Evaluation of Weed Control Efficacy and Seed Cotton Yield in Glyphosate Tolerant Transgenic Cotton

Cotton is one of the important crops that have been genetically altered to address challenges with weed and insect control. The research was conducted with glyphosate resistant cotton hybrids during winter irrigated season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the experimental site of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, with the objective, to find out the weed control efficacy and yield of transgenic cotton hybrid with the application of glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied as post-emergence application on 25 and 65 DAS at 900, 1350, 1800, 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha in MRC 7347 BG-II RRF test hybrid. These treatments were compared with hand weeding on 15 and 30 DAS and unweeded control. In both sprays, post-emergence application of glyphosate 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency in transgenic cotton hybrid compared with other treatments. Seed cotton yield (3195 and 3092 kg·ha-1 during 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively) was significantly higher in post-emergence application of glyphosate at 2700 g a.e./ha. Increased use of transgenic cotton with herbicide and pest resistance has resulted in more efficient insect and weed management practices.

Combining ability of Egyptian cotton(Gossypium barbadense L.)reveals genetic potential for improved yield and fiber quality

Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits,such as high yield and fine fiber quality.In this study,the general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents(six lines and three testers)and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line×tester mating design were analyzed.Results The results revealed significant effects of genotypes,parents,crosses,and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits.Moreover,the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes.The F1 hybrids of(Giza 90×Aust)×Giza 86,Uzbekistan 1×Giza 97,and Giza 96×Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics.Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield,while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield.Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield,fiber quality,and other agronomic traits.Conclusion This study provides insights into identifying potential single-and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics,laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.

Effects of plant density and nitrogen rate on cotton yield and nitrogen use in cotton stubble retaining fields

Increasing nitrogen(N)rate could accelerate the decomposition of crop residues,and then improve crop yield by increasing N availability of soil and N uptake of crops.However,it is not clear whether N rate and plant density should be modified after a long period of cotton stubble return with high N rate.This study seeks to assess the effects of N rate and plant density on cotton yield,N use efficiency,leaf senescence,soil inorganic N,and apparent N balance in cotton stubble return fields in Liaocheng,China,in 2016 and 2017.Three plant densities 5.25(D_(5.25)),6.75(D_(6.75))and 8.25(D_(8.25))plants m^(-2) and five N rates 0(N_(0)),105(N_(105)),210(N_(210)),315(N315),and 420(N420)kg ha^(-1) were investigated.Compared to the combination used by local farmers(D_(5.25)N_(315)),a 33.3%N reduction and a 28.6%increase in plant density(D_(6.75)N_(210))can maintain high cotton yield,while a 66.7%N reduction at 6.75 plants m^(-2)(D_(6.75)N_(105))can only achieve high yield in the first year.Biological yield increased with the increase of N rate and plant density,and the highest yield was obtained under 420 kg N ha^(-1) at 8.25 plants m^(-2)(D_(8.25)N_(420))across the two years under investigation.Compared to D5.25N315,N agronomic efficiency(NAE)and N recovery efficiency(NRE)in D_(6.75)N_(210) increased by 30.2 and 54.1%,respectively,and NAE and NRE in D6.75N105 increased by 104.8 and 88.1%,respectively.Soil inorganic N decreased sharply under 105 kg N ha^(-1),but no change was found under 210 kg N ha^(-1) at 6.75 plants m^(-2).N deficit occurred under 105 kg N ha^(-1),but it did not occurr under 210 kg N ha^(-1) at 6.75 plants m^(-2).Net photosynthetic rate and N concentration of leaves under N rate ranging from 210 to 420 kg ha^(-1) were higher than those under N rate of 0 or 105 kg N ha^(-1) at all three densities.The findings suggest that D6.75N210 is a superior combination in cotton stubble retaining fields in the Yellow River Valley and other areas with similar ecologies.

