Numerical Simulation of Bed Load and Suspended Load Sediment Transport Using Well-Balanced Numerical Schemes

Sediment transport can be modelled using hydrodynamic models based on shallow water equations coupled with the sediment concentration conservation equation and the bed con-servation equation.The complete system of equations is made up of the energy balance law and the Exner equations.The numerical solution for this complete system is done in a seg-regated manner.First,the hyperbolic part of the system of balance laws is solved using a finite volume scheme.Three ways to compute the numerical flux have been considered,the Q-scheme of van Leer,the HLLCS approximate Riemann solver,and the last one takes into account the presence of non-conservative products in the model.The discretisation of the source terms is carried out according to the numerical flux chosen.In the second stage,the bed conservation equation is solved by using the approximation computed for the system of balance laws.The numerical schemes have been validated making comparisons between the obtained numerical results and the experimental data for some physical experiments.The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data.

Bed Load Transport Rate in Scouring and Armoring Process of Non-uniform Sediment River Bed

Flume experiments were carried out to study bed load transport rate during rive bed scouring and ar- moring.A theoretical differential equation linking the transport rate to the probability of incipient motion of non-uniform sediment is solved.The transport rate is shown to decrease exponentially with time,according to the theory,which is in good agreement with the experiment data.

Numerical Analysis of Adaptation-to-capacity Length for Fluvial Sediment Transport

Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the adaptation to capacity could be fulfilled instantly in response to differing inflow discharges and sediment supplies,and thus if the calculation of morphological changes in rivers based on the assumed capacity status is fully justified.Here we present a numerical investigation on this issue.The distance required for sediment transport to adapt to capacity(i.e.,adaptation-to-capacity length) of both bed load and suspended sediment transport is computationally studied using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model,in line with varied inlet sediment concentrations.It is found that the adaptation-to-capacity length generally decreases as the Rouse number increases,irrespective of whether the inlet sediment concentration increases or reduces.For cases with vanishing inlet sediment concentration a unified relationship is found between the adaptation-to-capacity length and the Rouse number.Quantitatively,the adaptation-to-capacity length of bed load sediment is limited to tens of times of the flow depth,whilst that of suspended sediment increases substantially with decreasing Rouse number and can be up to hundreds of times of the flow depth.The present finding concurs that bed load sediment transport can adapt to capacity much more rapidly than suspended sediment transport,and it facilitates a quantitative criterion on which the applicability of bed load or suspended sediment transport capacity for natural rivers can be readily assessed.

Numerical simulation of sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents

Prediction of coastal sediment transport is of particularly importance for analyzing coast erosion accurately and solving the corresponding coast protection engineering problems.The present study provided a numerical scheme for sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents.In the scheme,the sand transport model was implemented with wave refraction-diffraction model and near-shore current model.Coastal water wave was simulated by using the parabolic mild-slope equation in which wave refraction,diffraction and breaking effects are considered.Wave-induced current was simulated by using the nonlinear shallow water equations in which wave provides radiation stresses for driving current.Then,sediment transport in waves and wave-induced currents was simulated by using the two-dimensional suspended sediment transport equations for suspended sediment and the bed-load transport equation for bed load.The numerical scheme was validated by experiment results from the Large-scale Sediment Transport Facility at the US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg.The numerical results showed that the present scheme is an effective tool for modeling coastal sediment transport in waves and near-shore currents.

Sedimentation Processes at the Navigation Channel of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Port, Nile Delta, Egypt

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) port is located at Abu Qir Bay on the northwestern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. The port was constructed in 2004 to export liquefied natural gas worldwide. The offshore basins of this port including the turning and berthing areas (15-m depth) are connected to the deep water by a 15-m depth dredged channel that extends 4 km offshore. However, the navigation channel and its contiguous basins have experienced problematic shoaling that might affect the navigation activities of gas tankers. Sedimentation processes have been investigated by analyses of waves, currents, bathymetry, grain size of seabed and channel dimensions. Sedimentation rates are estimated using a developed numerical model. Sedimentation rate fluctuates between 0.048 × 106 m3/month and 0.388 × 106 m3/month, with an annual sedimentation rate of 1.977 × 106 m3/yr. The variance in the sedimentation rates between winter and summer resulted in increasing of current speed and direction flowing towards offshore. The sedimentation process is influenced by the temporal variability in the direction and intensity of the predominant waves, currents, orientation of navigation channel, basin breakwaters, seafloor morphology and sediment sources. Due to the geographic location of LNG port it lays within a sediment sink for sediments supplied from different alternating directions by several pathways, flowing towards the N-W, S-W, N-E, and S-E quadrants. Most of these currents components are substantially effective in transporting fine-grained sediment towards the navigation channel axis and contiguous basins. Together with these currents, the predominant NW and SE waves acting to agitate and stirrup sediments in the vicinity of the port, and thereby accelerating sedimentation rates.

