Effect of Extreme Natural High Temperature on Seed Setting Rate of Rice(Oryza sativa L.) at Heading and Flowering Stage

The seed setting rates of total 198 rice cultivars （lines） at heading and flowering stage were investigated under the condition of extreme natural high tem- perature in 2013 so as to analyze the effect of extreme natural high temperature on seed setting rate of different rice cultivar （line）. The results showed that the contin- uous high temperature showed certain effects on the seed setting rates of tested materials, and significant differences were shown in seed setting rate among differ- ent rice cultivars （lines）. The seed setting rates differed significantly among indica F1 hybrids derived from different sterile and restorer lines, indicating that the sterile and restorer lines had great effects on heat tolerances of different F~ hybrids. The cor- relation analysis showed that the seed setting rates of conventional indica restorer lines and conventional japonica rice cultivars （lines） were negatively related to the daily highest temperature （P〉0.05）, and the seed setting rates of indica F1 hybrids were positively related to the seed setting rates of their restorer lines. Total four in- dica restorer lines, including Ninghuiguangkangzhan, Shuhui 527, Chenghui 3203 and Xianyin-8, and four new japonica rice cultivars （lines）, including Wuyinjinghui （B2）, Nanjing 4//W3660/Nanjing 44 （B12） and Wuyun 2330/JD6011 （B22） were pre- liminarily screened, and their seed setting rates were all close to the normal level （90%）. The screened rice cultivars （lines） showed higher heat tolerances.

Effect of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Seed Setting Rate and 1 000-grain Weight of Indica Hybrid Rice Restorer Lines

[Objective] This study was to investigate the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight of hybrid rice combinations. [Method] The seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight of 10 new sterile indica restorer lines planted in pots under enhanced UV-B radiation and fluorescent lamps （control） were respectively measured, and the differences were compared. [Result] The enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced the seed setting rate of indica restorer lines, and the differences between that UV-B radiation treatment and control all reached extremely significant level. In addition, the enhanced UV-B radiation reduced the 1 000-grain weight of most indica restorer lines, and compared with that of control the difference achieved significant or very significant level. However, the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight differed to different indica restorer lines, and the differences among restorer lines tested were significant or very significant, which indicated the possibility to screen antiUV-B radiation rice materials and combinations. Finally, the indica restorer lines 09R-14, Luhui 37 and 10R-7703 which were strongly resistant to UV-B radiation were screened out. [Conclusion] This study laid foundation for breeding hybrid rice varieties resistance to UV-B radiation.

Factors Influencing the Outcrossed Seed-Setting Obstacles of Photo-thermo Sensitive Genie Male Sterile Rice

Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.

Treatments of Pollen with Different Solvents Affect the Seed Setting Rate of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of treatments of rice pollen with different solvents on the seed setting rate.Rice pollen was treated with ultrapure water,0.5%dimethyl sulfoxide,ethanol(1%,5%,and 8%),and 0.5%dimethyl sulfoxide+8%ethanol,and the pollen without treatment was taken as the control.Then,crossing was conducted with the treated rice plants as the male parents and plants subjected to emasculation by warm water as the female parents.The seed setting rates of the male and female parents were then recorded.The results showed that the treatments with different solvents significantly decreased the seed setting rates of both male and female parents.The treatment with 1%ethanol resulted in the highest seed setting rates for both male and female parents,while the treatment with 0.5%dimethyl sulfoxide resulted in the lowest seed setting rates for both parents.Although these solvents affected the seed setting rate of rice,they served as intermediate solvents to dissolve chemicals used in the induction of rice haploids.This study layed a technical foundation for subsequent chemical induction of rice haploids.

Effect of ^(211)At treating pollen and stigma on generative cells and seed setting of rice

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Floral traits and pollination system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in the managed and wild populations in an arid region of Northwest China

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, which belongs to Sarcozygium of Zygophyllaceae, is one of the ecologically important species in Northwest China. In order to understand the pollination system of Z. xanthoxylum, we investigated the following characteristics of this species in the Urat Desert-grassland Research Station in western Inner Mongolia of China： flowering dynamics, pollen viability, pollen limitation, floral visitors and breeding system. The results showed that the flowering period and flowering peak were different between the wild and managed popula- tions, being longer in the managed population. Z. xanthoxylum was pollen-limited, and pollen limitation was more intense in the wild population than in the managed population. Chalicodoma deserticola （Hymenoptera） was found to be the most frequent pollinator in the wild population, while Anthophora fulvitarsis （Hymenoptera） was the most frequent and effective visitor in the managed population. Out-crossing was dominant in the breeding system and self-pollination just played an assistant role to assure the reproduction of Z. xanthoxylum.