Architecture of stem and branch affects yield formation in short season cotton

The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and stem architecture on cotton yield and identify the optimal cotton architecture to compensate the yield loss due to the reduction of individual production capacity under high planting density in the direst seeding after wheat harvested cropping system.The characteristics of the stem and branch architecture and the relationships between architecture of the stem and branch with yield formation were studied on eight short season cotton cultivars during 2015 and 2016 cotton growth seasons.Based on the two years results,three cultivars with different architectures of stem and branch were selected to investigate the effect of mepiquat chloride(MC) application on the architecture of the stem and branch,boll retention,and the yield in 2017.Significant differences were observed on plant height,all fruiting nodes to branches ratio(NBR) in the cotton plant,and the curvature of the fruiting branch(CFB) among the studied cultivars.There were three types of stem and fruiting branch structures: Zhong425 with stable and suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5,respectively),high CFB(more than 10.0),and high boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;Siyang 822 with excessive plant height and NBR,low CFB,and low boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;and other studied cultivars with unstable structure of stem and branch,boll retention speed,and seed cotton yield across years.And MC application could promote the appropriate plant height and NBR and high CFB and thus resulted in high boll retention speed and the yield.The results suggested that the suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5 respectively),and high CFB(more than 10.0),which was related to both genotype and cultural practice,could promote the higher boll retention speed and seed cotton yield.

Impact of Tillage and Herbicides on Weed Density, Yield and Quality of Cotton in Wheat Based Cropping System

Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are infesting the crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Conyza canadensis, Tribulus terrestris, and Cyperus rotundus, etc. Recent studies indicate that conventional tillage （CT） is more productive than zero tillage （ZT）/reduced tillage （RT）. Performance of cotton under three tillage systems, viz., ZT, RT and CT; and five herbicides, i.e., haloxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC （108 g a.i. ha^-1）, lactofen 24 EC （168 g a.i. ha^-1）, haloxyfop 10.8 EC ＋ lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, and weedy check were evaluated during 2010-2011 at Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan, to explore the best management option for effective weed control, enhanced yield and quality of cotton grown after wheat. The results revealed that hand weeding and Haloxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with Lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Excessive rainfall and cooler temperature limited cotton growth and yield in 2010. The adverse weather conditions had more adverse effect on boll weight under ZT and RT than CT. Haloxyfop ＋ lactofen produced higher seed cotton yield in RT than ZT, however, it could not exceed CT. Broad-spectrum herbicides x CT produced the highest number of bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Fiber quality and net returns were also the highest in broad-spectrum herbicides x CT. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under CT were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I.Khan.

Growth, yield and fiber quality characteristics of Bt and non-Bt cotton cultivars in response to boron nutrition

Background Boron(B)deficiency is an important factor for poor seed cotton yield and fiber quality.However,it is often missing in the plant nutrition program,particularly in developing countries.The current study investigated B’s effect on growth,yield,and fiber quality of Bt(CIM-663)and non-Bt(Cyto-124)cotton cultivars.The experimental plan consisted of twelve treatments:Control(CK);B at 1 mg·kg^(−1) soil application(SB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB3);0.2%B foliar spray(FB1);0.4%B foliar spray(FB2);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB1+FB1);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB1+FB2);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB2+FB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB2+FB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB3+FB1);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB3+FB2).Each treat-ment has three replications,one pot having two plants per replication.Results B nutrition at all levels and methods of application significantly(P≤0.05)affected the growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.However,SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray showed superiority over others,particularly in the non-Bt cultivar which responded better to B nutrition.Maxi-mum improvement in monopodial branches(345%),sympodial branches(143%),chlorophyll-a(177%),chlorophyll-b(194%),photosynthesis(169%),and ginning out turn(579%)in the non-Bt cultivar was found with SB2 compared with CK.In Bt cultivar,although no consistent trend was found but integrated use of SB3 with foliar spray performed relatively better for improving cotton growth compared with other treatments.Fiber quality characteristics in both cultivars were improved markedly but variably with different B treatments.Conclusion B nutrition with SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray was found optimum for improving cotton’s growth and yield characteristics.

Effects of plant density on cotton yield components and quality

Yield and ifber quality of cotton even varies within locules in a bol, but it is not clear how yield components and quality parameters are altered across seed positions of a locule （SPL）. A ifeld experiment was arranged in a split plot design with transgenic insect resistant Bt （Bacilus thuringiensis） cotton hybrid cultivar CRI75 and conventional cultivar SCRC28 as the main plots, and three plant densities （15000, 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1） as the subplots in 2012 and 2013 at Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cotton was hand harvested by node and fruiting position, and then seeds of the ifrst fruiting posi-tion bols from nodes 6–10 were separated by SPL. The effects of plant density on lint yield, ifber quality, especialy across SPL were determined. It was showed that plant densities of 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1 increased lint yield by 61.3 and 65.3% in 2012 and 17.8 and 15.5% in 2013 relative to low plant density （15000 plants ha–1）, however, no signiifcant differ-ence was observed between 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1. The number of bols （bol density） increased while bol weight decreased as plant density raised, and no signiifcant changes occured in lint percentage in 2013 but increased with plant density in 2012. The number of bols in upper nodes and distal fruiting positions, the number of seeds per bol, seed area （SA） and seed vigor index increased with decreasing plant density. Seed area was found to be greater from the base to the middle compared to the apex of a locule. Mote frequency （MF） increased as plant density increased, and ifber quality was the best at the middle of the locule regardless of plant density. As the number of ifbers per seed area is geneticaly determined, adjusting plant density to produce more seeds and greater seed area can be a potentialy promising alternative to improve lint yield in cotton. These ifndings might be of great importantance to cotton breeding and ifled management.

