=0.57, P<0.01). In addition, the relative bulk density was significantly related to the SDRe, indicating that hyper-concentrated flow characteristics contributed to more transported sediment in the catchment. Thus, the rainfall peak coefficient, runoff erosion power and sediment relative bulk density could be used as dynamic indexes to predict the SDRe in the hilly areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau.

An Empirical Formula for Suspended Sediment Delivery Ratio of Main River after Confluence of Debris flow

In order to calculate the suspended sediment discharge of the flood debris flows into the main river,a small scale flume test was designed to simulate the process of confluence of Jiangjia Ravine and Xiangjiang River in Yunnan province,China.By test observation and data analysis,suspended sediment discharge of Debris flow after its entry into the main river was found to have a close relation with the bulk density,the confluence angle of the Debris flow and the main river,the ratio between per unit width discharge of Debris flow and main river.Based on the measured and simulated results,and statistical analysis,an empirical formula was proposed for the suspended SDR(Sediment Delivery Ratio) of the main river after the confluence of Debris flow.Compared with the observed results of Debris flow in 2009,the error between the data calculated by the empirical formula and the monitored data is only about 10%.

Sediment Delivery across Multiple Spatio-temporal Scales in an Agriculture Watershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau

There is a consensus that sediment delivery ratio in the Chinese Loess Plateau is close to 1at the inter-annual timescale. However, little information is available about the sediment delivery at finer timescales. We evaluated the sediment delivery from plots to watersheds at the event or intra-annual, annual, and inter-annual timescales within the Wudinghe river basin, a 30,261 km2 basin in the Loess Plateau. We calculated the ratio of sediment output to sediment input and presented the temporal change of the channel morphology to determine whether sediment deposition occurs.Although a single flood event frequently has a sediment yield exceeding 10,000 t km-2, sediment deposition rarely occurs except during some small runoff events(sediment yield < 5000 t km-2) or dry years(sediment yield < 10,000 t km-2) when moving from slopes up to the main channels of the Wudinghe River. This observation suggests a sediment delivery ratio close to 1 even at the event or intra-annual and the annual timescales, but not necessarily at the interannual timescale. Such a high sediment delivery ratio can be related to hyper-concentrated flows, which have very strong sediment transport capacity even at low flow strength. Because hyper-concentrated flows are well-developed in the whole Loess Plateau, a sediment delivery ratio close to 1 below the interannual timescale possibly remains true for other rivers in the Loess Plateau.

西霞院水库场次洪水排沙规律及影响因素

西霞院水库作为小浪底水库的反调节水库,在调节小浪底水库下泄的不稳定流方面起着重要作用。西霞院水库自运行以来,水库呈持续淤积趋势,研究西霞院水库排沙能力对于减缓水库淤积具有重要意义。基于西霞院水库2011—2022年实测水沙资料,对西霞院水库的历年排沙过程以及排沙影响因素进行深入分析,结果表明:西霞院水库排沙受水库运用方式、来水来沙条件等多种因素影响;流量沿程变化系数、入库含沙量对水库排沙比影响较大,且排沙比与流量沿程变化系数显著正相关,与入库含沙量显著负相关;选取流量沿程变化系数、入库含沙量两个显著相关的参数,通过回归分析建立水库排沙比计算公式,决定系数为0.79,排沙比计算值与实测值拟合效果较好。

基于RUSLE和SDR的香溪河流域土壤流失脆弱区识别

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE和分布式泥沙输移比SDR函数,构建了由降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、坡度坡长因子、植被覆盖因子和泥沙输移因子组成的流域土壤流失脆弱性评估模型。针对三峡库区香溪河流域,在GIS和RS技术支持下,利用流域降雨、土壤类型分布、DEM及NDVI数据,评估了流域土壤流失脆弱性并对其进行了区划,识别出了香溪河流域内对于土地利用和水土保持等人类活动更为敏感的土壤流失脆弱区。结果显示,香溪河流域土壤流失脆弱区面积为326.33 km2,占流域总面积的10.53%;5个子流域中,土壤流失脆弱区分布比例从高到低依次为:湘坪河子流域、古夫河子流域、湘坪河口—峡口区间、峡口以下区域和高岚河子流域,其中前2个子流域土壤流失脆弱区分布比例超过全流域的平均值。研究结果可为香溪河流域土地利用方式的调整和水土保持提供科学依据。

