THE SEISMIC PROFILER FOR DEEP SEDIMENT LAYERS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

DDCl-1 type seismic profiler for deep sediment layers is a large scale marine survey equipment. Its penetrating strata depth may reach to 1 km. This equipment suits surveys for continental shelf,seafloor trench and geological structure under seafloor etc. It suits also geological environment surveys of seafloor resources.The working principle, block diagrams composition and echo signal processing characteristics are presented, and some typical strata profiles are shown.

Threshold of Sediment Movement in Different Wave Boundary Layers

A review of former studies on the onset of sediment movement under wave action reveals that the Shields criterion obtained in unidirectional steady flow can also be applicable to oscillatory unsteady flow when the boundary layer is the same. In this paper, through comparison of different boundary layers in wave and steady flow conditions, a new criterion is presented which can be used to predict the threshold of sediment movement Linder wave action. The criterion curve shows good agreement with the experimental data.

Observations of boundary layer parameters and suspended sediment transport over the intertidal flats of northern Jiangsu, China

A current-turbidity monitoring system (CTMS) was deployed on the intertidal flat at Wanggang, northern Jiangsu during October 16-17, 2000, to measure the tidal current speeds and seawater turbidities at 5 levels above the seabed. Based upon the logarithmic-profile equation, the boundary layer parameters, i.e., u, z0 and C60, were obtained for 247 tidal flow velocity profiles. Around 90% of the profiles were logarithmic according to the critical correlation coefficient. Internal consistency analysis shows that these parameters derived by different methods are consistent with each other. In addition, the height of the bedforms observed is close to the seabed roughness lengths calculated from the velocity profiles, indicating that the boundary layer parameters obtained can reveal the conditions at the sediment-water interface on the intertidal flats. Suspended sediment concentrations were obtained from the 5 CTMS turbidity meters using laboratory and in-situ calibrations. The results show that the in-situ calibrated SSCs have a much higher accuracy than the laboratory calibrated ones. Calculation of suspended sediment fluxes on the intertidal flats, with a magnitude of 104 kg/m per spring tidal cycle, indicates that suspended sediment moves towards the northwest, which is reversal to the transport pattern controlled by the southward Northern Jiangsu Coastal Current in the sub-tidal zone and adjacent shallow waters.

The fine velocity structure of sediment－base－ment layer in the Three－GorgesRegionoftheChangjiangRiver（YangtzeRiver）

In this paper, the study on the fine velocity structure of sedimental and basement layers along 4 deep seismic sounding profiles in the Three Gorges Region of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) are presented. The velocity of sedimental cover is larger in hills of western Hubei in the western profiles, the total thickness is about 0～0.3 km. However, it becomes thick in southern part of Zigui basin and Zushui river valley, about 5.0 km and 4.0 km thick respectively. The sedimental cover is very thick in Jianghan plains in the eastern profiles, about 5～8 km, and the velocity is lower. The velocity of basemental plane is greater than 6.0 km/s over the whole region. An interface can be divided within the sedimental layer, it is about 3～4 km deep in Jianghan plains, while it approximates to surface in other regions. The profiles are cut by faults in many positions. Where the faults pass, the velocity isopleth varies sharply, and the velocity is obviously low. The basement layer is characterized by high velocity and low gradient, there exist 3 high velocity anomalous zones within the layer, which are located at the west, south and east of Huangling Anticlinorium respectively. They are the upwelling materials of basalt magma with high velocity from deep crust. Perhaps, this process took place before formation of Huangling Anticlinorium. Its action produces the significant variation of basement plane depth and the correspondent development and action of faults.

Resistance of the diffusive boundary layer to salt release from saline sediments to freshwater

The diffusive boundary layer （DBL） is the zone for matter exchange between surface water and aquatic sediments. To elucidate the influence of DBL on salt release from saline sediments to freshwater, two experiments with or without wind blowing were conducted. According to the experiments, a 3.5 cm DBL is formed above the smoothed sediments at a steady wind field and this thickness is greater than other studies. The observed flux of salt through the DBL is 6% larger than the calculated value from Fick＇ s first law. The results indicate that molecular diffusion is the dominant mechanism for salt transport through the DBL. The presence of DBL suppresses the hydrodynamic enhancement for matter exchange between sediments and overlying water. Therefore, salts in the sediments of a polder reservoir may influence the water quality chronically.