Influence of the Impurity Level of Seed Cotton on the Ginning Yield and the Technological Characteristics of the Fiber in Côte d’Ivoire

Background: Cotton growing in Côte d’Ivoire faces a number of constraints, not least climate change, which is having an increasingly visible impact on production. In addition to the drop in cotton production, one of the problems facing the Ivorian cotton industry is the low fibre yield at ginning factories and the poor quality of the fibre sold on the international market. The causes identified include the poor quality of seed cotton purchased on local markets, particularly the level of impurities. This study was therefore carried out to determine the influence of the waste contained in the seed cotton ginned in factories on the fibre yield and the technological characteristics of cotton fibre in Côte d’Ivoire. The work consisted in carrying out ginning trials in ginning factories to assess fibre yield in relation to the level of impurities in the cotton harvested. The fibre samples taken from the bales during the ginning trials were analysed on an HVI 1000/1000 integrated measurement chain. The data collected were used to perform a multivariate analysis (PCA) and simple regressions. Results: The results showed that the waste rate increased from 2.96% to 5.33% from the youngest production generations to the oldest. Principal component analysis revealed correlations between parameters collected in factories. The level of impurity was negatively correlated with fifer ginning yield, fibre length (y = −0.4408x + 28.991;R2 = 0.3956;p = 0.005) and length uniformity (y = −0.5963x + 81.078;R2 = 0.5185;p = 0.001). It is positively correlated with short fibre content (y = 1.8376x + 8.8186;R2 = 0.5833;p = 0.000) and trash in baled fibres (y = 4.8515x + 25.759;R2 = 0.4054;p = 0.004). Conclusion: Impurities in seed cotton contribute to reducing the fibre yield at ginning in factories and degrading the fibre characteristics by reducing fibre length and uniformity on the one hand, and by increasing short fibre rates on the other. This contributes to reducing the market value of cotton fibre.

Evaluation of Some Promising Soybean Genotypes to Infestation with Cotton Leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) under Field Conditions

A two-year study was carried out in Giza Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt in the 2020 and 2021 summer seasons to evaluate the relative tolerance of ten soybean genotypes for cotton leafworm infestation under field conditions. Soybean genotypes H11L145, H155, H113, H4L4, H15L17, H129, H30, H19L96, Giza 111, and Crawford were distributed in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Soybean genotypes differed significantly for cotton leafworm at the 6th, 7th, and 8th week from sowing. Low values of cotton leafworm assemblages were recorded for H113, H4L4, H15L17, Giza 111, and H129. Low percentages of the larval survival number and weight, as well as the number of the survival of pupa were recorded by feeding on leaves of genotypes H4F4, H15L17, and Giza 111 under laboratory conditions. There were significant differences among the studied genotypes in most yield attributes in both seasons. Soybean genotypes H15L17, Giza 111, H113, H129, H19L96, and H4L4 gave higher seed yield per ha, meanwhile soybean genotypes H155, H19L96, H30, Giza 111, and H15L17 had higher seed oil content than the other genotypes in both seasons. The number and weight of larvae surviving, as well as the number of pupa survival, were negatively correlated with leaf total phenols and seed oil content. It can be concluded that soybean genotypes H15L17, H4L4, and Giza 111 are promising genotypes with desirable seed oil content for tolerating cotton leafworm infestation in breeding programs.

