Optimization of Preparation Conditions of Modified Oyster Shell Powder/Ce-N-TiO2 by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

A new composite photocatalyst of modified oyster shell powder/Ce-N-TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method. Based on single factor experiment, Ce doping rate, N doping rate and calcination temperature were taken as input variables. Based on the central composite design (BBD) response surface model, two functional relationship models between three independent variables and glyphosate removal rate were established to evaluate the influence degree of independent variables and interaction on catalyst. The significance of the model and regression coefficient was tested by variance analysis. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the degradation performance of the composite photocatalyst was significantly affected by the calcination temperature and the rate of N doping, while the rate of Ce doping had little effect;at the calcination temperature of 505.440°C, the degradation rate of glyphosate reached the maximum of 82.15% under the preparation conditions of 17.057 mol% N doping and 0.165 mol% Ce doping, respectively.

A modified single edge V-notched beam method for evaluating surface fracture toughness of thermal barrier coatings

The surface fracture toughness is an important mechanical parameter for studying the failure behavior of air plasma sprayed(APS)thermal barrier coatings(TBCs).As APS TBCs are typical multilayer porous ceramic materials,the direct applications of the traditional single edge notched beam(SENB)method that ignores those typical structural characters may cause errors.To measure the surface fracture toughness more accurately,the effects of multilayer and porous characters on the fracture toughness of APS TBCs should be considered.In this paper,a modified single edge V-notched beam(MSEVNB)method with typical structural characters is developed.According to the finite element analysis(FEA),the geometry factor of the multilayer structure is recalculated.Owing to the narrower V-notches,a more accurate critical fracture stress is obtained.Based on the Griffith energy balance,the reduction of the crack surface caused by micro-defects is corrected.The MSEVNB method can measure the surface fracture toughness more accurately than the SENB method.

Effects of Modifiers on the Anti-wetting and Anti-icing Property of Aluminum Surface

The effects of modifiers on the anti-wetting and anti-icing property of the prepared rough aluminum surface were investigated.The rough aluminum substrates were obtained through electrochemical oxidization with 15 wt% sulfuric acid solution as the electrolyte at the constant current of 4 mA for 3 h.And then they were modified with octadecanoic acid (C18),polyethylene (PE),polystyrene (PS),polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA),respectively,whose surface free energies were 27.6,31.0,33.0,61.6 and 70.0 mN/m,respectively.The contact angles (CA) were 154.6°,128.4°,127.6°,5.0° and 0.0°,respectively,and the ice adhesion pressures were 15.9,36.3,55.9,155.3 and 216.1 kPa,respectively.The ice adhesion strengths decrease along with the increasing anti-wetting property of aluminum surfaces and the decreasing of the surface energy of modifiers.These provide some new insights when designing the aluminum surface with anti-icing properties in some special applications.

GLOBAL COMPOSITE ELEMENT ITERATION FOR ANALYSIS OF SEEPAGE FREE SURFACE

As one of the most difficult topics in rock mass hydromechanics, seepage free surface plays an important part in slope stability researches. Based on analysis of numerical methods to solve seepage free surface, global composite element iteration (GCEI) is presented in this paper. FEM program is made by using GCEI. Calculation shows that not only the program is simple using GCEI, but also the tolerance is higher after 5 iterations.

One-step Fabrication of Nanoporous Black Silicon Surfaces for Solar Cells using Modified Etching Solution

Currently, a conventional two-step method has been used to generate black silicon （BS） surfaces on silicon substrates for solar cell manufacturing. However, the performances of the solar cell made with such surface generation method are poor, because of the high surface recombination caused by deep etching in the conventional surface generation method for BS. In this work, a modified wet chemical etching solution with additives was developed. A homogeneous BS layer with random porous structure was obtained from the modified solution in only one step at room temperature. The BS layer had low reflectivity and shallow etching depth. The additive in the etch solution performs the function of pH-modulation. After 16-min etching, the etching depth in the samples was approximately 200 nm, and the spectrum-weighted-reflectivity in the range from 300 nm to 1200 nm was below 5%. BS solar cells were fabricated in the production line. The decreased etching depth can improve the electrical performance of solar cells because of the decrease in surface recombination. An efficiency of 15.63% for the modified etching BS solar cells was achieved on a large area, p- type single crystalline silicon substrate with a 624.32-mV open circuit voltage and a 77.88% fill factor.

Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme(MSPAS)to Simulate the Interaction between Land Surface Processes and Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Semi-Arid Regions

This paper uses a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to study the interaction between land surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. The scheme is composed of two main parts: atmospheric boundary layer processes and land surface processes. Compared with SiB and BATS, which are famous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenient and saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feasibility of the model is well proved in this paper. The numerical simulation results from MSPAS show good agreement with reality. The scheme is used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of heat balance, potential temperature of boundary layer, and wind field, and spatial distributions of temperature, specific humidity, vertical velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence exchange coefficient over desert and oasis. In addition, MSPAS is used to simulate the interaction between desert and oasis at night, and again it obtains reasonable results. This indicates that MSPAS can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and the atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended for regional climate and numerical weather prediction study.

Uptake of albumin nanoparticle surface modified with glycyrrhizin by primary cultured rat hepatocytes

AIM: To investigate the uptake difference between bovine serum albumin nanoparticle (BSA-NP) and bovine serum albumin nanoparticles with their surface modified byglycyrrhizin (BSA-NP-GL) and to develop a novel hepatocyte targeting BSA-NP-GL based on active targeting technology mediated by specific binding site of GL on rat cellular membrane. METHODS: Calcein loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Cal-BSA-NP) were prepared by desolvation process. Glycyrrhizin was conjugated to the surface reactive amino groups (SRAG) of Cal-BSA-NP by sodium periodate oxidization, which resulted in calcein-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles with their surface modified by glycyrrhizin (Cal-BSA-NP-GL). The morphology of the two types of prepared nanoparticles (NP) was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The diameter of NP was measured with a laser particle size analyzer. The interaction between Cal-BSA-NP-GL and primary cultured hepatocytes was studied through cellular uptake experiments. The uptake amount of Cal-BSA-NPGL and Cal-BSA-NP by rat hepatocytes was determinedby fluorospectrophotometry. Uptake characteristics were investigated through experiments of competitive inhibition of specific binding site of GL. RESULTS: Both Cal-BSA-NP-GL and Cal-BSA-NP had regular spherical surfaces. The average diameter of CalBSA-NP-GL and Cal-BSA-NP was 77 and 79 nm respectively. The uptake amount of the two NP by hepatocytes reached its maximum at 2 h after incubation. The uptake amount of Cal-BSA-NP-GL by rat hepatocytes was 4.43-fold higher than that of Cal-BSA-NP. There was a significant difference in the uptake of Cal-BSA-NP-GL and Cal-BSA-NP by hepatocytes (P＜0.01). The uptake of Cal-BSA-NP-GL was inhibited when GL was added previously to isolated rat hepatocytes, and the uptake of Cal-BSA-NP was not affected by GL.CONCLUSION: A binding site of GL is present on the surface of rat hepatocytes, BSA-NP-GL may be internalized via this site by hepatocytes and can be used as a drug carrier for active targeting of delivery drugs to hepatocytes.

Screening of Surface Medication Agents and Modification Mechanism of Fly Ash

The fly ash from Jixi power plant was treated with various surface modifiers. The surface properties of the modified fly ash,including active index wetting angle,were measured in this paper. The modified fly ash was filled into rubber to improve the rubber properties. The results of rubber tests indicate that the type of the surface modifiers has a great influence on the rubber reinforcing properties. The fly ash modified by titanate coupling agents exhibits the best performance in respect to rubber reinforcing properties. The test results show that the fly ash can take place of some decomposition material so that the dosage of decomposition in rubber can be reduced,resulting in the low producing cost of rubber and the low pollution of fly ash.

Effects of filler loading and surface modification on electrical and thermal properties of epoxy/montmorillonite composite

Epoxy-based composites containing montmorillonite(MMT)modified by silylation reaction withγ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(γ-APTES)and 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane(GPTMS)are successfully prepared.The effects of filler loading and surface modification on the electrical and thermal properties of the epoxy/MMT composites are investigated.Compared with the pure epoxy resin,the epoxy/MMT composite,whether MMT is surface-treated or not,shows low dielectric permittivity,low dielectric loss,and enhanced dielectric strength.The MMT in the epoxy/MMT composite also influences the thermal properties of the composite by improving the thermal conductivity and stability.Surface functionalization of MMT not only conduces to the better dispersion of the nanoparticles,but also significantly affects the electric and thermal properties of the hybrid by influencing the interfaces between MMT and epoxy resin.Improved interfaces are good for enhancing the electric and thermal properties of nanocomposites.What is more,the MMT modified with GPTMS rather thanγ-APTES is found to have greater influence on improving the interface between the MMT filler and polymer matrices,thus resulting in lower dielectric loss,lower electric conductivity,higher breakdown strength,lower thermal conductivity,and higher thermal stability.

Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation on Bonding Reaction Between Surface Modified Nanoparticles

A simulation study was carried out by using dissipative particle dynamics(DPD) method to explore the effects of properties of coating chains, such as length, density, rigidity of polymer chains, as well as the distance between nanoparticles on bonding reaction of coating chains grafted onto nanoparticles. The results show that bonding ratios of coated chains strongly depend on the length and density of coating chains. For nanoparticles with different coating densities, the optimum chain length for bonding reaction are varied. The rigidity of coating chains exhibits vigorous effects on bonding reaction that highly depends on chain lengths. DPD simulation can be used to study the bonding reaction between coated nanoparticles, which may help experimental synthesis of nanocomposites with excellent properties.

Sound Scattering From Rough Bubbly Ocean Surface Based on Modified Sea Surface Acoustic Simulator and Consideration of Various Incident Angles and Sub-surface Bubbles＇ Radii

The aim of the present study is to improve the capabilities and precision of a recently introduced Sea Surface Acoustic Simulator(SSAS) developed based on optimization of the Helmholtz–Kirchhoff–Fresnel(HKF) method. The improved acoustic simulator, hereby known as the Modified SSAS(MSSAS), is capable of determining sound scattering from the sea surface and includes an extended Hall–Novarini model and optimized HKF method. The extended Hall–Novarini model is used for considering the effects of sub-surface bubbles over a wider range of radii of sub-surface bubbles compared to the previous SSAS version. Furthermore, MSSAS has the capability of making a three-dimensional simulation of scattered sound from the rough bubbly sea surface with less error than that of the Critical Sea Tests(CST) experiments. Also, it presents scattered pressure levels from the rough bubbly sea surface based on various incident angles of sound. Wind speed, frequency, incident angle, and pressure level of the sound source are considered as input data, and scattered pressure levels and scattering coefficients are provided. Finally, different parametric studies were conducted on wind speeds, frequencies, and incident angles to indicate that MSSAS is quite capable of simulating sound scattering from the rough bubbly sea surface, according to the scattering mechanisms determined by Ogden and Erskine. Therefore, it is concluded that MSSAS is valid for both scattering mechanisms and the transition region between them that are defined by Ogden and Erskine.

Size-dependent effect on biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of nonlocal isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on surface stress and modified couple stress theories using differential quadrature method

The size-dependent effect on the biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of an isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on the surface stress, the modified couple stress theory （MCST）, and the nonlocal elasticity theories using the differential quadrature method （DQM） is presented. Main advantages of the MCST over the classical theory （CT） are the inclusion of the asymmetric couple stress tensor and the consideration of only one material length scale parameter. Based on the nonlinear von Karman assumption, the governing equations of equilibrium for the micro-classical plate consid- ering midplane displacements are derived based on the minimum principle of potential energy. Using the DQM, the biaxial and shear critical buckling loads of the micro-plate for various boundary conditions are obtained. Accuracy of the obtained results is validated by comparing the solutions with those reported in the literature. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of the aspect ratio, the side-to-thickness ratio, Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, Young＇s modulus of the surface layer, the surface residual stress, the polymer matrix coefficients, and various boundary conditions on the dimensionless uniaxial, biaxial, and shear critical buckling loads. The results indicate that the critical buckling loads are strongly sensitive to Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, and the surface residual stress effects, while the effect of Young＇s modulus of the surface layer on the critical buckling load is negligible. Also, considering the size dependent effect causes the increase in the stiffness of the orthotropic micro-plate. The results show that the critical biaxial buckling load increases with an increase in G12/E2 and vice versa for E1/E2. It is shown that the nonlinear biaxial buckling ratio decreases as the aspect ratio increases and vice versa for the buckling amplitude. Because of the most lightweight micro-composite materials with high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios, it is anticipated that the results of the present work are useful in experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of micro-composite plates in the aircraft industry and other engineering applications.