An Investigation of Stochastic Nature of Bed Load Motion in Chuanjiang River

Bed Load Motion and its transport rate is one of the basic issues in river dynamics.In this paper, the authors discussed the stochastic nature of bed load motion in Chuanjiang River in details.Chungjiang lies in the upstream reach of Yangtze River.Its stochastic nature is shown in the following four aspects.Firstly, even though all the conditions are the same,due to the fluctuation of the flow,the bed load discharge and the location and width of sediment transport belts are different.Secondly,during the ...

Development of All-Weather and Real-Time Bottom-Mounted Monitor of Bed Load Quantity

Quantity of bed load is an important physical parameter in sediment transport research. Aiming at the difficulties in the bed load measurement, this paper develops a bottom-mounted monitor to measure the bed load transport rate by adopting the sedimentation pit method and resolving such key problems as weighing and desilting, which can achieve long-time, all-weather and real-time telemeasurement of the bed load transport rate of plain rivers, estuaries and coasts. Both laboratory and field tests show that this monitor is reasonable in design, stable in properties and convenient in measurement, and it can be used to monitor the bed load transport rate in practical projects.

Evaluation of suspended load transport rate using transport formulas and arti- ficial neural network models (Case study: Chelchay Catchment)

Accurate estimation of sediment load or transport rate is very important to a wide range of water resources projects. This study was undertaken to determine the most appropriate model to predict suspended load in the Chelehay Watershed, northeast of Iran. In total, 59 data series were collected from four gravel bed-rivers and a sand bed river and two depth integrating suspended load samplers to evaluate nine suspended load formulas and feed forward backpropagation Artificial Neural Network （ANN） structures. Although the Chang formula with higher correlation coefficient （r = 0.69） and lower Root Mean Square Error （RMSE = 0.013） is the best suspended load predictor among the nine studied formulas, the ANN models significantly outperform traditional suspended load formulas and show their superior performance for all statistical parameters. Among different ANN structures two models inclu- ding 4 inputs, 4 hidden and one output neurons, and 4 inputs, 4 and one hidden and one output neurons provide the best simulation with the RMSE values of 0.0009 and 0.001, respectively.

典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式适用性比较

基于等中值粒径的“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙试验以及“驼峰”输沙率试验数据,选择Einstein、吴伟明、Wilcock和吴保生等4种典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式计算“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙率,将两种级配的输沙率比值及曲线形态与试验成果对比分析。结果表明:吴伟明公式在反映“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙差异上表现最好,这4种公式均无法反映“驼峰”输沙率现象。基于多参数考虑的Patel公式较这4种公式能更好地反映上述两种现象。充分考虑床沙级配对分组沙起动切应力和输沙有效Shields数的影响,是提高非均匀推移质输沙率公式精度和适用性的关键。

七一冰川融水径流中悬移质与推移质动态输沙特征

[目的]冰川融水输沙不仅可以反映冰川侵蚀速率,而且是下游河流泥沙的重要来源之一,因此,认识青藏高原地区冰川融水径流中悬移质和推移质动态输沙特征对于冰川地貌演化预测和下游防灾减灾工作具有十分重要的意义。[方法]基于2023年8月11-24日七一冰川下游河道的水文泥沙实测数据,分别构建流量-水位、悬移质含沙量-流量和单宽推移质输沙率-水流剪切应力之间的相关关系,进而重建整个研究时段的流量、悬移质和推移质动态输沙过程。[结果]七一冰川融水径流中悬移质含沙量和推移质输沙率受径流变化控制,日变化十分剧烈。悬移质含沙量每日最小值一般出现在10:00,最大值出现在16:00,中值粒径约为0.3 mm。推移质输沙过程与悬移质含沙量的日变化趋势基本相同,但推移质中值粒径远大于悬移质,约12 mm,而且在每日05:00-09:00时段,由于水流搬运能力的限制,没有推移质输沙。就输沙量而言,七一冰川融水输沙以悬移质泥沙为主,推移质日输沙量远小于悬移质日输沙量,约占悬移质日输沙量的1.73%~2.81%。冰面气温是影响冰川融水径流量、悬移质含沙量和推移质输沙率的关键因素,随着冰面气温的增加,径流量和悬移质含沙量均呈线性增加趋势而推移质输沙率呈指数函数增加趋势。[结论]在未来气候变化情景下冰川融水径流增加时,七一冰川融水径流中悬移质和推移质输沙均将变得更加显著,值得更加重视。