两种覆盖方式下灌水定额对土壤温度变化、棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探究不同覆盖方式和灌水定额对棉花生产的影响。【方法】于2017―2019年在新疆阿拉尔市开展大田试验,其中,2017―2018年膜下滴灌试验以新陆中46号为供试材料,设置24 mm(M1)、30 mm(M2)和36 mm(M3)3个灌水定额;2018―2019年无膜滴灌试验以中棉619为供试材料,设置36 mm(W1)、45 mm(W2)和54 mm(W3)3个灌水定额;分析不同处理对10 cm、20 cm、40 cm土层土壤温度和土壤含水量、籽棉产量以及灌溉水利用效率的影响。【结果】2种模式下棉田10 cm、20 cm和40 cm土层土壤含水量和籽棉产量均随灌水定额的增大呈增加趋势。M2、M3处理的籽棉产量分别较M1处理显著增加8.82%~11.47%和14.24%~18.96%;W2、W3处理的籽棉产量分别较W1处理显著增加15.18%~22.61%和32.53%~46.29%。土壤温度和灌溉水利用效率均随灌水定额的增大呈降低趋势。M2、M3处理的灌溉水利用效率分别较M1处理显著降低10.82%~12.94%和20.70%~23.84%;W2、W3处理的灌溉水利用效率分别较W1处理降低1.91%~7.85%和2.47%~11.65%。2018年灌水定额相同时,M3处理的土壤含水量、0~40 cm土层土壤温度、籽棉产量和灌溉水利用效率均高于W1处理。基于逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, TOPSIS)的综合评价表明,膜下滴灌处理配套30 mm灌水定额,无膜滴灌处理配套54 mm灌水定额可取得较好的效果。【结论】提高灌水定额可以在一定程度上弥补无膜种植模式引起的籽棉产量降低,但会降低灌溉水利用效率。研究结果可为无膜滴灌植棉技术在当地的推广提供参考。

改良剂施用对硫酸盐型棉田产量及土壤盐渍化参数的影响

探究施用酸碱平衡护理剂改良盐渍化棉田的效果与机制,为盐碱地改良和棉花稳产提供理论依据。本研究以新疆沙湾县硫酸盐型棉田为试验对象,于2021—2022年设置施用酸碱平衡护理剂和对照两个处理,监测0~20 cm土层土壤的电导率和pH值,测定棉花长势、产量和土壤盐分指标。结果表明:(1)相较于对照,酸碱平衡护理剂处理的棉花出苗率显著提高4.93~6.13个百分点。(2)2021、2022年酸碱平衡护理剂处理籽棉产量分别为5210.06、6815.43 kg/hm^(2),较对照显著提高25.98%、8.87%。(3)2021年酸碱平衡护理剂处理10~20 cm土层土壤钠吸附比值较对照降低0.077,2022年0~10、10~20 cm土层土壤分别较对照降低0.204、0.173。(4)土壤全盐变化量与SO_(4)^(2-)变化量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)、与Na^(+)变化量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);籽棉产量变化量与单株成铃数变化量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与土壤电导率变化量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与单铃重变化量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上表明,硫酸盐型棉田施用酸碱平衡护理剂能够降低土壤盐分,提高籽棉产量。

赣北棉区棉花干物质积累特征和产量对减氮措施的响应

为探究减氮措施对棉花干物质积累特征及产量的影响,设置常规施氮(N_(1),施氮量345 kg·hm^(-2))、减氮20%(N_(2),施氮量276 kg·hm^(-2)),减氮20%其中配施10%有机肥(N_(3),施氮量276 kg·hm^(-2),化肥与有机肥配施比例9∶1)和不施氮(N4)共4个处理,分析棉花干物质积累特征参数、产量、养分含量对不同减氮措施的响应。结果表明,与N_(1)处理相比,N_(2)与N_(3)处理吐絮期棉花生殖器官干物质分配比例显著增加10.29%、15.10%,干物质积累时长缩短10.97%、13.27%,生殖器官干物质积累快增期持续时长增加11.76%、90.04%,加快了棉花生育进程;N4处理干物质积累平均速率降低45.30%,干物质积累最大速率出现时间延缓。2年平均籽棉产量与经济效益均以N_(3)处理最大,分别为3496.87 kg·hm^(-2)和22956.64元。因此,N_(3)处理即减氮20%并配施10%有机肥处理为赣北棉区高产、节肥并具有最佳经济效益的减氮措施。以上结果为降低赣北棉区氮肥投入量提供指导意义。