PREDICTION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS FOR END MILLING TITANIUM ALLOY USING MODIFIED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION LS-SVM

It is difficult to construct the prediction model for titanium alloy through analyzing the formation mechanism of surface roughness due to the complicated relation between influential factors and surface roughness.A novel algorithm based on the modified particle swarm optimization ( PSO ) least square support vector machine ( LSSVM ) is proposed to predict the roughness of the end milling titanium alloys.According to Taguchi method and features in milling titanium alloys , the influences of cutting speed , feed rate and axial depth of cut on surface roughness are investigated with the analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) of the experimental data.The research results show that the construction speed of the modified PSO LS-SVM model is two orders of magnitude faster than that of back propagation ( BP ) model.Moreover , the prediction accuracy is about one order of magnitude higher than that of BP model.The modified PSO LS-SVM prediction model can explain the influences of cutting speed , feed rate and axial depth of cut on the surface roughness of titanium alloys.Either a higher cutting speed , a lower feed rate or a smaller axial depth of cut can lead to the decrease of surface roughness.

Surface-Modified Graphene Oxide/Lead Sulfide Hybrid Film-Forming Ink for High-Efficiency Bulk Nano-Heterojunction Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells

Solution-processed colloidal quantum dot solar cells(CQDSCs) is a promising candidate for new generation solar cells.To obtain stable and high performance lead sulfide(PbS)-based CQDSCs,high carrier mobility and low non-radiative recombination center density in the PbS CQDs active layer are required.In order to effectively improve the carrier mobility in PbS CQDs layer of CQDSCs,butylamine(BTA)-modified graphene oxide(BTA@GO) is first utilized in PbS-PbX2(X=I-,Br-) CQDs ink to deposit the active layer of CQDSCs through one-step spin-coating method.Such surface treatment of GO dramatically upholds the intrinsic superior hole transfer peculiarity of GO and attenuates the hydrophilicity of GO in order to allow for its good dispersibility in ink solvent.The introduction of B TA@GO in CQDs layer can build up a bulk nano-heterojunction architecture,which provides a smooth charge carrier transport channel in turn improves the carrier mobility and conductivity,extends the carriers lifetime and reduces the trap density of PbS-PbX2 CQDs film.Finally,the BTA@GO/PbS-PbX2 hybrid CQDs film-based relatively large-area(0.35 cm2) CQDSCs shows a champion power conversion efficiency of 11.7% which is increased by 23.1% compared with the control device.

A modified TOPMODEL introducing the bedrock surface topographic index in Huangbengliu watershed,China

Subsurface stormflow is a dominant runoff mechanism in steep humid mountainous areas.An insite measurement of subsurface stormflow suggests that the bedrock surface plays an important role in the runoff generation and routing process,which was rarely adopted in hydrological modelling studies.To improve the runoff simulation performance,the bedrock surface topographic index is introduced,and a modified TOPMODEL based on the bedrock surface topographic index is developed to simulate the runoff.The modified TOPMODEL is applied to the Huangbengliu(HBL),a steep watershed in Gongga Mountain,and proved to be more appropriate for the HBL watershed,especially for peak simulation.The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency(NSE)is improved from 0.24 to 0.58 in the calibration period and from 0.40 to 0.62 in the verification period.The result of this study can advance the understanding of the mechanism of flash floods and contribute flood control and disaster prevention in the HBL watershed and similar areas.

A Modified Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(MTVDI)for Assessment of Surface Soil Moisture Based on MODIS Data

Spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring of soil moisture is highly important to management of agricultural and vegetation eco-systems.The temperature-vegetation dryness index based on the triangle or trapezoid method has been used widely in previous studies.However,most existing studies simply used linear regression to construct empirical models to fit the edges of the feature space.This requires extensive data from a vast study area,and may lead to subjective results.In this study,a Modified Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(MTVDI)was used to monitor surface soil moisture status using MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)remote sensing data,in which the dry edge conditions were determined at the pixel scale based on surface energy balance.The MTVDI was validated by field measurements at 30 sites for 10 d and compared with the Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(TVDI).The results showed that the R^(2) for MTVDI and soil moisture obviously improved(0.45 for TVDI,0.69 for MTVDI).As for spatial changes,MTVDI can also better reflect the actual soil moisture condition than TVDI.As a result,MTVDI can be considered an effective method to monitor the spatio-temporal changes in surface soil moisture on a regional scale.