Studies on Seed Setting Stability in Associated with Temperature for a Two-Line Hybrid Rice,Liangyoupeijiu

When being planted in wide areas in southern China (23°23' - 33°23' N, 98°35' - 120°19' E, sea level above 2.7 - 1285 m), Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ), a two-line hybrid rice combination, showed a seed setting rate of 75.2 - 77.2%, which was lower by 4.3 - 7.5 percent point than that of an indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (CK), with similar values of grain yield and coefficients of variation to CK. Sowing during 5-25th of May in Nanjing (32°3' N, 118°48' E), China, LYPJ headed before 4th September, and gave a seed setting rate of 75 - 90%, and grain yield over 1 kg/m2. If the sowing date was delayed to 14 - 15th, June, its heading date would be as late as 17th - 21st September, and seed setting rate would be declined by 10 - 15% in comparison with that on a suitable sowing date. When flowering took place at an average daily temperature range of 13.7 - 28.5℃ for five days, the spikelet fertility (SF) would be increased by 1.9- 10.7%, for each increment of 1℃. The suitable (SF≥90%) and safe (SF≥75%) temperatures for flowering stage were indicated to be 26.5℃ and 22.9℃, respectively. To get a high and stable seed set in cultivating LYPJ, it was recommended that LYPJ would be planted in the areas south of 34癗, and the favorable average daily temperature during flowering stage should be at 26 - 28℃.

Pollen Germination in vitro and Pollen Storage of the Eggplant(Solanummelongena L.)

The eggplant (Solanummelongena L.) is widely cultivated across the world.Technology regarding the in vitro germination and preservation of eggplant pollen is important for the production of hybrid seeds.In this work,the suitable cultural medium and time for the germination of fresh and dried pollen was investigated.The results showed that a suitable medium for eggplant pollen germination was 0.5% agar+5% sucrose+0.01% boric acid+0.01% GA3,the suitable culture time was 2 h for fresh pollen and 4 h for dried pollen stored at low temperature.GA3 could induce the germination of dried and stored pollen. The better way to dry anthers was 4 h in a desiccator at 25~30℃.We also found that pollen from the second to the fourth branch has the highest germination rate. Furthermore,there were no significant differences in the seed setting rates among the different storage temperatures and storage times,whereas the number of viable seeds formed per fruit differed significantly,which was 87.3% more for pollen stored at -80℃ and fresh pollen than that stored at 4℃.This work optimized pollen storage conditions and is helpful to eggplant hybrid seed production.

Distribution of the Classification Traits in the F_2 Progeny of Two Crosses of indica/japonica in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Comparison of seed setting rate, plant height and Cheng's morphological traits were made between the F_2 progeny of indica-japonica hybrids, 02428/Pei'ai 64 and Taichung 65/Teqing. There existed resemblance normal distribution in plant height, and the distribution had no relationship with the seed setting rate and plant height in F_1 progeny, suggesting that there were no gametic selection for the plant height in the F_2 progeny of indica-japoniea hybrids. An average seed setting rate of the F_2 was equal to the F_1 populations in the recombination of 02428/Pei'ai 64 in which there was an excellent cross compatibility, but the remarkable increase in the seed setting rate from the F_1 to F_2 in Taichung 65/Teqing, indicating that gametic selection only took place in the indica-japonica crosses with low cross compatibility while null or little in the hybrids with high compatibility. There were many intermediate types among the leaf pubescence, color of hull at heading, and length of the first and second panicle internode, and these Cheng's morphological traits was distributed normally; there were also a little intermediate types in hull hairness and phenol reaction with bi-peak distribution; while length to width ratio of grain was inclined to the japonica types obviously showing a skewed distribution in the F2 population. Although Cheng's morphological traits in F_2 populations had inconsistent distribution types, Cheng's morphological traits index showed normal distribution, which suggested that intermediate types, i.e. indicalinous or japonicalinous, were primary in F_2 population.

