Application of Equilibrium Partitioning Approach to the Derivation of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Metals in Dianchi Lake

For the past 20 years, numerous studies have been carried out on the application of equilibrium partitioning approach （EqPA） for the derivation of sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）. However, for metals, few Equilibrium-partitioning- based numerical SQGs have been developed or are currently available because of the confounding factors mediating the bioavailability of metals. A study was conducted at Dianchi Lake, which is a heavily eutrophicated lake on the Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau, China with the focus on the measurement of partitioning coefficient （Kp） and SQGs derivation and normalization to acid volatile sulfide （AVS）, fine material, and organic carbon. Using new normalization methods, SQGs were formulated for seven metals including copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and arsenic in Dianchi Lake. In Dianchi Lake sediments, the fine material contributed 25.4%-36.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of mercury; AVS contributed 2.9%-75.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of cadmium. This indicated that the fine material and the AVS were the most important controlling factors to the bioavailability of mercury and caximium, respectively. The contribution of total organic carbon （TOC） to the SQG values of copper and leaxi was 3.8% and 7.1%, respectively, indicating that at relatively lower concentrations, the contribution of TOC was not significant. In addition to normalization methods, appropriate procedures for the application of EqPA including sample collection, storage, and analysis are also essential to improve the reliability of SQGs. The normalized Dianchi Lake SQGs were higher than most of the empirically based SQGs developed in North America, but lower than Hong Kong interim SQGs except for cadmium and arsenic. The differences could be attributed to the approaches used for derivation of SQGs and the water quality criteria adopted and the differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments.

一致性沉积物质量基准(CBSQGs)及其在近海沉积物环境质量评价中的应用

基于结合几种单个沉积物质量基准的一致性沉积物质量基准(Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines,CBSQGs),以毒性效应预测准确度高、普适性强等优点近几年来逐渐发展成为主要的沉积物质量评价工具之一.本文阐述了CBSQGs的构建原理,分析了其评价结果的可靠性以及方法的优劣.CBSQGs通过对几种具有相似评价目标的单个基准值取几何平均来获得各种致污物的化学浓度生物效应值,并以此预测沉积物毒性.样品毒性检验结果表明CBSQGs能够可靠地预测样品生物毒性效应的缺失.对于沉积物样品,还可以通过计算平均可能效应浓度商数(mean PEC Quotients,mPECQ)评估CBSQGs的毒性预测能力.同时,本文还针对CBSQGs在世界不同海域的应用情况与存在的不足,提出了相关改进建议,以期为我国近海沉积物环境质量评价方法的研究提供借鉴.

Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of a Multipurpose Reservoir in India

Malampuzha reservoir is a multipurpose reservoir in south India. Seven water samples and four sediment samples were studied for the physico-chemical and bacteriological nature of the Malampuzha reservoir water and sediments. Bacteriological analysis indicated the microbial contamination of the reservoir and the physico-chemical characteristics indicated that the water is non potable directly. Analysis of irrigational water quality by SAR, Kelly＇s ratio and SSP indicates that the reservoir water is suitable for irrigation. Heavy metal pollution of the sediments was evaluated based on Sediment Quality Guidelines （SQG）, Pollution Load Index （PLI） and degree of contamination （Cd） of soil in four stations. Principal Component Analysis （PCA） was done to find out the possible linear combination of the original variables of trace metals. Results of PCA showed that no collinearity existed among the studied metals. However, emphasis on the monitoring of Cu and Ni should be preferred because of its alarmingly higher contamination value.

基于相平衡分配法的店埠河沉积物重金属质量基准研究

以店埠河为研究对象,采用校正后的相平衡分配法推导了店埠河沉积物中5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的沉积物质量基准(SQG)值,并分析了各金属结合相对不同重金属沉积物质量基准的贡献。结果表明:店埠河沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的沉积物质量基准值分别为318.80、122.24、1326.99、7.88和31.43 mg/kg;各金属结合相对不同重金属的沉积物质量基准值的贡献存在差异,细颗粒物(粒径<63μm)对店埠河5种重金属沉积物质量基准值的贡献率为24.49%~48.93%,其中对Cr、Zn和Cu的沉积物质量基准值的贡献最大。酸可挥发性硫化物对Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的沉积物质量基准值的贡献率分别为2.11%、0.22%、50.13%和21.67%,主要决定着Cd的SQG。总有机碳和残渣态对这5种重金属SQG的贡献率较低,均不足3%。

Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China

Based on the monitoring of five heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the Pearl River in South China, potential toxicity of the heavy metals was assessed using consensus-based sediment quality guidelines （SQGs） method and geo-accumulation （Igeo） index method. The monitoring results showed the heavy metal concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other, demonstrating a common trend in variation of concentration in the surface sediments. The assessment using the consensus-based SQGs method showed the potential toxicity of Cu was the highest, and Cd was the lowest. The evaluation based on mean probable effect concentration （PEC） quotient showed the region was seriously polluted with high toxicity heavy metals. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the mean PEC quotient and the average of Igeo with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 （n = 23, P 〈 0.01）. In conclusion, the consensus-based SQGs and mean PEC quotient are applicable to assess potential toxicity risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments in the Pearl River.

Toxicities and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake, China, based on sediment quality guidelines

The occurrence, toxicities, and ecological risks of five heavy metals（Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni） in the sediment of Taihu Lake were investigated in this study. To evaluate the toxicities caused by the heavy metals, the toxicities induced by organic contaminants and ammonia in the sediments were screened out with activated carbon and zeolite. The toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were tested with benthic invertebrates（tubificid and chironomid）.The correlations between toxicity of sediment and the sediment quality guidelines（SQGs）derived previously were evaluated. There were significant correlations（p 〈 0.0001） between the observed toxicities and the total risk quotients of the heavy metals based on SQGs,indicating that threshold effect level（TEL） and probable effect level（PEL） were reliable to predict the toxicities of heavy metals in the sediments of Taihu Lake. By contrast, the method based on acid volatile sulfides（AVS） and simultaneously extracted metals（SEM）,such as ∑SEM/AVS and ∑SEM-AVS, did not show correlations with the toxicities. Moreover,the predictive ability of SQGs was confirmed by a total predicting accuracy of 77%. Ecological risk assessment based on TELs and PELs showed that the contaminations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in the sediments of Taihu Lake were at relatively low or medium levels. The risks caused by heavy metals in the sediments of northern bay of the lake, which received more wastewater discharge from upper stream, were higher than other area of the lake.

Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of HCHs and DDTs in Surface Seawater and Sediment of the Mariculture Area of Jincheng Bay,China

The distribution of hexachloroeyclohexanes （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） in the surface sea- water and sediment of Jincheng Bay mariculture area were investigated in the present study. The concentration of total HCHs and DDTs ranged from 2.98 to 14.87ngL-l and were〈0.032ngL-1, respectively, in surface seawater, and ranged from 5.52 to 9.43 and from 4.11 to 6.72 ng g-l, respectively, in surface sediment. It was deduced from the composition profile of HCH isomers and DDT congeners that HCH residues derived from a mixture of technical-grade HCH and lindane whereas the DDT residues derived from technical-grade DDT and dicofol. Moreover, both HCH and DDT residues may mainly originate from historical inputs. The hazard quotient of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH to marine species was 0.030, 0.157, 3.008 and 0.008, respectively. It was estimated that the overall probability of adverse biological effect from HCHs was less than 5%, indicating that its risk to seawater column spe- cies was low. The threshold effect concentration exceeding frequency of γ-HCH, p,p＇-DDD, p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDT in sediment ranged from 8.3% to 100%, and the relative concentration of the HCH and DDT mixture exceeded their probable effect level in sediment. These findings indicated that the risk to marine benthos was high and potentially detrimental to the safety of aquatic prod- ucts, e.g., sea cucumber and benthic shellfish.