Boundary slip and lubrication mechanisms of organic friction modifiers with effect of surface moisture

Surface moisture or humidity impacting the lubrication property is a ubiquitous phenomenon in tribological systems,which is demonstrated by a combination of molecular dynamics(MD)simulation and experiment for the organic friction modifier(OFM)-containing lubricant.The stearic acid and poly-α-olefin 4cSt(PAO4)were chosen as the OFM and base oil molecules,respectively.The physical adsorption indicates that on the moist surface water molecules are preferentially adsorbed on friction surface,and even make OFM adsorption film thoroughly leave surface and mix with base oil.In shear process,the adsorption of water film and desorption OFM film are further enhanced,particularly under higher shear rate.The simulated friction coefficient(that is proportional to shear rate)increases firstly and then decreases with thickening water film,in good agreement with experiments,while the slip length shows a contrary change.The wear increases with humidity due to tribochemistry revealing the continuous formation and removal of Si–O–Si network.The tribological discrepancy of OFM-containing lubricant in dry and humid conditions is attributed to the slip plane’s transformation from the interface between OFM adsorption film and lubricant bulk to the interface between adsorbed water films.This work provides a new thought to understand the boundary lubrication and failure of lubricant in humid environments,likely water is not always harmful in oil lubrication systems.

Construction of New Surface Wave Solutions of the Modified KdV Equation

The major concern of this work is to propose new prototypes of surface hybrid waves, in particular waves propagating without sprawl or deformation on the surface of a fluid. The model considered for this purpose is the modified KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) equation. A peculiarity of the obtained solutions is that they form packages constituted by combinations of waves belonging to the two main families of well-known bright and dark solitary waves. This putting together creates competitions between the different components of the considered packages which, following the values assigned to the parameters of the considered system and in relation to those of the wave parameters, generate hybrid or multi-form structures. The direct method of resolution which made possible the obtained results is that of Bogning-Djeumen Tchaho-Kofane extended to the new implicit Bogning functions. The existence conditions of some solutions are obtained. The numerical simulations carried out with a view to testing the observable and applicable characters of the obtained solutions revealed their stabilities over a relatively long time, and at the same time, confirmed the recommended theoretical forecasts. We are convinced that the solutions proposed as part of this work will make it possible to detect, understand and explain some physical phenomena linked to fluid molecular interactions, former or new, which constantly occur on the fluid surfaces, mainly at the shallow water surface.

Phonon dispersion on Ag(100)surface:A modified analytic embedded atom method study

Within the harmonic approximation, the analytic expression of the dynamical matrix is derived based on the modified analytic embedded atom method （MAEAM） and the dynamics theory of surface lattice. The surface phonon dispersions along three major symmetry directionsX,M, and X（v） are calculated for the clean Ag （100） surface by using our derived formulas. We then discuss the polarization and localization of surface modes at points X and by plotting the squared polarization vectors as a function of the layer index. The phonon frequencies of the surface modes calculated by MAEAM are compared with the available experimental and other theoretical data. It is found that the present results are generally in agreement with the referenced experimental or theoretical results, with a maximum deviation of 10.4%. The agreement shows that the modified analytic embedded atom method is a reasonable many-body potential model to quickly describe the surface lattice vibration. It also lays a significant foundation for studying the surface lattice vibration in other metals.

New Polysiloxane Surfaces Modified with <i>ortho-, meta-</i>or <i>para</i>-Nitrophenyl Receptors for Copper Adsorption

Porous SiO2 has been chemically modified with functional ortho-, meta- or para-nitrophenyl moieties using the heterogeneous route. This synthetic route involved the reaction of carbaldehyde derivatives with 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane prior to immobilization on the support. The new modified surfaces have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 13C NMR of the solid state, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, BET surface area, B.J.H. Pore sizes, thermogravimetry curves (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The new materials exhibit good chemical and thermal stability. These products were employed as a Cu(II) adsorbent from aqueous solutions at room temperature using the batch technique. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the Cu(II) concentration in the filtrate after the adsorption process. The results indicate that under the optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption value for Cu(II) was 20.0 mg Cu(II) g-1 modified silica, whereas the adsorption capacity of the unmodified silica was only 1.0 mg Cu(II) g-1 silica. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that it is possible to modify chemically SiO2 with functional groups and use it as adsorbents for metals in aqueous media.