Studies on the Growth Habits and Characteristics of Two Polyploid Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice with Powerful Heterosis

Based on a series of polyploid indica-japonica hybrid plant lines obtained from a new breeding strategy of using double predominance of wide cross and polyploidization to breed super flee, two polyploid indica-japonica hybrids, PSR073 and PSR120 were studied in their growth periods to show the powerful heterosis in a larger scale and to study the characteristics of polyploid indica-japonica hybrids more elaborately. The leaf age, tiller growth, flowering habits, and agronomic traits of them were observed to analyze their growth habits and characteristics. The results showed that the.agronomic traits of PSR073 and PSR120, such as the plant height, panicle length, grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight, all acquired obvious predominance of polyploidy, and that the seed setting rate was more than 83%. No significant difference was observed between the two tetraploids and common diploids in the leaf age, tiller growth, and flowering habits. It was concluded that the characteristics of the two powerful heterosis polyploid hybrids were different from those of the polyploid rice reported earlier. Wide cross and polyploidization had no negative effects on their growth habits and characteristics; on the contrary these had powerful heterosis. This had provided theoretic and practical evidences for their application to agricultural production.

蜂糖李授粉品种初步筛选

授粉品种的恰当选择是李等果树坐果和高产的关键。为筛选蜂糖李适宜授粉品种,对蜂糖李及其潜在授粉品种进行了授粉亲和性决定因子S-RNase基因(S基因)分型、开花期记录、花粉离体萌发率检测,以及潜在授粉品种对蜂糖李授粉坐果率调查等工作。结果表明,蜂糖李与四月李具有相同S基因型,与凤凰李、冰脆李、脆红李不同;蜂糖李与凤凰李、茵红李花期重合,四月李在蜂糖李始花期盛开、冰脆李在蜂糖李末花期盛开;室温阴干花粉的萌发率为13.4%~23.8%,处在相同果园的蜂糖李与四月李、凤凰李、冰脆李、茵红李等花粉萌发率无显著差异,不同果园四月李、蜂糖李的花粉活力无显著差异,脆红李花粉与各园各品种花粉萌发率差异均不显著,经恒温干燥,脆红李花粉萌发率高达81.1%,显著高于其他各品种,其他各品种间花粉萌发率无显著差异,均在60%以上;相较自然授粉、四月李授粉、蜂糖李自交授粉,脆红李、凤凰李、冰脆李对蜂糖李授粉可显著提高其坐果率;凤凰李对蜂糖李授粉后其固酸比、糖酸比、维生素C含量、得仁率均得到显著提高。综上,选取S基因型不同的花粉对蜂糖李进行授粉可有效提高其坐果率;凤凰李为蜂糖李的优异授粉品种。研究结果可为蜂糖李育种、授粉树配置、授粉用花粉选择提供参考依据。

脱萼剂对“浙梨6号”果实品质与着果率的影响

针对“浙梨6号”因部分萼片宿存或残存、果顶尖凸等而影响果实品相问题,选择PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑3种脱萼剂,以清水为对照进行试验。结果表明:与对照相比,3种脱萼剂处理果实的脱萼率提高23.27~26.01百分点,果顶尖凸率降低24.55~26.44百分点,扁圆果占比、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量分别增加33.19~37.66百分点、37.9~57.1 g和0.68~0.94百分点,但果实偏斜度、全锈果率分别偏高0.54~0.74和18.36~19.23百分点,端正果率、着果率分别下降15.89~21.07和5.43~6.62百分点,差异达显著或极显著水平。上述3种脱萼剂分别选择4000、333.3、444.4 mg·L^(-1)和花序分离期进行喷施,在保证脱萼防凸效果的同时,可有效降低对着果率及果形端正度等的不利影响。

长白山阔叶红松林传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究

昆虫捕食种子是种子死亡的一个主要原因,会影响植物种群更新和群落物种组成。传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究较为稀少,且大多为针对个别优势种的短期研究,限制了对于群落水平上传播前种子捕食的理解。本研究分析长白山阔叶红松林25 hm~2样地中2020—2021年的种子雨,研究种子昆虫捕食率及其影响因素。所分析的5种乔木种子均遭到昆虫捕食,昆虫捕食率在物种和采集批次间差异较大(0~33.33%),年均昆虫捕食率为8.76%~14.39%。肉质果种子的昆虫捕食率显著低于干果(df=1,χ~2=20.76,P<0.001),种子产量的年际变异系数与昆虫捕食率呈显著负相关(df=1,χ~2=13.01,P<0.001),重量越轻的种子的昆虫捕食率越高(df=1,χ~2=10.54,P=0.001)。本研究表明,传播前种子昆虫捕食在长白山阔叶红松林群落中普遍存在,并且揭示了影响因素、讨论了潜在的影响机制。本研究有助于增进对于传播前种子昆虫捕食及其生态和演化意义的理解。

