Effect of Indole Butyric Acid on the Transportation of Stored Calcium in Malus hupehensis Rhed. Seedling

Calcium （Ca） plays an important role in the metabolism of higher plants. Recently, research on Ca^2＋ in plants has been focused especially at the cellular and molecular levels. Uptake, transport, and distribution are also very important for Ca to accomplish its function at the whole-plant level. In this experiment, one-year-old apple seedlings （M. hupehensis Rehd.） were investigated to determine the distribution of stored Ca, the different forms of Ca, and Ca^2＋-ATPase activity after treatment with indole butyric acid （IBA）. The results showed that the total Ca measured in mature leaves and Ca^2＋- ATPase activity in tender leaves were higher compared with those in the control （CK）. Calcium nitrate and calcium chloride （ALe-Ca） and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate （HAC-Ca） decreased in both mature leaves and shoots, whereas water-soluble calcium （H2O-Ca）, calcium pectate （NaCl-Ca）, and calcium oxalate （HCl-Ca） increased. The percentage of active calcium, calcium pectate, and water-soluble calcium increased, whereas the percentage of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate decreased. When treated with IBA, calcium fractions and percentage of the different forms of Ca was enhanced in 40 part per million （ppm） IBA compared with 20 ppm IBA and water. The results indicated that IBA increased the percentage of both active calcium （NaCl-Ca and H2O-Ca） in tender shoots and boosted the transportation of stored Ca in plants. IBA promoted Ca^2＋-ATPase activity and Ca^2＋ uptake in tender shoots of M. hupehensis. It can improve the total Ca contents and the relative percentage of Ca.

The effects of crop rotation combinations on the soil quality of old apple orchard

This study investigated the effects of six crop rotation combinations on the soil quality of old apple orchard and seedling growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd.(apple rootstock) under pot conditions. The inhibitory effects of crops such as Allium fistulosum, Brassica juncea, and Triticum aestivum on four species of Fusarium were observed and compared in six treatments. These were continuous cropping(CK), fumigation with the methyl bromide(FM), rotating A. fistulosum only(R1), rotating A. fistulosum and T. aestivum(R2), rotating A. fistulosum, B. juncea, and T. aestivum(R3), and fallow(FC) in a year. The results showed that the biomass of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings increased significantly. The root length increased and the root architecture was optimized. The respiration rate of the root system was increased by about 1 time after rotation. The treatments of R1, R2, R3, and FC increased bacterial count by 232.17%, 96.04%, 316.21%, and 60.02%, respectively. However, the fungi were reduced in varying degrees and bacteria/fungi ratio was increased by 5–10 times. The enzyme activities, p H, and organic matter were increased, but soil bulk density was decreased. Phenolic acids such as phloridzin was decreased significantly. The copy number of four Fusarium species declined by 85.59%, 74.94%, 69.68%, and 54.41% after rotating three different crops(R3 treatment). The root volatiles of three plants inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of four Fusarium species.

平邑甜茶新根扩展蛋白基因MhEXP1的cDNA全序列克隆及表达

【目的】对平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd.var pinyiensis Jiang]新根扩展蛋白基因进行克隆和表达分析,为揭示扩展蛋白在平邑甜茶根系生长发育中的功能打下基础。【方法】利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆扩展蛋白同源基因,并通过Northern杂交研究其在不同器官中的表达情况及吲哚丁酸(IBA)的处理效应。【结果】成功地从平邑甜茶白色新根中获得了一个全长的扩展蛋白基因,命名为MhEXP1,GenBank登录号为DQ538346。MhEXP1 cDNA全长1111bp,含有771bp的完整开放阅读框,编码257个氨基酸,预测分子量和等电点分别为27.8kD和8.9。序列分析表明,MhEXP1具有扩展蛋白的典型结构,即氨基酸序列N端有8个半胱氨酸残基,1个组氨酸(His-Phe-Asp,HFD)域,C末端存在4个保守的色氨酸残基。Northern杂交表明,该基因在平邑甜茶叶片中表达量很低,但在新根中大量表达并受IBA诱导,且随着IBA处理时间的延长表达量逐渐增加。【结论】成功地从平邑甜茶中克隆了一个全长的扩展蛋白基因MhEXP1,该基因在叶片中表达量很低但在新根中大量表达,并受IBA诱导;MhEXP1参与IBA调节的平邑甜茶根系生长发育。

