Microfossils, carbonate lysocline and compensation depth in surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea

Based on the quantitative analyses of abundance of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, the ratios of calcareous to siliceous microfossils, and the determination of carbonate contents in the surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea, it has been found that the carbonate contents, the abundance of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton, and the ratio of calcareous microfossils decrease rapidly while the ratio of the benthic foraminifera to the total foraminiferal fauna, specific value of siliceous microfossils, and the percentage of the agglutinated tests in the benthic foraminiferal fauna increase with the water depth. The results indicate that the microfossils abundance and ratio, and the carbonate content are closely related to the carbonate lysocline and carbonate compensation depth (CCD) in the study area. In addition, the carbonate lysocline and the CCD are different between the southern and northern parts of the South China Sea. Both the lysocline and the CCD are deeper in the south with 2 600 and 3 600 m than in the north with 2 200 and 3 400 m, respectively.

Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms(a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation(a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored(HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a onedimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model,Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.

基于冲刷指数的雨水管渠冲刷淤积分析

流速、雷诺数、充满度等单因素指标虽然与雨水管渠的冲刷和淤积量有一定的关联,但是通过单因素指标不足以全面地判断雨水管道的冲刷和淤积。在起动流速和止动流速的基础上,提出了冲刷指数的概念。结合连续非恒定流不同工况下冲刷和淤积量模拟,计算了流速、雷诺数、充满度、冲刷指数4个因素与冲刷量的灰色关联度,其关联度大小依次为:冲刷指数>雷诺数>充满度>流速。根据不同工况的恒定流模型实验的结果,其关联度大小依次为:冲刷指数>>流速>雷诺数>充满度。可以认为,在恒定流与非恒定流工况下,冲刷量和冲刷指数有显著的强相关性,冲刷指数能代替具体的冲刷量计算实现对冲刷程度和趋势的合理判断。

CCUS井水泥环腐蚀预测模型及影响因素

目的CCUS井的水泥环长期处于CO_(2)腐蚀环境中,水泥环将被腐蚀导致CO_(2)泄漏,需对腐蚀速率进行预测。然而目前的腐蚀预测模型以井眼和半经验公式为主,导致水泥环腐蚀预测不准确,制约了CCUS井水泥环腐蚀防治技术的研究。方法针对这一问题,基于CO_(2)和钙质量守恒定律,建立了CO_(2)腐蚀深度预测模型,并利用该模型分析了腐蚀时间、温度、CO_(2)分压、水灰比和耐腐蚀材料加量对腐蚀深度的影响规律,并建立了评价模型,对影响因素的影响程度进行排序。结果CO_(2)腐蚀深度随腐蚀时间、温度、Cl—浓度、CO_(2)分压、水灰比及含水饱和度增加而增大,随着水泥环密度、耐腐蚀材料加量增加而减少;水泥环中CO_(2)含量随腐蚀深度呈非线性降低。影响因素由强到弱为:含水饱和度>耐腐蚀材料>水灰比>CO_(2)分压>腐蚀时间>水泥环密度>Cl—浓度>温度。结论研究成果对于CCUS井控制CO_(2)对水泥环的碳化腐蚀保障井筒完整性具有指导意义。

Incipient motion of sediment in presence of submerged flexible vegetation

The presence of submerged vegetation on river beds can change the water flow structure and alter the state of sediment motion. In this study, the incipient motion of sediment in the presence of submerged flexible vegetation in open channels was investigated in a laboratory experiment. The vegetation was simulated with flexible rubber cylinders arranged in parallel arrays. The effect of the vegetation density, water depth, and sediment grain size on the incipient motion was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the incipient motion velocity of sediment increases as the vegetation density decreases and the water depth and sediment grain size increase. With flexible plants, the incipient motion velocity of sediment is lower than it is without vegetation, and is larger than it is with rigid vegetation. A general incipient motion velocity equation was derived, which can be applied to both flexible and rigid vegetation conditions.