CALCULATION MODELS FOR THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

The calculation accuracy of the suspended sediment transport rate relies on that of the vertical distribution of the particle concentration,the particle velocity distribution and the reference concentration.In view of the limitations of the previons formulas for both the velocity and the concentration distributions,general expressions are introduced to the calculation of sus- pended sediment transport rate.Based on these analyses,a simple and practical calculation model is given in the present paper.

粗化床面发展过程中非均匀沙起动试验研究

非均匀沙在水流作用下会形成表层粒径大于底层的床面粗化现象,同时表层粗颗粒还会形成聚集结构体。已有非均匀沙起动研究仅考虑粒径差异,对多颗粒组成的粗化结构体及其影响问题考虑不足。在水槽中开展了非均匀沙床面粗化发展过程试验,分析了粗化床面条件下的起动条件及起动判别标准。结果表明,粗化床面发展可分为中粗颗粒出露、中颗粒结构体形成、粗颗粒结构体形成等3个阶段,粗化结构体对泥沙颗粒的起动和输移造成较大影响。粗化床面条件下非均匀沙起动临界希尔兹参数为0.015 5~0.023 5,小于均匀沙床面。USACE输沙率标准不适用于非均匀沙粗化床面,而Parker标准与韩其为标准均可在一定程度上反映非均匀沙粗化对泥沙起动的影响,其中韩其为标准与实测值更接近。

三峡建库后长江中游非均匀悬移质挟沙力变化

水流挟沙力变化是研究水库下游悬沙输移及河道演变的核心问题之一。以长江中游沙市—汉口沙质河段为研究对象,引入韩其为非均匀悬移质不平衡输沙中水量百分数、挟沙能力级配等概念,阐释了三峡建库前后非均匀悬移质挟沙力变化及其影响因素。建库后,沙市、监利站各流量级下床沙转为挟沙力的水量百分数均明显增加,螺山、汉口站分别超过临界流量30000 m^(3)/s和35000 m^(3)/s时,床沙转为挟沙力的水量百分数有所增加;沙市—城陵矶河段水流挟沙力减小程度大于城陵矶—汉口河段,其中沙市—城陵矶河段<0.125 mm粒径组挟沙力大幅减小,城陵矶—汉口河段<0.25 mm粒径组挟沙力减小。沙市—城陵矶河段水流挟沙力减小主要受挟沙力平均沉速ω^(*)变化影响,城陵矶—汉口河段水流挟沙力减小受挟沙力平均沉速ω^(*)和挟沙力判数U 3/h的共同影响,其中螺山、汉口站分别不超过临界流量30000 m^(3)/s和35000 m^(3)/s时,挟沙力判数U 3/h的贡献率较大。

恒定流作用下珊瑚砂输运特性试验研究

【目的】针对现有对珊瑚砂起动和输运研究的不足,基于室内水槽试验,研究了恒定流作用下珊瑚砂的起动规律和输运特性。【方法】利用电子显微镜对珊瑚砂颗粒进行观测,确定了珊瑚砂中轴长度与筛分粒径之间的关系;利用现代化测量技术测得了珊瑚砂起动流速和输沙率。【结果】与经典的石英砂起动流速及输沙率计算公式进行了比较分析,并修正了经验公式,使其适用于珊瑚砂起动流速的计算。【结论】由于珊瑚砂的形状极不规则,相比筛分粒径相同的石英砂,珊瑚砂的起动流速更小,珊瑚砂单宽推移质输沙率随水深的增加而显著减小。研究成果丰富了泥沙输运理论。