三峡水库场次洪水排沙规律及影响因素

水库泥沙淤积导致库容损失,影响水库综合效益发挥,研究水库排沙规律及影响因素对于改善水库淤积状况具有重要意义。根据2003—2021年朱沱、北碚、武隆、寸滩等水文站实测数据,合理划分三峡水库场次洪水过程,分析其排沙规律,并重点研究坝前水位、入出库输沙率、洪水滞留时间等因素对排沙的影响。结果表明:三峡水库场次洪水过程的划分采用统一的定量标准并考虑洪峰沙峰异步传播的影响更加合理;水库排沙主要集中在汛期场次洪水,各年汛期场次洪水排沙总量平均占全年的67.0%;场次洪水排沙比与坝前水位成反比、与入出库输沙率成正比,但相关性均小于与其成反比的洪水滞留时间,且当入库平均流量大于30000 m^(3)/s或坝前平均水位低于150 m时,排沙比与各因素之间的相关性均有所提升。研究成果可为优化三峡水库运行方式、减少水库泥沙淤积等提供重要参考。

Using ^(137)Cs Tracing Methods to Estimate Soil Redistribution Rates and to Construct a Sediment Budget for a Small Agricultural Catchment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China

Soil erosion and associated off-site sedimentation are threatening the sustainable use of the Three Gorges Dam. To initiate management intervention to reduce sediment yields, there is an increasing need for reliable information on soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region （TGRR）. The purpose of this study is to use 137Cs tracing methods to construct a sediment budget for a small agricultural catchment in the TGRR. Cores were taken from a pond and from paddy fields, for laTCs measurements. The results show that the average sedimentation rate in the pond since 1963 is 1.50 g cm-2 yr-1 and the corresponding amount of sediment deposited is 1,553 t. The surface erosion rate for the sloping cultivated lands and the sedimentation rate in the paddy fields were estimated to be 3,770 t km-2 yr-1 and 2,600 t km-2 yr^1 respectively. Based on the estimated erosion and deposition rates, and the area of each unit, the post 197o sediment budget for the catchment has been constructed. A sediment delivery ratio of 0.5 has been estimated for the past 42 years. The data indicate that the sloping cultivated lands are the primary sediment source areas, and that the paddy fields are deposition zones. The typical land use pattern （with the upper parts characterized by sloping cultivated land and the lower parts by paddy fields） plays an important role in reducing sediment yield from agricultural catchments in the TGRR. A 137Cs profile for the sediment deposited in a pond is shownto provide an effective means of estimating the land surface erosion rate in the upstream catchment.

Assessment of Sedimentation Impacts on Small Dams—A Case of Small Reservoirs in the Lotsane Catchment

Sedimentation is a major problem for agricultural dams in Botswana, as it reduces the storage capacity and life span of the reservoirs. The process of sedimentation starts from day one of the impounding of water in any given reservoir. Even though a provision is made for every reservoir during planning for a certain storage capacity, specifically for sediment deposition, called dead storage, a major portion of the sediment gets deposited for many years of the reservoir’s life in areas other than the dead storage, and this trend cannot be reversed at easy cost. This study is aimed at the analysis of prevailing sedimentation processes in the nearby dozens of dams found in the Lotsane catchment located within the Limpopo Basin of Botswana, and focuses on assessment of annual sedimentation rate. A spatial analysis and modelling study was conducted based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and GIS to determine sediment yield and degree of impact of each reservoir for a given landscape, rainfall and catchment heterogeneity. Field observations and soil sampling were carried out in order to determine the factors that lead to reservoir sedimentation. Spatial data on the dams in Lotsane catchment were also collected from Ministry of Agriculture, which were used for ground-truthing, GIS-based calculations and model validation. The average sediment rate and sediment delivery ratio were found to be 1.74 t/ha/year and 81%, respectively. These are useful parameters to estimate service life of the dams and plan remedial measures related to sedimentation problems.