海上高温高盐油藏层内沉淀深部调驱体系研究与应用

针对常规调驱体系因注入困难、耐温抗盐性差及价格昂贵,难以满足海上高温高盐油藏深部调驱需求的问题,研发出一种以Na_(2)SiO_(3)为主剂的层内沉淀深部调驱体系。通过化学分析、仪器检测和物理模拟等多种方法对体系进行了配方优化和性能评价。实验研究结果表明:调驱体系的最佳母液配方组成为7%硅酸钠+30%沉淀控制剂A+1.0%沉淀控制剂B,该配方可与现场注入水中的成垢离子反应生成粒径为67.0~123.1 nm的颗粒,在向地层深部运移过程中由小到大逐渐聚并成粒径为42.6~47.4μm的无机沉淀,封堵水窜通道最终实现深部液流转向。该调驱体系耐温150℃,在50~500 mD岩心均具有良好的注入性,沉淀后封堵率可达95.9%,对于渗透率级差为8~20的双岩心提高采收率幅度可达11.0%~16.4%。矿场试验表明,层内沉淀调驱体系注入性好、工艺简单,稳油控水效果显著,W油田A井组实施措施后日增油超25 m^(3),含水率平均下降13.3%,累计增油达到7675 m^(3)。技术对于海上高温高盐油田开发具有良好的示范作用。

The age measures and its layer sequence tratigraphy of Late Quaternary sediment in Lushan Dajiaochang of China

Through the scientific investigation on Lushan for a long time,detailed studies have been carried out on the geologic stratum section of Late Quaternary in Dajiaochang. The series age data of complete stratigraphic section and full time formation since 400 kaBP were based on the results of the analyses using the dating methods with various instruments such as the ancient geomagnetism,electronics spin resonance(ESR),36Cl and luminescence dating,etc. Corresponding to these data,it identified the paleomagnetic polarity events including Biwa-Ⅲ event(320 kaBP),Biwa-Ⅱevent(260 kaBP),Biwa-Ⅰevent(180 kaBP,scarcity due to the disturbance of the iron dish),Blake event(100 kaBP) and Laschamp event(20 kaBP,didn’t grow due to the activities of the surface), etc. Combined with the sequence stratigraphy,layer type characteristics and its sediment environment,the stratigraphic can be divided into 4 stages of development respectively:Stage Ⅰis the climate period of glacial epoch(200~400 kaBP);stage Ⅱis the climate period of interglacial epoch(100~200 kaBP);stage Ⅲis the climate period of periglacial epoch(10~100 kaBP);stage Ⅳis the climate period of postglacial epoch(0~10 kaBP).

Crustal thickness beneath the Tanlu fault zone and its tectonic significance based on two-layer H-κstacking

Tanlu fault zone(TLFZ)is the largest active fault zone in eastern China.It is characterized by complex tectonic evolution and multiple faults and marks the boundary between the North and South China blocks.An indepth understanding of the distinct crustal structures of both parts of the TLFZ will provide valuable insights into the lithospheric and crustal thinning in eastern China,extensive magmatism since the Mesozoic,and formation mechanisms of metallogenic belts along the Yangtze River.In this study,a two-layer H-κstacking approach was adopted to estimate the thicknesses of the sediment and crystalline crust as well as the corresponding vP/vS ratios based on high-quality teleseismic P-wave receiver functions recorded by permanent and temporary stations in and around the TLFZ.The geological units in the study region were delineated,especially the crustal structures beneath extensive sedimentary basins on both sides of the TLFZ.The following conclusions can be drawn:(1)The crustal thickness in and around the TLFZ greatly varies depending on the segment.In the northern segment,the crust is relatively thin beneath the eastern part of the Songliao Basin,a broad uplift of the Moho can be observed,and the Moho descends from south to north.The crust below the central and southern segments becomes thinner from west to east.The thickness of the crust is less than 30 km toward the eastern side of the boundary between the Jiangsu and Anhui provinces,that is,significantly thinner than in other areas.In terms of the vP/vS ratios,high anomalies were detected in the central-southern segments of the TLFZ,indicating the upwelling of deep mantle magma via deep faults.(2)Positive isostatic gravity anomalies were observed in the eastern part of the northern segment of the TLFZ and in the eastern part of the Suwan segment.The crustal thickness is smaller than that obtained from the Airy model of isostasy.This suggests that the lower crust in this area may have experienced intensive transformation processes,which may be related to crustal thinning(caused by crustal extension)and the strong uplift of the mantle in eastern China.The isostatic gravity anomalies between the eastern and western parts of the TLFZ indicate that the fault zone plays a dominant role in controlling the development of the deep crustal structure.(3)Significant crustal thinning was observed beneath the eastern part of the boundary between the Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in the southern segment of the TLFZ,suggesting that this area is prone to lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton.Due to the subduction,compression,and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate during the Yanshanian Period as well as the dehydration of subducting oceanic crust(within subduction zones),the asthenosphere and oceanic crust in eastern China partially melted,resulting in mantle enrichment.The basic magma from the mantle is accumulated at the base of the crust,leading to magmatic underplating.In areas with weak topography toward the east of the TLFZ,magma rises to the upper crust and surface,resulting in the enrichment of multiple metal deposits in this area.