粗细泥沙挟沙能力研究

文中导出了均匀沙、非均匀粗细泥沙平衡和不平衡状态下的挟沙能力公式 ,反映出含沙量、来沙量、级配和粘性对挟沙能力的影响。

泉州湾泥沙运移特征的初步研究

泉州湾属于潮流、径流和波浪综合作用下的山地海湾，根据两次 (1994 年 6 月和 2001 年 12 月) 水文泥沙实测资料，分析泉州湾悬浮泥沙和沉积物分布特征，研究其沉积物来源，并探讨北水道的沉积速率。悬浮泥沙含量自河口（湾顶）-湾口-外海逐渐降低。高值区出现在水道和河口，冬季高于夏季，大、中潮高于小潮。泉州湾沉积物分布与水动力强弱环境呈很好的对应关系。晋江携带入海的泥沙是研究区的主要物源；海岸侵蚀来沙与湾外来沙也提供了部分物源。南、北水道分别属于落潮槽与涨潮槽两种不同性质的水道。北水道沉积物较细，以沉积作用为主，其入口处淤积程度较轻，而在上游淤积程度相对较重；南水道流速较大，沉积物较粗，是泥沙输运主要通道，地形变化不明显。

钦州湾悬浮泥沙特征

钦州湾由于湾内外特殊的海洋动力、泥沙来源和地形地貌条件,导致海湾悬浮泥沙特性存在较大差异。通过2007年和2010年钦州湾13个站位的实测悬浮泥沙含沙量数据,总结了钦州湾的泥沙来源,分析了钦州湾悬浮泥沙的空间分布特征、运移趋势和输沙能力。研究结果表明,钦州湾泥沙主要来自河流输沙、海向来沙及岸滩侵蚀;水体含沙量最大值空间分布整体表现出"外湾>内湾>湾颈"的特点,平均值由内湾到外湾逐渐减小;水体垂向平均含沙量最大值出现层位不同,内湾表底层平均含沙量趋于一致,但中层略大,而外湾由表层至底层存在渐进变化;潮流强度、地形特征及泥沙来源是影响悬浮泥沙空间分布的主要因素;悬浮泥沙输运主要受潮流控制,输沙强度呈"湾颈>外湾>内湾"特点,总体输沙趋势由湾顶向湾外、沿落潮流由北向南输运。

波浪作用下泥沙运动研究综述

对波浪作用下泥沙起动、推移质输沙率和悬沙浓度分布的基本理论和研究成果进行总结。目前研究成果众多,但是各家学者研究成果的适用条件,表达形式有所不同,从而造成在实际应用中的困难。关于各公式间产生差别的原因有待深入研究,从而找到应用范围更广的公式。对于非均匀沙起动和输运的研究今后应重点关注。对于悬沙浓度分布研究,应更多的针对破碎波。

非均匀悬移质恢复饱和系数的探讨

作者利用概率论的方法,分析了分组沙的恢复饱和系数与混合沙的平均恢复饱和系数之间的关系,得出了分组沙的恢复饱和系数与混合沙的平均沉速成正比,与该粒径组泥沙的沉速成反比的初步结论。文中给出了一个计算分组沙恢复饱和系数的半理论半经验关系式,并与现有研究成果进行了对比。

泾惠渠灌区浑水泥沙输移特征

通过对泾惠渠灌区2013年夏秋灌期干支斗渠浑水资料的实时取样分析,探究渠灌区渠系挟沙水流含沙量及泥沙级配的时空变化规律,量化描述不同粒径悬移质泥沙颗粒的输移特征,旨在获得灌渠渠系内挟沙水流历经冲淤过程不同粒径悬沙沿程的垂向分布与输移规律,为渠灌区的运行及泥沙问题的处理提供理论基础。灌区内进行的原型取样测流工作在选定的具有代表性的干-支-斗渠线路上进行,观测分析了灌区渠系含沙量及不同粒径泥沙颗粒沿垂线分布的特征,验证分析了挟沙水流历经淤积过程含沙量分布的变化规律。通过对典型渠系线路不同粒径悬移质泥沙的沿程调整计算分析,表明不同粒径泥沙沿程的输移特征不同,各分组沙的冲淤特征并不都和全沙平均计算结果一致,其中级配曲线左端一定粒径范围(约>0.015 mm)的粗沙与全沙具有同冲同淤的规律。该研究可为泾惠渠灌区泥沙处理利用以及渠灌区浑水调控理论与技术的进一步研究提供依据。