Depth profile exploration of enzyme activity and culturable microbial community from the oxygen-starved soil of Sundarban mangrove forest, India

Populations of culturable microbes and activities of dehydrogenase & ?-D glucosidase were found maximum in surface soil and decreased with increase in depth in Sundarban mangrove environment.The maximum (13.529 X 106 C.F.U g-1 dry weight of soil) and minimum (11.547 X 106 C.F.U g-1 dry weight of soil) total microbial popu- lations in surface soil were recorded during po- st-monsoon and monsoon respectively. At 60 cm depth, the lower (6.396 X 106 C.F.U g-1 dry weight of soil) and higher (8.003 X 106 C.F.U g-1 dry weight of soil) numbers of total microbial populations were observed during monsoon and post-monsoon respectively. A decreasing trend of total microbial load, enzyme activities and nutrient status with organic carbon were found with increase in depth throughout the year. Present study revealed the relationship among depth integrated variations of physico-chemical compo- nents (viz. soil temperature, pH, moisture, orga- nic-C, .nitrogen, and available-P) and microbial populations as well as activity of dehydrogenase and ?-D glucosidase enzymes.

基于底质分类的浅海海域遥感水深反演

近年来,卫星遥感影像水深反演一直是国内外研究热点,以往的遥感影像水深反演模型多基于底质均一的条件,缺乏对混合海底底质的研究。针对此问题,本文提出基于底质分类视角的遥感影像水深反演模型。以中国海南岛周边的蜈支洲岛与附近卫星影像为试验数据,对其进行预处理与底质分类后,分别使用双向长短期记忆网络(Bi-LSTM)模型、Stumpf模型与一维卷积神经网络(1D-CNN)模型进行水深反演,分析底质分类前后水深反演结果与不同模型的水深反演结果。结果表明,不同模型在底质分类后水深反演精度均高于底质分类前水深反演精度。Bi-LSTM模型的水深反演精度最高,底质分类后遥感影像水深反演的平均绝对误差、均方根误差与决定系数分别为0.333 m、0.474 m、0.814 m,均优于对比模型。

Characterizing Lake Bottom Sediments Using Marine Geophysical Tools

Missouri is a state with rich karst terrain. Geotechnical evaluation of foundation design for bridges and dams requires an understanding of the characteristics of subsurface geological environment, including sediments, bedrock and benthic habitat. It is crucial that the community empowers itself with the knowledge of the karst system’s characteristics in order to potentially use it as a source of water and drainage, but also to avoid the disaster of building constructions too close to vulnerable land on top of massive karst caverns. Electrical resistivity tomography profiling (underwater cables), and continuous resistivity profiling (towed cable) surveys were conducted to characterize the lake sediments (rock and soil) beneath the man-made Little Prairie Lake, in Central of Missouri State, United States. Electrical resistivity (with marine cables and towed cable) was used to determine variability in the lithology and thickness of sediments (soil and rock) beneath the lake with conjunction of echo sounder in order to calculate water depth. Side scan sonar was used to map the variations in the lithology/nature of exposed lakebed sediments and to locate the potential hazard of trees. On land, electrical resistivity tomography was used with multi-channel analysis of surface wave method to determine sediments, joints, and the depth of bedrock. Analyses of the acquired data revealed the location and orientation of the original stream channels (prior to the construction of the earth fill dam). Underwater electrical resistivity tomography and continuous resistivity profiling determined joints, sediments, and bedrock underneath water bodies. Integrated marine geophysical tools help to evaluate the subsurface prior to any construction project (dam or bridge), are useful in determining the characteristics of lithology (fractured rock, intact rock and soil), and make it possible to map benthic habitat and the submerged potential hazards of trees on the lakebed as well as accurately measuring water depth.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Accommodation and Sediment Accumulation during Transgressive to Highstand Stages as Reconstructed from a Latest Pleistocene to Holocene Sequence in the Intra-Arc Osaka Basin, Japan

Temporal and spatial variations in accommodation (i.e., paleo-water depth) and sediment accumulation (amount of deposition) in the intra-arc Osaka Basin, Japan, were reconstructed from the post-glacial transgression through the sea-level highstand, a total of 9000 years. At the beginning of the marine transgressive stage (about 11,000 cal y BP), paleo-water depths were shallow and the sediment accumulation was large. The area occupied by Osaka Bay gradually extended and sediment deposition decreased from 11,000 to 6000 cal y BP. During the period of maximum transgression (6000 - 5000 cal y BP), an inner bay, Kawachi Bay with a water depth of 5 - 10 m, was expanded in the inland eastern Osaka area, and paleo-water depths reached a maximum and depositional rates reached a minimum. During the subsequent highstand and small regression (about 5000 cal y BP to the present), however, deposition increased rapidly as a result of river delta and shoreline progradations. Regional differences were observed in accommodation and accumulation between the outer bay area and the inner bay area. During both the transgressive and regressive stages, deposition decreased in the inner bay area. In contrast, in the outer bay area and in the basin overall, deposition was high during the first part of the transgressive stage but it decreased during the maximum transgression, before reaching a maximum during the subsequent highstand and regression. During the regressive stage, fluvial delta progradation led to the formation of a thick sequence of delta body sediments. Sediment accumulation was 30% - 40% higher during the regressive stage than that during the transgressive stage.