海底原位分层声学测量模拟装置的设计与实验

【目的】为研究原位测量装置的测量特性和不同环境下海底沉积物声学特性的变化机制,设计一种海底原位分层声学测量模拟装置。【方法】装置主要由分层运动控制单元、声学测量单元和计算机控制单元三部分组成,通过电动缸对声学测量探杆进行定位运动与连续运动控制,实现对声学测量探杆运动精度分析。通过在水中进行测量标定,获得装置声学测量探杆的校正距离差和扩散衰减系数。通过模拟原位分层声学测量实验,实现不同类型海底沉积物的声学特性测量。【结果与结论】声学测量探杆的校正距离差为77.14 mm,此装置发射声波的平均扩散衰减系数为(34.30±0.46)dB/m。声学测量探杆运动控制精度高,能准确运动到不同层中进行声学特性分层测量,定位测量和连续测量两种测量方式都能获得稳定的实验数据。

赤道印度洋中部沉降颗粒物的季节变化特征及调控机制研究

基于2020年1—12月在赤道印度洋中部海域获取的沉积物捕获器时间序列样品,分析了沉降颗粒物与颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)通量的季节变化特征,并结合卫星遥感、数值模式及再分析数据探究上层物理过程对生物泵输出通量的调控作用。结果表明,2020年赤道印度洋中部海域的沉降颗粒物总通量与颗粒有机碳通量的变化范围分别为4.57~35.75 mg/(m^(2)·d)[(18.94±10.18)mg/(m^(2)·d)]和0.27~2.97 mg/(m^(2)·d)[(1.09±0.66)mg/(m^(2)·d)],两者均呈现显著的季节变化特征。总体上,1—3月、6月和9—11月呈现出3个显著的高通量事件。通过分析发现混合层深度变化与营养盐跃层波动的耦合作用可能是调控中深层通量变化的主要原因。与此同时,西南季风流(Southwest Monsoon Current,SMC)与赤道Wyrtki急流生消也可能通过改变温跃层或营养盐跃层深度对沉降颗粒物通量强度和季节变化起调控作用。

超厚特细砂层中超深地下连续墙的沉渣控制方法研究

针对在超厚砂层中进行地下连续墙施工时沉渣过厚的问题,以上海轨道交通市域线机场联络线上海浦东国际机场站工程为依托,对超深地下连续墙成槽施工过程中的沉渣控制方法进行研究。通过对沉槽施工过程中的新拌泥浆配比、成槽用时、清基换浆用时等各项施工数据进行全过程总结研究,探索出一套超深地下连续墙在超厚砂层中槽段施工沉渣效果控制比较好的方法,以期为后续类似项目提供借鉴。

Sedimentary response to volcanic activity in the Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation

To investigate the relationship between volcanic activity and sediment record on regional and temporal scales,158 surface sediment samples were collected from the East China Sea Shelf to the northern Okinawa Trough (OT),and two cores recovered in the northern and southern OT,respectively.Mineralogy,grain-size,and geochemical analyses of those samples show that:1) volcanic glass,volcanic-type pyroxene,hypersthenes,and magnetite increase in sediment influenced by volcanic activity;2) sediment grain sizes (and also silt content) increase in ash layers;and 3) the contents of Na2O and Zr are higher,while terrigenous elements,e.g.,TFe2O3 and K2O,and biogenous compositions,e.g.,CaO and Sr,are relatively lower in ash layers than those of non-ash layers.The distribution of volcanic ash has three distinguishing characteristics:1) volcanic ash is more abundant in the northern and central OT than the southern OT;2) volcanic ash increases from continental shelf to the trough;3) the sediment during the last 12 000 a suggests stronger volcanic events than during 15 000-12 000 a.The eruptive locations,frequency,and volume of calderas are among the most important factors controlling the distributions of volcanic ash.In addition,the main Kuroshio warm current that extends northward probably impeded the diffusion of volcanic ash to the west and south in the OT.However,a southward current probably carried some volcanic ash toward southern OT.

A FVCOM-Based Unstructured Grid Wave, Current,Sediment Transport Model,I.Model Description and Validation

An effort was made to couple FVCOM (a three-dimensional (3D),unstructured grid,Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) and FVCOM-SWAVE (an unstructured grid,finite-volume surface wave model) for the study of nearshore ocean processes such as tides,circulation,storm surge,waves,sediment transport,and morphological evolution.The coupling between FVCOM and FVCOM-SWAVE was achieved through incorporating 3D radiation stress,wave-current-sediment-related bottom boundary layer,sea surface stress parameterizations,and morphology process.FVCOM also includes a 3D sediment transport module.With accurate fitting of irregular coastlines,the model provides a unique tool to study sediment dynamics in coastal ocean,estuaries,and wetlands where local geometries are characterized by inlets,islands,and intertidal marsh zones.The model was validated by two standard benchmark tests: 1) spectral waves approaching a mild sloping beach and 2) morphological changes of seabed in an idealized tidal inlet.In Test 1,model results were compared with both analytical solutions and laboratory experiments.A further comparison was also made with the structured grid Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS),which provides an insight into the performance of the two models with the same open boundary forcing.

合水地区长6_(3)深水重力流沉积特征研究

合水地区是鄂尔多斯盆地近年来原油勘探的重点区块,在系统分析沉积构造、岩石学特征、结构粒度特征等沉积相识别标志的基础上,结合区域沉积背景,开展了合水地区长6_(3)重力流沉积类型及展布特征研究。结果表明,合水地区长6_(3)油层亚组为湖泊-重力流沉积体系,发育半深湖-深湖沉积亚相,可进一步划分为浊流沉积、砂质碎屑流、滑塌沉积三种重力流沉积类型;其中砂质碎屑流及浊流为主要控砂微相,主要分布在研究区的中部、南部区域,为区内有利储集相带。

Comparison of Turbulence Schemes for Prediction of Wave-Induced Near-Bed Sediment Suspension Above A Plane Bed

Based on a wave bottom boundary layer model and a sediment advection-diffusion model, seven turbulence schemes are compared regarding their performances in prediction of near-bed sediment suspension beneath waves above a plane bed. These turbulence algorithm., include six empirical eddy viscosity schemes and one standard two-equation k-e model. In particular, different combinations of typical empirical formulas for the eddy viscosity profile and for the wave friction factor are examined. Numerical results are compared with four laboratory data sets, consisting of one wave boundary layer hydrodynamics experiment and three sediment suspension experiments under linear waves and the Stokes second-order waves. It is shown that predictions of near-bed sediment suspension are very sensitive to the choices of the empirical formulas in turbulence schemes. Simple empirical turbulence schemes are possible to perform equally well as the two-equation k-ε model. Among the empirical schemes, the turbulence scheme, combining the exponential formula for eddy viscosity and Swart formula for wave friction factor, is the most accurate. It maintains the simplicity and yields identically good predictions as the k-ε model does in terms of the wave-averaged sediment concentration.