Assessment of Metals Concentration and Ecotoxicology of the Sediment Core of Rehri Creek, Karachi Coast, Pakistan

Trace metal concentrations were investigated in a recent sediment core collected from the Rehri Creek area of the Karachi coast, Sindh - Pakistan. The core was sliced horizontally at 2.5-cm intervals to determine grain size, sediment composition, pH, organic matter, and acid-leachable trace metals： cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. The trace metals were analyzed by ICP. To separate anthropogenic from geogenic input, several approaches were made, including comparison with sediment quality guidelines--ecotoxicological sense of heavy metal contamination and classification by quantitative indexes. Grain-size analysis and sediment composition of core sample show a sandy nature with neutral pH. Elemental sequence （ES） of the trace metals is in the order of Zn （19.2-109.56 ppm） 〉 Si （66.46-101.71 ppm） 〉 Ba （12.05-26.86 ppm） 〉 As （8.18-17.36 ppm） 〉 Ni （4.2- 14.69 ppm） 〉 Cr （3.02-9.62 ppm） 〉 Pb （2.79-6.83 ppm） 〉 Cu （2.2-5.29 ppm） 〉 Co （0.9-2.05 ppm）. Thus it is likely that the area may face a serious threat of metal pollution with the present deposition rates unless stringent pollution control norms are adopted. The Sediment Geo-accumulation Index shows that there is no Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, or Fe pollution; however, the former index and the Pollution Load Index indicate arsenic pollution in the sediments.

Ecological Risk Assesment and Seasonal-Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in the Surface Sediment of Trabzon Harbour, Turkey

A seasonal-spatial distribution and ecological risk assesment of the surface sediment are provided for Trabzon Harbour, located in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Sediments were collected from three stations, one of which was a control station, and a total of nine heavy metals were analyzed. In the sediment samples, concentrations of iron (Fe: 57.972 &plusmn;1.226 &minus;116.250 &plusmn;0.554 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), copper (Cu: 5.790 &plusmn;0.250 &minus;14.770 &plusmn;0.270 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), cadmium (Cd: 0.070 &plusmn;0.016 &minus;0.232 &plusmn;0.005 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), lead (Pb: 55.100 &plusmn;0.540 &minus;4.652 &plusmn;0.066 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), chrome (Cr: 9.232 &plusmn;0.046 &minus;28.640 &plusmn;0.377 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), zinc (Zn: 4.592 &plusmn;?0.300 &minus;54.322 &plusmn;0.437 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), arsenic (As: 2.702 &plusmn;0.233 &minus;6.332 &plusmn;0.186 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), manganese (Mn: 21.175 &plusmn;0.374 &minus;41.465 &plusmn;0.410 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), nickel (Ni: 9.272 &plusmn;0.042 &minus;54.230 &plusmn;0.158 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), total phosphorus (TP: 0.160 &plusmn;0.003 &minus;0.250 &plusmn;0.001 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), total nitrogen (TN: 0.111 &plusmn;0.001 &minus;0.161 &plusmn;0.001 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), organic matter (OM: 0.767 &plusmn;0.010 &minus;1.750 &plusmn;0,009 &mu;g&sdot;g&minus;1 DW), total organic carbon (TOC: 1.450 &plusmn;0.001 &minus;4.407 <span

Heavy Metals Concentration in Sediments of South Brittany Waters, France: An Ecological Risk Assessment Approach

Distribution patterns of selected heavy metals content in sediments from the Bay of Quiberon and Gulf of Morbihan were studied to understand the current heavy metals contamination due to urbanization and mariculture activities in the coastal area. Therefore, a survey was conducted and 196 sediments collected were characterized for heavy metals content using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after mix acid digestion process. The distribution maps of the concentrations of the heavy metals studied were produced as an isopleth map based on data interpolation by the ArcGIS software application. The association with the adverse effects on aquatic organisms was determined by the classification of the sediment according to the sediment quality guidelines. Therefore, two approaches were employed namely: direct comparison with Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and comparison with other numerical SQGs, threshold effect level/probable effect level, and effect range low/effect range medium. In order to estimate the effect of multiple contaminations of heavy metals, the mean-ERM-quotient was calculated at each sampling point.

陆水水库水环境中重金属含量及风险评价

文章以典型饮用水源地陆水水库为对象,采集表层水样与沉积物品,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定7种重金属(Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Fe、Cu和Pb)的含量,并评估水体重金属的健康风险和沉积物重金属的生态风险。结果显示,水体中重金属Zn、Cd和Hg均未检出,As、Fe、Cu和Pb的平均质量浓度大小排序为As(8.358μg/L)>Fe(6.219μg/L)>Cu(0.959μg/L)>Pb(0.433μg/L),含量均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。健康风险评价结果显示,对儿童的致癌风险均高于成人,As是该水体的主要致癌风险重金属;As的个人年均风险大于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10^(-5)a^(-1));非致癌性金属元素健康风险呈现出Pb>Cu>Fe,风险水平在10^(11)~10^(10)a^(-1)之间,低于国际推荐值的可忽略水平。沉积物中7种重金属含量均高于湖北省重金属土壤背景值;基于沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)评价结果表明,沉积物重金属的生态毒性风险为As>Hg>Zn、Cu、Pb>Cd,对底栖生物产生毒性效应的重金属主要是As和Hg。研究结果意味着应密切关注该水库As的动态并采取必要的处置措施。