Assessment of Sediment Load of Langtang River in Rasuwa District, Nepal

This paper assesses the sediment load of the glacier fed Langtang River, Nepal from April 2014 to March 2015. Water samples were collected from the centre of the river with a frequency of two samples per each sampling day using the Depth Integration Technique (DIT) on daily basis in the monsoon season, weekly in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons and bi-monthly in the winter season. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is calculated from the water samples using filtration followed by oven-drying, and a rating curve is used to calculate daily discharge of the Langtang River. The annual sediment yield is 109,276.75 tons and 37.69, 11.52 and 5.54 tons of sediment is transported per day in the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons, respectively. There is a very high value of 872.86 tons per day in the monsoon season, which contributes the highest sediment load among all of the seasons comprising 83% of the total sediment transport. Diurnal cycle of sediment discharge is clearly seen with higher sediment discharge during the evening than the morning and reaching maximum values of 41.1 kg·s-1 and 61.5 kg·s-1, respectively. A clock-wise hysteresis loop has been obtained for discharge and sediment discharge where sediment flux is higher in the early monsoon than in the late monsoon for a corresponding discharge.

Impact of Land-Use Changes on Sediment Load and Capacity Reduction of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading to influencing on sediment yield changes. This study is mainly focusing on the assessment of the impacts of the land-use changes on sediment load and lake depth reduction on Lake Ziway, Ethiopia using an integrated approach of Remote Sensing (RS), GIS and SWAT model. ERDAS IMAGINE 14 model was used to generate land-use maps from Landsat TM, ETM+, and Ls8 acquired, in 1988, 2002 and 2015 as representative for the periods of (1988-1998), (1998-2008) and (2008-2018), respectively. The maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification applied to classify the basin land-use into seven land-use classes. The SWAT hydrological model with ArcGIS interface setup for the basin to evaluate the flow and sediment load with calibration and validation performance of the model range R2 (0.71 - 0.89) and NSE (0.57 - 0.87). As a result, the total average annual sediment yield from the sub-basins estimated as 3.59 t/ha/yr, 4.36 t/ha/yr, and 4.89 t/ha/yr for three consecutive decadal periods 1988-1998, 1998-2008, and 2008-2018 respectively. The increasing trend of sediment yield in the Lake Ziway watershed through one period to another justified as due to land-use. Similarly, the net sediment volume deposited in the lake also showed incremental trained with the land-use changes as 1.5 mcm/yr, 1.81 mcm/yr, and 2.033 mcm/yr for the period of 1988-1998, 1999-2008, and 2009-2018, respectively. The depth and water holding capacity of the lake reduced by 4.3 m and 25.76 mcm, respectively, from the depth and capacity recorded on the 2006 bathymetric survey, which was the effect of deposited sediment over the last 12 years.

坡度对降雨径流挟沙能力影响的模拟试验

高陡边坡降雨径流侵蚀输移能力是一个重要的科学问题。通过室内模拟降雨试验研究相同雨强不同坡度和坡长条件下的降雨径流侵蚀输移规律。结果表明:(1)试验条件下,水深与水力坡度的1/3次方呈负相关,与坡长的3/5次方呈正相关,流速与水力坡度和水深呈幂函数增加;(2)相同雨强裸坡条件下,径流含沙量与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关,与坡长的4/5次方呈正相关。水流挟沙能力约与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关。(3)降雨径流的水流紊动扩散作用与重力作用的比值较明渠水流偏大,表明雨滴打击的紊动作用较明显,给出挟沙能力公式。与常用的河流泥沙挟沙能力公式比较,系数偏大,指数偏小。研究成果对深入分析降雨径流侵蚀输移的机制具有重要意义。