Optimization of Sample Pretreatment for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Estuarine Sediments by Gas Chromatography

This study examined levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in estuarine sediments in Licun (Qingdao, China) by gas chromatography under optimized conditions for sample pretreatment via ultrasonic extraction, column chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. Methanol and dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol (2:1, v/v) were used in ultrasonic extraction, and DCM was used as eluate for column chromatography. The developing system consisted of n-hexane and DCM at a ratio of 9:1 (v/v), with DCM as the extraction solvent for PAHs-containing silica gel scraped off the plate. When the spiking level is 100 ng, total recoveries of spiked matrices for four target PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and chrysene) were 83.7%, 76.4%, 85.8%, and 88.7%, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) between 5.0% and 6.5% (n = 4). When the spiking level is 1000 ng, associated total recoveries were 78.6%, 72.7%, 82.7% and 85.3%, respectively, with RSD between 4.4% and 5.3% (n = 4). The opti-mized method was advantageous for determination of PAHs in complex matrix due to its effective sample purification.

A numerical study for boundary layer current and sheet flow transport induced by a skewed asymmetric wave

An analytical model with essential parameters given by a two-phase numerical model is utilized to study the net boundary layer current and sediment transport under skewed asymmetric oscillatory sheet flows. The analytical model is the first instantaneous type model that can consider phase-lag and asymmetric boundary layer development. The two-phase model supplies the essential phase-lead, instantaneous erosion depth and boundary layer development for the analytical model to enhance the understanding of velocity skewness and acceleration skewness in sediment flux and transport rate. The sediment transport difference between onshore and offshore stages caused by velocity skewness or acceleration skewness is shown to illustrate the determination of net sediment transport by the analytical model. In previous studies about sediment transport in skewed asymmetric sheet flows, the generation of net sediment transport is mainly concluded to the phase-lag effect.However, the phase-lag effect is shown important but not enough for the net sediment transport, while the skewed asymmetric boundary layer development generated net boundary layer current and mobile bed effect are key important in the transport process.

Field Observation and Analysis of Wave-Current-Sediment Movement in Caofeidian Sea Area in the Bohai Bay, China

In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment concentration process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer （BBL）. Field observations were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath （under the lowest tidal level）, a tripod system was installed with AWAC （Acoustic Wave And Current）, ADCP （Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers）, OBS-3A （Optical Backscatter Point Sensor）, ADV （Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters）, etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment concentration measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity profiles and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the observed sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt： 1） The observed suspended sediment concentration under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m^3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m^3; 2） The sediment concentration increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment concentration at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m^3, and the average sediment concentration during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m^3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment concentration is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended load sediment concentration is mainly influenced by wave-induced sediment suspension.

Hydrodynamics and Associated Sediment Transport over Coastal Wetlands in Quanzhou Bay,China

Coastal salt marshes represent an important coastal wetland system. In order to tmderstand the differences between boundary layer parameters of vegetated and unvegetated areas, as well as the mechanisms of sediment transport, several electromagnetic current meters （AEM HR, products of Alec Electronics Co. Ltd.） were deployed in coastal wetlands in Quanzhou Bay, China, to measure current velocity. During the low tide phase, the surficial sediment was collected at 10 m intervals. In situ measurements show that the current velocities on the bare flat were much higher than those in the Spartina alterniflora marsh. Current velocity also varied with distance from marsh edge and plant canopy height and diameter. Around 63% of the velocity profiles in the tidal creek can be described by a logarithmic equation. Over the bare flat and Spartina alterniflora marsh, a logarithmic profile almost occurs during the flood tide phase. Sediment analysis shows that mean grain size was 6.7 Ф along the marsh edge, and surface sediments were transported from bare fiat to marsh; the tidal creeks may change this sediment transport pattern. The hydrodynamics at early flood tide and late ebb tide phases determined the net transport direction within the study area.

Sediment Transport Investigation in the Yangtze Estuary with Radioactive Tracer

This paper describes a radioactive tracer experiment carried out at the landward spoil site of the North Passage in the Yangtze Estuary in June, 1991. Scandium -46 was selected as the tracer, the total activity released was 179.45 GBq and the amount of the Sandium-46 glass was 495 g. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the sediment movement direction, path, velocity and transport rate, and therefore, to provide direct evidence for using the landward spoil site in the future. The experimental results showed that the sediment movement was governed by the ebb tide current during the period of mean and neap tides when the radioactive tracer was injected both on the flood and ebb tides, and the sediment moved from the release point to the middle of the North Passage near navigation buoy No. 269. The direciton of the sediment movement was 110 ° , the particle velocity was 758 m/d, and the sediment transport rate per unit width was 47.8 m3 / md.