荆江河段泥沙冲淤对三峡水库汛期排沙的响应

三峡水库汛期排沙研究大多关注库区的减淤效应,对坝下游河道的冲淤影响尚需进一步研究,对优化水库调度和河道保护利用具有重要意义。以三峡水库下游荆江河段为对象,建立了荆江长河段二维水沙数学模型,并结合实测资料分析,基于三峡水库2018年7月排沙调度,通过设置不同的排沙比(7%~100%),计算分析了荆江河段冲淤对三峡水库排沙比的响应。结果表明:虽然荆江河段全年总体冲刷,但排沙比较大时汛期仍可能淤积,上荆江河段受排沙调度影响相对较大;总体而言,2018年汛期水沙条件下,30%左右的排沙比是荆江河段洪季冲淤的临界点;排沙比提高后,汛期淤积部位大部分为边滩等缓流区,以及弯曲河段凹岸等,主槽仍冲刷,对维护滩槽高差具有积极意义。

Sediment delivery ratio and its uncertainties on flood event scale:Quantification for the Lower Yellow River

Sediment delivery ratio(SDR)for fluvial rivers was formulated with sediment rating curve.The observed data of SDR on flood event scale of the Lower Yellow River(LYR)were adopted to examine the formulation and to calibrate the model parameters.A regression formula of SDR was then established and its 95%prediction interval was accordingly quantified to represent its overall uncertainties.Three types of factors including diversity of the incoming flow conditions,river self-regulation processes,and human activities were ascribed to the uncertainties.The following were shown:(1)With the incoming sediment coefficient(ISC)being a variable,it was not necessary to adopt the incoming flow discharge as the second variable in the formulation of SDR;and(2)ISC=0.003 and therefore SDR=2 might be a threshold for distinguishing the characteristics of sediment transport within the LYR.These findings would highlight sediment transport characteristics on the scale of flood event and contribute to uncertainty based analysis of water volume required for sediment transport and channel maintenance of the LYR.

红壤坡地侵蚀定位土芯Eu中子活化示踪研究

利用野外人工模拟降雨和径流小区观测相结合的方法,研究了Eu定位土芯的布设、取样和分析方法.结果表明,Eu定位土芯中子活化分析技术可以准确测定不同地形、部位土壤侵蚀量.利用Er-Es的经验模型可以描述坡面单位面积流失量的变化趋势,预测坡面土壤流失量,最大误差为7.671t/hm2.不同土地利用方式下坡面泥沙的输移比(SDR)也不相同.顺坡种植作物后,泥沙输移比(SDR)与休闲裸坡地相比减少了30%左右,从而使植被覆盖下坡面泥沙流失减少.

泥沙输移比的研究方法及成果分析

泥沙输移比是反映流域侵蚀产沙输移能力的指标,对正确评价水土保持减沙效益及流域治理决策有着重要的科学意义与应用价值。对国内外泥沙输移比的研究方法及成果进行总结与分析,认为泥沙输移比的研究方法可分为直接计算(根据定义)与模型计算(通过建立泥沙输移比模型)2种。直接计算的关键是土壤侵蚀量的获取,而计算模型目前主要有因子经验模型、分布式模型与物理模型。在对泥沙输移比研究中土壤侵蚀量获取方法及建立的泥沙输移比模型进行总结与评述的基础上,按黄河流域、长江流域、国内其他地区及国外一些地区,分析了其泥沙输移比的研究成果,讨论了目前泥沙输移比研究中存在的3个问题及今后的发展方向。

泥沙输移比及其尺度依存研究进展

泥沙输移比是反映流域侵蚀产沙及输移能力的指标,对评价水土保持减沙效益有重要意义。基于对国内外泥沙输移比研究的系统梳理,1阐述了泥沙输移比的内涵,并对泥沙输移比基本定义中不同学科常用的表征变量作了清晰的界定,流域产沙量所涵尺度较流域输沙量小,且泥沙输移比与归槽率无论在内涵及定量描述上均不可等同;2归纳提出泥沙输移比现存的测算方法,包括4种形式的类比计算法和3种形式的建模计算法,并分别评述了其优缺点;3揭示了泥沙输移比的影响因素随时空尺度变化表现出分异性;4基于对泥沙输移比内涵与测算中的"尺度问题"以及泥沙输移比是否存在尺度效应等问题剖析,明确了泥沙输移比客观存在着尺度依存性及其尺度域。