连作对平邑甜茶幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ、活性氧及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)幼苗为试材,探讨连作对叶片光系统功能的伤害机制及对活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,连作条件下,平邑甜茶幼苗生物量减少,叶片净光合速率降低,PSⅡ受到损伤,其响应机制是:PSⅡ供体侧放氧复合体受到损伤,QA被过度还原,光合电子传递链中的QA-大量积累,PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧均受到显著性伤害,受体侧由QA向QB的传递受阻,电子传递链受到损害,大量能量积累导致光能过剩及活性氧浓度上升,对光系统造成氧化破坏,抑制光合作用。同时,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数降低,实际光化学效率减弱,PSⅡ激发能分配方式发生改变,植株叶片通过增加热耗散等消耗过多激发能来适应连作带来的胁迫环境。连作条件下,平邑甜茶幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统与活性氧之间动态平衡被打破,加剧了脂膜过氧化程度,加重了对叶片的伤害。

有机物料对平邑甜茶实生苗根系呼吸强度的影响

研究了几种有机物料对一年生平邑甜茶实生苗吸收根、生长根、褐色木质根呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,不同有机物料对三类根呼吸强度提高的程度不同,夏季为鸡粪>羊粪>花生秧处理;秋季羊粪>鸡粪>花生秧处理。整株根系呼吸强度,夏季鸡粪、羊粪和花生秧处理分别比对照提高56%、31%和25%;秋季羊粪比鸡粪处理高19%。吸收根、生长根和褐色木质根呼吸强度差异显著,夏季吸收根呼吸强度是褐色木质根的2～3倍、秋季为2～2 4倍;生长根呼吸强度是褐色木质根的1 5～1 9倍、秋季为1 3～1 7倍。白色根(吸收根与生长根之和)与褐色木质根各自的总呼吸量占整株根系呼吸量比例随季节变化而不同,夏季白色根所占比例超过50%,秋季褐色木质根呼吸量所占比例达68%～80%,在整株根系呼吸量中占主导地位。

连作土与灭菌土对平邑甜茶幼苗生长发育的影响

以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,探讨了连作土和温度处理的灭菌连作土对其生长发育的影响。结果表明,温度处理的灭 菌连作土能够增加植株细根的表面积、总长度和根尖数;增强白根与褐根的呼吸强度;延长根系寿命;增加植株的生物量、 叶面积;灭菌处理连作土中植株白根的呼吸强度、生物量和叶面积与连作土处理的差异显著。

生物炭与甲壳素配施对连作平邑甜茶幼苗及土壤环境的影响

【目的】研究生物炭与甲壳素配施对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系保护酶和土壤环境的影响,为防治苹果连作障碍提供依据。【方法】盆栽条件下,以苹果常用砧木-平邑甜茶为试材,试验设苹果连作土壤作为对照(CK),用1‰甲壳素(w/w,T1)、2%生物炭(w/w,T2)、1‰甲壳素+2%生物炭(T3)以及溴甲烷灭菌(T4)处理苹果连作土壤,共5个处理。采用常规方法测定不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率及根系抗氧化酶活性的影响,同时用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR测定不同处理土壤中真菌群落结构和尖孢镰刀菌数量。【结果】T3和T4可显著增加平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地茎和干鲜重,T3使平邑甜茶幼苗的株高、地径、鲜重、干重分别增加了44.6%、33.0%、76.8%和77.1%,T4各指标分别增加了73.1%、76.9%、117.0%和123.7%;与对照相比,不同处理均使根系呼吸速率明显提高,T1、T2、T3和T4处理的幼苗根系呼吸速率分别是对照的1.37、1.70、1.87和2.02倍;T4处理超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高,其次为T3处理,T2和T1处理也增加了SOD活性,所有处理都与对照达到了显著差异;过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化与SOD变化趋势一致,T4处理根系POD和CAT活性分别为对照的2.68和2.64倍,其次为T3,3种酶活分别为对照的2.52和2.18倍;与对照相比,T2、T3和T4均可显著降低根系丙二醛(MDA)的含量,分别为对照的82.0%、61.9%和43.1%。T2和T3明显提高细菌数量,细菌/真菌比值分别是对照的1.7和2.2倍,溴甲烷灭菌(T4)则使土壤中的细菌、真菌显著降低,但是真菌降低的数量大于细菌的,因此,细菌/真菌比值高于对照;T4具有最高的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数,分别比对照增加了24.4%、41.3%和13.6%,其次是T3处理;溴甲烷灭菌、生物炭配施甲壳素处理土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数均显著低于连作土,说明连作土壤中尖孢镰刀菌为主的有害真菌数量明显减少;与对照相比,T3土壤中根皮苷、根皮素、肉桂酸、对羟基苯甲酸和间苯三酚含量分别降低了28.1%、30.6%、50.8%、33.6%和46.2%。【结论】生物炭与甲壳素配施相较于单施生物炭或者甲壳素,能更好的提高连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系呼吸速率和根系保护酶活性。并且二者配合施用优化了连作土壤的真菌群落结构,增加了土壤细菌/真菌比值,降低了土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数,减少了酚酸类物质含量。因此,生物炭配施甲壳素能更好地缓解苹果连作障碍。