基于多因素协同作用的沿河公路护岸冲刷深度分析与计算

确定河道中河流最大冲刷深度,是决定沿河公路路基埋深的基础,对保障沿河公路安全有重要意义。为建立简便的冲刷深度计算公式,在室内进行了不同弯道角度、流量下的河流冲刷模型试验。结果表明,在直道段顺水流方向冲刷深度变化幅度不明显,随着流量的增大,直道段各断面冲刷深度随之增大;在弯道段,顺水流方向冲刷深度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,同时在进入弯道后,受弯道环流的影响,两岸的冲刷深度差逐渐增大,在部分工况下甚至出现了凹岸冲刷严重而凸岸淤积的现象;河流最大冲刷出现的位置在弯道出口下游处,随着弯道角度与流量的增加,逐渐向弯道出口处迁移。河流最大冲刷深度与流量和弯道角度存在线性关系,与相对流速和水深存在幂函数关系。在此基础上,综合考虑水深、相对流速和弯道角度耦合作用,建立了适用于河道直段与弯段的河流最大冲刷深度计算公式,可用于河道直段与弯段最大冲刷深度的计算。

清水条件下桥墩局部冲刷坑底部粗化效应研究

在非均匀沙河床上,桥墩局部冲刷坑底部粗化覆盖层会影响到桥墩的最大局部冲刷深度。通过水槽试验研究分析了单层非均匀沙河床上桥墩局部冲刷坑底部粗化覆盖层的级配、相对粗化度和不均匀程度。结果表明,粗化覆盖层中泥沙的中值粒径随桥墩局部冲刷深度的增加而增加,其相对粗化度随来流弗劳德数的增加而增加,而不均匀程度则随来流弗劳德数的增加而减小。并在此基础上提出了桥墩局部冲刷坑底部粗化覆盖层泥沙的级配计算公式,并利用实测资料验证了该公式具有良好的适用性和可靠性。

泥沙异重流稳定水跃的耗能与掺混实验研究

异重流稳定水跃是非连续异重流中的一种典型流态,反映着由急流过渡到缓流时的运动特征。其运动过程伴随着复杂的耗能和掺混过程,目前的研究还不能很好地解释两者间的对应关系。本文利用水槽实验,观测了泥沙异重流在斜坡与平底交界处的水跃现象,通过推导水头损失公式,分析了水跃耗能和掺混关系。研究发现增加入口含沙量或初始水深,或减小入口流速,均导致水跃强度减弱,共轭水深比值减小,异重流层厚度增加受限。这种实验现象伴随着水跃耗能过程的强弱,入口含沙量或初始水深的增加,或入口流速的减小,均导致水跃前后的水头损失降低,减少了被卷吸的上层清水流量,共轭水深比值进而减小,异重流层密度也有小幅降低。通过对异重流水跃的耗能过程分析,可知耗能减小表明流层间的紊动强度减弱,能有效地降低异重层和上层清水的掺混速率。通过回归分析,发现共轭水深比值与水头损失比∆hf/hf1,以及∆hf/h f1与掺混系数K_(Q)均呈现出正比例线性关系。本文推导的能量指标是分析异重流水跃过程、揭示异重流掺混机制过程的可行方法。

云南洱海表层沉积物中C_(25)高支链类异戊烯烃(HBIs)的特征及其生物地球化学指示意义

C_(25)高支链类异戊烯烃(C_(25) HBIs)通常被认为是指示硅藻的生物标志化合物,近年来在长江下游湖泊沉积物中被广泛检出。尽管云南湖泊分布广泛,但尚未有C_(25) HBIs检出的相关报道。本研究通过分析洱海不同湖区表层沉积物,首次指出其存在C_(25) HBIs化合物,并通过分析不同C_(25) HBIs化合物的空间分布特征解析其生物地球化学指示意义。结果显示,洱海表层沉积物中存在C_(25:1)HBI和C_(25:2 )HBI化合物,但均未检测到同分异构体。洱海沉积物中C_(25) HBIs浓度为11.18μg/g(TOC),显著高于富营养化的太湖,与澄湖相当。C_(25:1)HBI浓度表现出南高北低的空间分布特征,而C_(25:2 )HBI浓度则相反,因此C_(25:1)HBI可能表征了洱海南部湖区的优势硅藻。在C_(25:2 )HBI浓度较低(<0.4μg/g)的沉积物中,C_(25:1)HBI和C_(25:2 )HBI呈现微弱正相关,而部分浅水区域的沉积物则表现出C_(25:2 )HBI浓度高(>0.4μg/g)但C_(25:1)HBI浓度低的现象。不同湖区沉积物中C_(25) HBIs浓度与总有机碳和总氮含量的关系存在差异:(1)北部湖区C_(25:1)HBI与TN含量呈负相关,可能表明C_(25:1)HBI生源硅藻受到洱海北部农业活动和氮磷肥大量输入的限制。(2)中部湖区C_(25:1)HBI和C_(25:2 )HBI浓度均与湖泊富营养化水平呈微弱正相关,但与总有机碳含量不存在相关性,说明C_(25) HBIs的生源硅藻受控因素相对复杂。(3)南部湖区C_(25:1)HBI浓度和总有机质含量变化一致,和总氮含量呈较强的正相关关系,而C_(25:2 )HBI浓度与湖泊总生产力和富营养化水平的相关性均较弱。综上研究发现,洱海的C_(25:1)HBI浓度可以指示洱海南部湖区的优势硅藻和富营养化程度,这与长江下游湖泊现象不同;C_(25:2 )HBI可能有较多来源,除了和C_(25:1)HBI相似来源的硅藻以外,还包含某些适于生存在浅水环境的硅藻,因此C_(25:2 )HBI受水文条件控制强烈。