近2600年来黄河下游沉积量和上中游产沙量变化过程

主要基于华北平原上93个钻孔中沉积物详细观测和分析数据，结合182组14C测年和埋深数据、参考前人黄河下游河道历史变辽及其他相关研究成果，估算出2600年以来黄河下游在602BC～11A．D．，11～1034A．D．，1034～1128A．D．，1128～1855A．D．和1855～1997A．D．等5个历史时期的年平均沉积量分别是3．89×10^8t／a，2．24×10^8t／a，6．63×10^8t／a，6．78×10^8t／a和8．47×10^8t／a。通过建立黄河下游有无堤防和决溢频率与泥沙输移比的关系，计算出5个时期黄河上中游的平均年输沙量分别是6．2×10^8t／a，6．8×10^8t／a，8．3×10^8t／a，11．5×10^8t／a和15．3×10^8t／a。进而探讨了黄河输沙量变化的主要原因，以及历史上王景治河后出现的600年安流时期的原因。

我国主要江河流域土壤侵蚀量测算

为了对我国土壤侵蚀进行评估,需要测算多年平均侵蚀量。在前人研究的基础上,收集主要江河泥沙测验资料和水土保持研究资料,采用河流泥沙输移比法和水土保持法,测算出我国黄河、长江等9大江河流域多年平均侵蚀量为53.10亿t,并与相关资料进行对比;讨论流域分区的泥沙输移比差异。结果表明:侵蚀总量以长江流域最大,黄河流域次之,淮河、珠江、辽河、松花江流域依次居后,闽江和钱塘江流域最少。

云贵高原区龙川江上游泥沙输移比研究

利用云贵高原区龙川江上游8条典型小流域水库泥沙淤积资料和小河口水文站输沙量资料,分析建立小流域输沙模数与流域面积的关系,依此求算出龙川江上游小流域(流域面积10.8～216.8km2)泥沙输移比变化于0.42～0.80之间,小河口水文站泥沙输移比计算值为0.26。

小浪底水库水沙异步运动与排沙比

基于2000-2017年小浪底水库的进出库水沙条件、水库运用及库区泥沙淤积实测资料,研究了水库对水沙的调控及库区水沙异步运动规律,探讨了场次洪水排沙比的影响因素。研究结果表明:小浪底进出库流量以1 000 m3/s以下流量为主,沙量主要通过1 000~3 000 m3/s的中小流量输送;经小浪底水库调蓄后,挟沙洪水出现场次显著减小,出库洪水的洪峰值和洪量增大,而沙峰值和沙量减小,水沙输移时间更为集中;进出库洪水的含沙量-流量曲线以逆时针为主,表明沙峰的运动滞后于洪峰,小浪底调蓄后沙峰滞后于洪峰的时间延长,协同沙峰出现频率降低;场次洪水排沙比受进出库水沙条件、水库运用及库区淤积形态变化的影响,主要影响因子包括入库含沙量、出库流量及泥沙粒径、沙峰滞后时间、淤积三角洲顶点距大坝距离、三角洲前坡比降、坝前水深等。

小浪底水库运用以来进出库泥沙分析

截至2016年10月,小浪底水库已蓄水运用17 a。水库运用阶段一般分防凌、春灌蓄水和春灌泄水期,汛前调水调沙期,防洪运用以及水库蓄水期。2000—2016年进出库泥沙分别为49.371亿、10.381亿t;汛期入库泥沙占全年的86.6%;汛前调、汛期出库沙量分别占全年的31.1%、68.6%,细沙占出库沙量的79.6%;水库排沙比为21.0%,细沙排沙比为34.8%。水库排沙比随回水长度增加而减少,细沙、中沙、粗沙排沙比随着全沙排沙比的增大而增大,细沙增大最快。

不同土地利用/覆被情景下生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积的服务能力与经济价值模拟

以ArcGIS9.2为平台,构建了生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积服务物质量和价值量评估模型。整合2000年的相关数据将此模型应用于二滩水库,并模拟了10种不同土地利用/覆被情景下集水区生态系统该项服务的能力和在水库使用年限内服务总价值的响应。结果表明:2000年,二滩水库集水区土壤保持量12.1亿.ta-1,高值区分布于雅砻江干流和支流水网附近。泥沙输移比在河道附近和水库周边较高。水库周边是最为主要的保沙区。水库使用年限内,集水区对于减轻二滩水库泥沙淤积服务总价值27.53亿元。集水区内不同结构类型的土地利用/覆被情景对保沙能力所产生的影响各异,模拟保沙量符合林地>草地>裸地>农田规律,农田保沙能力最弱,是二滩水库最为主要的产沙源。