施氮对亏缺灌溉措施下棉花生长、养分吸收及产量的影响

研究节水灌溉措施结合氮肥管理对棉花干物质积累、生理响应、养分吸收和产量的影响,为干旱区棉花增产和水肥高效利用的农艺实践提供理论依据。以棉花‘新陆早72’为试验材料,研究了在2种灌溉处理下(正常灌溉,W1;亏缺灌溉,W2)不同施氮量(210 kg·hm^(-2),N1;300 kg·hm^(-2),N2;390 kg·hm^(-2),N3)对棉花干物质积累、光合生理特性、养分吸收、抗氧化防御、渗透调节及产量的影响。结果表明:与正常灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉通过降低干物质积累、净光合速率、抗氧化酶活性以及养分吸收降低了籽棉产量。与亏缺灌溉下进行适量施氮相比(W2N2),增加施氮量处理(W2N3)的净光合速率和叶面积指数分别提高12.5%和10.9%,抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质分别提高13.6%、42.6%,这些过程减轻了亏缺灌溉对棉花生长造成的伤害,促进养分吸收和干物质积累,最终籽棉产量提高5.6%。此外,与正常水肥管理处理(W1N2)相比,亏缺灌溉后增加施氮量(W2N3)并没有降低籽棉产量,反而通过改善冠层光合能力、抗氧化防御及渗透调节能力延长了干物质持续积累时间,使植株提前3~4 d结束生育进程。综上所述,在干旱区开展棉花节水灌溉措施时,建议在常规施氮量的基础上再增加30%,该施氮量可以在保证棉花不减产的同时节约更多的灌溉水,并且该措施对干旱区滴灌棉花生产中的节水增效和可持续生产具有重要意义。

外源物浸种对苗期遭遇冷害棉花生长发育、产量及品质的影响

以‘中棉113’为试验品种,施用海藻糖、褪黑素和抗坏血酸对棉花进行浸种预处理,在棉花出苗期间遭受低温冷害后,比较3种外源物处理的棉花成苗情况、主要农艺性状、生物量积累、产量及其构成因素及纤维品质性状间的差异。结果表明:与CK处理相比,外源物处理的棉花成苗率显著提高1.3%~6.1%;株高、茎粗和果枝台数分别显著提高8.1%~9.2%、10.1%~14.6%和13.7%~22.2%;生物量显著增加1.6%~20.9%,生物量在库(蕾、花、铃)的分配比例提高3.3%~16.4%;籽棉产量显著提高11.7%~18.4%;棉花纤维品质表现较好,棉花纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均达到29 mm以上和29 cN·tex^(-1)以上,马克隆值为B级。综上所述,外源物浸种处理可以显著提高受灾棉花的成苗率,促进棉花植株的生长发育和生物量的积累与分配,提高产量,其中,100μmol·L^(-1)褪黑素浸种的效果优于其余2种外源物浸种。

不同整枝方式对棉花源库关系的调节效应

以去叶枝留早果枝的正常整枝方式为对照，于2005-2006年研究了整枝对大田棉花源库关系的调节效应．结果表明：去叶枝去早果枝（Ⅰ）、留叶枝去早果枝（Ⅱ）和留叶枝留早果枝（Ⅲ）3种整枝方式都显著促进了棉花叶面积扩展，最大叶面积系数分别比对照平均提高了10．3％、28．3％和9．5％，导致叶面积载荷量减少，源库比降低．Ⅰ和Ⅱ处理显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量，降低了始絮期的黄叶率和功能叶的C／N，表现出显著地延缓衰老的作用，但Ⅱ处理易导致贪青晚熟；而Ⅲ处理对衰老的延缓作用不大．Ⅰ处理的籽棉产量与对照相当，Ⅱ处理比对照降低了6．4％-15．6％，Ⅲ处理比对照增产6．3％．表明去早果枝和留叶枝皆是调节棉花源库关系、碳氮代谢和延缓棉花早衰的有效手段．

控释氮肥对棉花产量的影响及光合特性的研究

在大田条件下,以普通尿素常规施肥量(N 150 kg.hm-2)为对照,研究了控释氮肥不同用量和不同施用方法对棉花光合特性和产量的影响,结果表明:控释氮肥处理可提高中后期棉叶叶肉细胞PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)和PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo),改善叶肉细胞的光合能力,提高叶片光合效率,从而提高群体光合效率,增加单株结铃数和铃重。和对照比,控释氮肥各处理子棉产量和肥效表现:(1)等氮量(施N 150 kg.hm-2)基施处理极显著增产10.3%,肥效提高10.2%;(2)等氮量(施N 150 kg.hm-2)1∶1基追施处理极显著增产22.5%,肥效提高22.4%;(3)施氮120 kg.hm-21∶1基追施处理极显著增产12.3%,肥效提高40.3%;(4)施N 120 kg.hm-2基施处理增产3.2%,肥效提高29.4%。