基于水质目标的深圳市某河道环保清淤深度的确定

以深圳市某河道为例,沿河道选取16个断面,共采集88个底泥样本,分别配置氮含量为0.00、1.00、2.00、4.00、8.00 mg/L,和磷含量为0.0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/L的溶液,将底泥样本放置在不同浓度溶液中进行吸附/解吸试验。结果表明:底泥对总氮、总磷的吸附量与平衡溶液中总氮浓度呈良好的线性关系。结合V类水的水质目标和吸附解吸规律,推算得到了该河道的环保清淤深度为0~2.5 m。

太湖梅梁湾不同深度沉积物中细菌群落结构组成

为研究湖泊沉积物不同深度处的细菌群落结构组成和多样性,选取太湖梅梁湾作为采样点,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术比较湖泊不同深度沉积物样品中细菌群落的结构组成及其多样性。结果表明:太湖沉积物中细菌具有丰富的多样性,细菌种类和相对丰度与当前已有的可培养细菌研究结果一致。细菌群落结构随着沉积物深度的增加呈现一定的变化规律,相邻近的沉积物分层中细菌群落结构的相似度较高;随着沉积物深度的增加,沉积物中优势菌属发生了一定的变化;表层沉积物与底层沉积物的细菌群落结构相差较大。鉴于氧含量随着沉积物深度的增加而逐渐减少,可以推断氧含量的变化是造成湖泊沉积物中细菌群落结构与多样性差异的主要原因。另外,表层沉积物中的生物扰动也是可能的原因。

渭河河床沉积物垂向渗透系数深度变化分析

目的分析渭河河床沉积物的垂向渗透系数随深度的变换规律及原因。方法采用水头下降竖管渗透试验法对渭河(陕西段)眉县、咸阳、西安草滩、西安临潼4个不同地点,共8个试验点位上的河床上、下两层沉积物垂向渗透系数(Kv)作了试验研究。结果眉县4测试点上、下两层沉积物渗透系数相等,眉县5测试点下层沉积物渗透系数值比上层大,其余6个测试点上层沉积物Kv值均大于下层,上、下层沉积物Kv之比在1.11～7.87之间。结论河床沉积物Kv值随深度增加而减小,其变化并不完全是由沉积物粒度分布上的不同引起的,还受到地表水与地下水在潜流带的水文过程以及生物扰动等共同作用的影响。

基于近震转换波的沉积层地区震源深度测定方法

基于合成地震图,并与观测数据对比,对沉积层地区近震波形的频率成分、偏振和走时等特征进行了分析,确认了沉积-基底界面的Sp转换波.研究表明:在给定震中距时,Sp转换波与直达P波的到时差随震源深度的增加近似呈线性增加,可以用来较好地约束震源深度.以2015年4月19日河北文安M3.0地震和2006年7月4日河北文安M5.1地震为例,验证了使用近震Sp转换波测定沉积层地区震源深度的可行性.利用Sp转换波对2015年4月19日河北文安M3.0地震重新测定震源深度的结果为18km左右,而不是地震目录中给出的29km,说明该地震发生在中上地壳,而不是下地壳.本文给出的方法可应用于测定沉积层地区的震源深度.