播量和行距对箭筈豌豆农艺结实性状及产量的影响

为了探讨豫南本地箭筈豌豆条播种植适宜播量和行距,采用双因素试验设计,分别设3个播量水平和4个行距水平,研究不同播量和行距配置对箭筈豌豆生长发育、鲜草、秸秆及种子产量结实的影响,为完善箭筈豌豆实际生产中的高产栽培技术提供科学理论指导。结果显示,播量一定时,株高、单株鲜干重随行距的增加呈现先增加后减少趋势,且在行距30、40 cm时获得最大值;茎粗和分枝数随行距的增加呈逐渐减少趋势,均在行距20 cm时获得最大值。行距一定时,株高、SPAD值随播量的增加呈逐渐增加趋势;茎粗、分枝数随播量的增加呈逐渐减少趋势。筛选出结实性播量行距最佳配置为:播量18.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm,播量26.25 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm和播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距40 cm。不同播量和行距处理下箭筈豌豆种子、鲜草和秸秆产量差异显著(P<0.05)。种子产量以播量26.25 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm最高,达3753 kg/hm^(2);播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距40 cm和播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm次之,产量分别达3468和3436 kg/hm^(2)。鲜草和秸秆产量均以播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距20 cm最高,达35910和16878 kg/hm^(2);播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm和播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距40 cm次之,产量分别达26761和13052、23662和12127 kg/hm^(2)。综上,以收获鲜草和秸秆产量为目的,优选播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)和行距20 cm组合配置;收获种子产量优选播量26.25 kg/hm^(2)和行距30 cm组合配置。

八角柱头可授性、花粉活力和座果率分析

为探明八角(Illiciumverum)柱头可授性、花粉活力和座果率的变化,指导杂交育种工作,采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检测八角花器官在不同发育阶段柱头的可授性,采用TTC染色法检测不同月份开花的花粉活力,同时调查和分析座果率。结果表明,八角花器官在含苞欲放大蕾期柱头已具有可授性,在盛开期柱头开始失去可授性,在凋谢期柱头已失去可授性;盛开期至凋谢期,雄蕊花药开裂并大量散出花粉,说明八角存在雌蕊先熟的生殖特性。在8—10月花期,不同月份开花的花粉中,有活力花粉百分率差异显著,其中8月有活力和强活力花粉百分率分别为90.27%和66.73%,9月有活力和强活力花粉百分率分别为96.62%和63.52%,10月有活力和强活力花粉百分率分别为69.81%和35.63%。不同月份开花的座果率差异显著,8—10月的自然座果率分别为62.41%、76.88%和61.48%;套袋隔离处理后,座果率分别为10.00%、22.22%和4.44%。综合分析认为,9月八角有活力花粉百分率最高,座果率也最高,此时最适合开展八角杂交授粉工作;应选择柱头具有最佳可授性的含苞欲放花蕾作为杂交母本。

不同花椒种质的花粉生活力分析及人工授粉对坐果率的影响

对4个国内外花椒优良种质的雄株花粉生活力进行初步测定,并对6个不同种质花椒进行人工授粉,计算坐果率,了解不同种质间人工授粉对花椒坐果率的影响,探究授粉与花椒产量提升间的相关性,以期为椒农生产生活提供理论支持。以供试4个花椒种质的雄株花粉为试验材料,利用TTC染色法对不同条件及不同贮藏时间下花粉生活力进行测定。选取晴朗高温天气,随机选取6个供试种质雌株各100花序,记录花序中小花数量。坐果期记录果实数量,计算坐果率。结果表明,花粉生活力在不同品种间存在极显著差异(P≤0.01)。其中凤县花椒花粉生活力最低(2.03%),‘朝仓’花椒花粉生活力最高(55.98%)。花椒花粉最适贮藏温度为-80℃,且花椒花粉生活力随贮藏时间增加而逐渐下降。其中,凤县花椒耐贮性较差,‘朝仓’花椒耐贮性较好。对花椒进行授粉后发现,‘朝仓’花椒在未授粉时坐果率极低,坐果率提升最明显(80.43%)。在国内花椒中,凤县花椒坐果率提升较大(10.89%)。在花椒种间杂交试验中,‘朝仓’花椒花粉对其余品种花椒坐果率均存在抑制作用,国内花椒种质花粉对‘朝仓’花椒授粉时,‘朝仓’花椒不坐果。不同花椒种质的花粉生活力存在差异,但花椒属植物花粉生活力均处于较低水平。-80℃为花椒花粉最适贮藏温度,且花粉生活力随贮藏时间下降。花椒授粉后坐果率与花粉生活力关联性不显著,导致坐果率变化的具体原因仍需进一步分析。‘朝仓’花椒可能与国内花椒种质远缘不亲和,存在生殖隔离。