湖北海棠阶段转变的生理基础

In order to provide more evidences for the mechanism of phasic change 4-year old (mature phase) apomictic seedlings of crabapple 〔Malus hupehensis (Panlp.) Rehd.〕 were selected as trial material, and 1-year-old seedling and 4-year-old grafted plant developed from the adult-phase bud were used as contrasts of juvenile zone and adult zone of perennial seedlings respectively. The height-associated characteristics of leaf physiological indexes were investigated. The result showed that, based on the fresh weight of leaves, the amounts per unit of total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, soluble protein, total nucleic acid and RNA increased with leaf position height rising in mature seedling, on the contrary, the content of DNA decreased. Their contents at different leaf positions above the lowest flowering point remained at the same levels. The content of non\|reducing sugar of leaves did not vary with different leaf positions in mature seedling and grafted plant. Total nucleic acid content per unit of fresh leaf weight increased along with the leaf position height of seedling, it is due to the increasing of RNA content. The amounts per unit of total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, soluble protein, total nucleic acid and RNA could serve as markers to assess characterization of phasic change.

外源钙对平邑甜茶幼苗氮素吸收及利用的影响

【目的】探究钙素施用量对平邑甜茶氮素吸收和利用的影响以及最适宜施钙量。【方法】以正常浓度氮(3.0 mmol·L^-1 NO3^-)处理当年生平邑甜茶幼苗,在此基础上设0(CK)、0.1、1.0、3.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca^2+4种钙浓度梯度,以根部灌施的方式施入。研究钙素施用量对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、氮相关表观指标和氮同化以及氮积累的影响。【结果】与对照相比外施钙素增加了平邑甜茶幼苗地上部生物量、叶绿素含量、总叶面积以及株高,并在1.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca^2+处理时达到最高水平。同时外施钙素提高了平邑甜茶幼苗的根系指标和根系活力,并在0.1 mmol·L^-1 Ca^2+处理时达到最高水平。外施钙素促进了植株对硝态氮的吸收;降低了植物体内氨离子的含量;提高了氮同化通路中关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性并促进了氮在植物体内的积累,在1.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca^2+处理下达到最高水平。此外发现不同浓度钙处理导致了植株体内多种元素含量发生改变。【结论】外源钙促进了幼苗氮素的吸收以及利用,正常氮素处理下1.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca^2+可能是平邑甜茶幼苗氮素吸收以及利用的最佳钙浓度。

添加苹果枝条碎片对土壤养分及平邑甜茶幼苗光合性能的影响

为探讨果树修剪枝条还田对土壤养分及树体生长发育的影响,以一年生平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,设置添加枝条碎片、添加枝条碎片并接种蚯蚓2个处理,以既不添加枝条又不接种蚯蚓为对照(ck),研究不同处理对土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)、N、P、K速效养分的变化及平邑甜茶叶片的光合荧光指标响应特性。结果表明:添加枝条处理增加了土壤中MBC、EE-GRSP、N、P、K速效养分的含量,且前期增加迅速。其中,添加枝条处理在40 d时MBC含量增加最多,比对照提高61.3%;在60 d时EE-GRSP含量最高,比对照提高82.9%;在60 d时土壤速效N增加最为显著,比对照提高70.5%,而速效P、K则均在20 d时增加最为显著,分别比对照提高66.5%、66.8%;同时,平邑甜茶叶片净光合速率(Pn)提高42.1%,光合性能指数(PIABS)提高7.2%。添加枝条并接种蚯蚓处理较添加枝条处理更有利于增强这种促进效果,可能与接种蚯蚓后更利于枝条分解、增加养分释放及土壤性质的改善有关。