滇池外海底泥重金属污染分布特征及风险评价

采用底泥质量标准(SQGs)法和潜在生态风险(RI)法对滇池外海22个点位20cm柱状底泥中重金属As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度分布及潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,Pb的最高浓度达319mg/kg,9个点位超过风险评价中值或高概率效应浓度,是超标最严重的重金属.各元素污染程度顺序为Pb】Cu】Hg】As】Cd】Cr】Zn.Pb、Cu、Hg的污染层为15~20cm,其余重金属污染层为10~15cm.潜在生态风险(RI)评价表明,滇池外海底泥重金属污染总体处于中等生态风险水平,北部为'强'等级,潜在风险顺序为Hg】Cd】As】Pb】Cu】Cr】Zn.两种方法的评价结果具有一定的差异性,在实际应用中需结合起来使用.此外,滇池底泥重金属浓度与潜在生态风险表现出一致的区域性差异,即北部大于南部,西部大于东部.

淡水沉积物环境质量基准差异分析

对现有淡水沉积物环境质量基准进行了分类比较,通过对各种基准不同污染物的基准低值、基准高值以及灰色区域的对比分析,探讨现有基准间存在的差异以及造成差异的原因.结果表明,现有各基准低值和高值问分别存在2倍到15倍,4倍到29倍的较大差异,各基准均存在较大的灰色区域.造成差异的原因主要是影响污染物生物有效性因素的复杂性,以及基准建立方法的不确定性等.

各国水体沉积物重金属质量基准的差异及原因分析

对８种重金属的海洋和淡水沉积物的质量基准进行了Ｂｏｘ－Ｗｈｉｓｋｅｒ图解分析,结果表明,各国水体沉积物重金属质量基准值均在２－３个数量级范围之间变化,相差超过４－５个数量级的极大值的出现,则通常与局部区域沉积物的污染程度和实验所用测试生物的敏感性有关．同时剖析了造成基准差异性的原因,以便从总体上对我国水体沉积物质量基准的制定有所启发和借鉴．

渤海西部表层沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学特征

为探讨渤海西部在多重环境因素变化下沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学行为,分析了渤海西部44个站位表层沉积物样品中8种重金属元素含量,研究了重金属元素的分布特征、环境影响因素及其生态风险。结果表明,渤海西部表层沉积物中As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为11.7 mg/kg、25.5 mg/kg、0.14 mg/kg、68.9 mg/kg、0.037 mg/kg、30.3 mg/kg、22.3 mg/kg、75.7 mg/kg;Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn含量与有机碳含量、小于63μm细粒沉积物呈显著正相关,其在表层沉积物中的分布明显受到有机质含量和沉积物粒径的控制,而As、Hg分布没有明显受到有机质含量的影响。富集系数显示,Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn为无富集,Cu、As为轻度富集,Cd和Hg为中度富集。与多种背景值和一致性沉积物质量基准相比较,渤海西部表层沉积物Pb、Cd的含量超出背景值,而Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、As、Hg含量也存在一定的异常,但其含量水平引发有害生物效应的可能性不大,尽管重金属元素含量偏高,但生态风险较小。

锦州湾沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生物毒性风险评价

选择污染严重的锦州湾表层沉积物作为研究对象,运用2套由生物效应数据库法导出的沉积物质量基准(ERL/ERM和TEL/PEL)评价了锦州湾沉积物中重金属的生物毒性风险.同时与地累积指数对重金属污染的评价结果进行了比较.结果表明,潜在生物毒性风险评价和重金属污染评价所反映的结果相一致,可以相互补充和借鉴.基于生态效应数据库法的沉积物质量基准可以有效的评价重金属潜在生物毒性风险.