库尔勒香梨大疆T50无人机授粉参数优选与田间验证

为了提高库尔勒香梨无人机授粉作业的精确性,选用大疆T50无人机,采用三因素(作业速度、作业高度、667 m^(2)喷施量)三水平的正交试验,比较雾滴覆盖率、雾滴密度及雾滴沉积量的分布效果,筛选作业参数并进行了田间授粉效果的验证。结果表明:在环境风速不超过1.5 m/s的条件下,大疆T50无人机对纺锤形库尔勒香梨授粉的最佳作业参数为作业速度4 m/s、作业高度距离树顶4.5 m、667 m^(2)喷施量4L;田间授粉的花序坐果率为75.56%,花朵坐果率为32.87%。影响库尔勒香梨树冠上层雾滴效果的主要因素依次为667 m^(2)喷施量、作业高度、作业速度,影响树冠中层和下层雾滴效果的主要因素依次为667 m^(2)喷施量、作业速度、作业高度。

蜂糖李开花授粉生物学特性

为研究蜂糖李的开花授粉生物学特性,为田间蜂糖李花期管理和授粉树配置提供理论依据,以蜂糖李及其授粉品种四月李、凤凰李、茵红李为试材,调查研究蜂糖李及其授粉品种的开花物候期、花粉量、花粉活力、蜂糖李的柱头可授性,以及不同授粉组合和不同外源处理的蜂糖李坐果率。结果表明,4个供试品种花期基本一致,相互重叠;各品种的花粉量在504.76~1622.64粒;花粉萌发率在34.47%~51.22%,花粉活力高低为凤凰李>四月李>茵红李>蜂糖李;蜂糖李的柱头可授性在开花当天表现最强;以凤凰李授粉的蜂糖李坐果率最高,为49.56%,自花授粉坐果率最低,为12.20%,表明蜂糖李与凤凰李授粉亲和性最高且蜂糖李自交亲和。综合而言,蜂糖李授粉品种的适宜性为凤凰李>四月李>茵红李>蜂糖李。此外,花期喷硼可以有效提高蜂糖李的坐果率。

截干强度对红松结实的影响

为探讨截干强度对红松人工林结实的影响,2017年在通化县三棚林场19年生红松人工林内设置了4个截干强度(截干3轮枝、截干4轮枝、截干5轮枝,CK),2022年和2023年分别对所有处理下结实情况进行调查和分析。结果表明:截干后,红松结实株率、单株平均球果数量和产量与对照相比,均有显著增加(P<0.05),红松单个球果平均质量无明显变化。截干3轮枝时,红松结实株率最高,比CK提高了145.56%;截干5轮枝时,单株平均球果数量和产量最高,比CK分别提高了300.34%和468.04%。

不同种类有机肥在西瓜上的应用效果

针对设施栽培的秋茬西瓜,以苏梦6号西瓜为试验材料,以一种化学肥料(CK)为对照,囊播王生物有机肥(T_(1))、瑞源有机肥(T_(2))、双胞菇渣(T_(3))3种不同种类有机肥进行等值田间试验。结果表明,T_(2)和T_(3)与CK相比可溶固形物指标有所提升,品质指标方面,T_(3)处理的蔗糖、可溶性蛋白含量最高,与CK相比增幅显著。T_(2)处理的边糖、中心糖和蔗糖含量最高,与CK相比坐果率提升且裂果率降低,果实较小。T_(1)处理与CK相比,果实品质指标相差不大,坐果率最高、裂果率最低,产量最高。由此可知,西瓜秋季设施栽培应用T_(2)或T_(3)效果较好。