可降解地膜对新疆南疆棉花生长和产量的影响

以诱导期为30-120 d的15种可降解地膜为供试材料,无膜及普通聚乙烯膜（Polyethylene,PE膜）为对照,于2008—2009年在新疆南疆地区的阿拉尔市开展了可降解地膜覆盖棉花的田间试验,研究可降解地膜的降解及其对棉花生长及产量的影响。结果表明：可降解地膜比普通PE膜先表现出破裂降解的现象,其中,诱导期为90 d的北京1#可降解地膜在棉田覆盖45 d后最早出现破裂;扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察表明,与普通PE膜相比较,诱导期为80 d的北京1#可降解地膜在棉田覆盖145 d后,表面有明显的条状裂缝。覆盖可降解地膜的棉花在苗期、蕾期、开花期和花铃期的生长发育指标（株高、真叶数、单株铃数、果枝数、地上部干物质重）以及单株铃数和果枝数总体上要高于无膜处理,但是与普通PE膜处理无显著差异;覆盖可降解地膜对棉花的衣分和单铃重无显著影响;与无膜处理相比较,覆盖可降解地膜能显著增加籽棉产量,但覆盖可降解地膜与普通PE膜处理之间的籽棉产量无显著差异。

水分调控对麦茬棉产量和水分利用效率的影响

为研究麦后移栽棉对水分调控的响应，于2012年6月～2012年10月通过人工控水试验研究了水分供应对麦后移栽棉生长、产量和品质的影响。小区试验结果表明，蕾期轻度水分亏缺花铃期充分灌水处理（T2）的籽棉产量、成铃数以及单铃质量均为最大，但蕾期和花铃期轻度水分胁迫处理（T4）的产量与处理T2差异不显著，但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了23．93％和34．01％；管栽试验结果表明，对照处理（T7）的单株成铃数的收获籽棉产量均最高，与对照处理相比，全生育期轻度水分胁迫处理（T8）减产3．98％，水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了9．70％和20．02％；桶栽试验结果表明，灌水定额为1．6倍E TP处理（T11）的籽棉产量和单株成铃数均最高，与处理T11相比，灌水定额为1．3E TP处理（T12）的籽棉产量仅降低了9．7％，而灌水定额为1．0E TP处理（T13）的籽棉产量降低了30％。说明适宜的水分胁迫（灌水下限为60％～65％FC，灌水上限为80％～85％FC）有利于麦后移栽棉的高产和水分利用效率的提高。

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60%FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75%FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60%FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60%FC和75%FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.

应用^(15)N研究氮肥运筹对棉花氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

【目的】有关棉花适宜的施氮时期存在争议,国外有学者推荐最佳施氮时期为出苗后和现蕾期,也有研究认为播前和初花期各施一半较好。氮同位素示踪技术能区分作物吸收利用的肥料氮及土壤氮,并能深入细致研究施入氮肥的去向及在作物体内的分配。本文采用氮同位素示踪技术研究氮肥底追比例,施氮时期对棉花氮素吸收和产量的影响,以期为华北平原棉区氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以转Bt+Cp TI基因抗虫棉品种中棉所79(CCRI 79)、中棉所60(CCRI 60)为材料,设氮肥底施与初花期追施比例1∶1(N1)、1∶2(N2)、0∶1(N3)、氮肥底施与蕾期追施比例0∶1(N4)4个处理,研究氮肥运筹对棉花初花期、收获期15N吸收、15N回收率、生物量积累和籽棉产量的影响。【结果】初花期棉株不同器官的氮素吸收来自氮肥(Ndff)的比例随底肥氮施用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为25.88%42.45%。收获期不同处理棉花单株Ndff%随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,增幅为26.92%54.14%,N3、N4处理的棉花单株Ndff%显著高于N1和N2。N2处理的棉花单株籽棉产量高于其他处理,但与N1处理的差异不显著,N2处理单株生物量与N1、N3差异不显著。2个品种N3、N4处理的棉花收获期单株15N积累量均显著高于N1和N2处理,棉株收获期15N回收率均显著高于N1。N2处理的棉花收获期15N回收率高于N1处理,但差异未达到显著水平。棉花收获后N2处理土壤15N回收率低于N1,但差异不显著。【结论】本试验条件下,2个棉花品种氮素底追比为1∶2时的籽棉产量与15N回收率优于底追比为1∶1处理,底追比为0∶1的处理15N回收率在4个处理中最高,但未显示出产量优势,这些结果有待在大田试验中进一步验证。