水体沉积物环境质量基准建立方法研究进展

近20年来,不同的研究机构和研究者先后提出了多种水体沉积物环境质量基准建立方法,这些方法大多产生于北美地区,都是以底栖动物为保护目标,直接或间接地以污染物的生物效应为依据,可划分为2类:即基于沉积物毒性试验、现场生物效应观察和效应发生频率统计的方法;基于平衡分配理论,污染物在沉积物固相—间隙水相间的分配关系的方法。各种方法都有其适用范围和局限性。目前研究中存在的主要问题是:无法明确污染物—生物效应间的因果关系,难以确定影响污染物生物有效性的因素及其影响程度。因此,至今还没有提出一种可广泛应用的沉积物环境质量基准建立方法。建立统一的沉积物毒性试验、测定标准,提高数据的可靠性,重视不同基准建立方法的结合,将是今后研究的重点和发展方向。

湘西河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及其潜在生态毒性风险

花垣河和峒河是湘西地区受到锰矿和铅锌矿生产影响严重的两条河流。通过表层沉积物采样分析了Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn和Mn的总量,根据BCR连续提取程序分析沉积物样品中重金属的地球化学赋存形态,采用内梅罗指数法和地积累指数法评价了沉积物重金属污染特征,根据重金属的富集程度探讨了重金属污染来源,采用淡水生态系统沉积物质量基准(SQGs,TEL/PEL)和毒性单位评价了花垣河和峒河沉积物中重金属元素的生态毒性风险。结果表明,花垣河和峒河绝大多数位点的表层沉积物中Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn和Mn的总量高于参照点,形成严重的复合污染,花垣河沉积物中重金属的污染水平明显高于峒河,但沿程变化规律不明显,而峒河沉积物中重金属的沿程变化较有规律,即上游含量低,中下游含量较高。两条河流表层沉积物中富集程度居前列的均为Cd、Pb、Zn和Mn。花垣河和峒河沉积物重金属污染主要来源于矿业生产所产生废渣和废水的点排放。在花垣河和峒河的大多数位点,Cd、Pb和Mn的形态具有共同特征,其生物可利用态均较大程度地超过生物不可利用态,而且Mn和Cd的生物可直接利用态所占比例远高于其它重金属,而Cu和Cr的生物可直接利用态所占比例很低。花垣河沉积物中Cd、Pb和Zn在所有位点极大地超过PEL,在峒河中下游,Cd、Pb、Ni和Zn超过PEL,具有较大的潜在生物毒性。除上游S1位点外,花垣河的其余各位点都具有明显的急性毒性,峒河中下游各位点具有明显的急性毒性,这些河段需要重点治理。

滇池沉积物金属污染及环境质量评价

对滇池126个采样点沉积物0-5cm、5-10cm和10-20cm中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As等7种金属的含量进行了分析测定.用基于多方的基准中阈值效应含量TEC和可能效应含量PEC划分出5个沉积物环境质量等级,并借助灰色聚类分析方法对滇池沉积物环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,滇池沉积物环境质量整体上为Ⅲ类,存在中度的金属污染.其中0-5cm和5-10cm为Ⅲ类沉积物,10-20cm为Ⅱ类沉积物.沉积物环境质量下层优于上层,表明滇池沉积物金属污染仍存在不断加剧的趋势.

沂河小埠东橡胶坝蓄水段表层沉积物中重金属的分布及生态风险评价

为探讨沂河小埠东橡胶坝对蓄水段表层沉积物中重金属分布和富集的影响,在该河段设置了8个监测站位,分别于枯水期、丰水期、平水期监测了表层沉积物和水体中6种重金属的含量.结果表明:表层沉积物中w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Hg)和w(Pb)的平均值分别为6.65、0.40、71.21、42.48、0.15和41.54 mg/kg,而表层水体中重金属质量浓度均符合GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准;蓄水段沉积物浓缩系数为2.85×103～3.04×105,并且坝前表层沉积物中重金属含量从上游到下游递增,说明橡胶坝的建成促进了沉积物中重金属的富集;采用沉积物质量基准(SQG)方法评价表明,蓄水段As处于低风险水平,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Pb均处于中等风险水平,其风险水平Cr>Cu>Pb>Hg>Cd>As.建坝后水动力条件的改变是坝前沉积物中重金属富集的主要原因.