A combined finite element and deep learning network for structural dynamic response estimation on concrete gravity dam subjected to blast loads

Social infrastructures such as dams are likely to be exposed to high risk of terrorist and military attacks,leading to increasing attentions on their vulnerability and catastrophic consequences under such events.This paper tries to develop advanced deep learning approaches for structural dynamic response prediction and dam health diagnosis.At first,the improved long short-term memory(LSTM)networks are proposed for data-driven structural dynamic response analysis with the data generated by a single degree of freedom(SDOF)and the finite numerical simulation,due to the unavailability of abundant practical structural response data of concrete gravity dam under blast events.Three kinds of LSTM-based models are discussed with the various cases of noise-contaminated signals,and the results prove that LSTM-based models have the potential for quick structural response estimation under blast loads.Furthermore,the damage indicators(i.e.,peak vibration velocity and domain frequency)are extracted from the predicted velocity histories,and their relationship with the dam damage status from the numerical simulation is established.This study provides a deep-learning based structural health monitoring(SHM)framework for quick assessment of dam experienced underwater explosions through blastinduced monitoring data.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of effect of seismic waves on dynamic response of Shiziping dam

Many high earth-rockfill dams are constructed in the west of China. The seismic intensity at the dam site is usually very high, thus it is of great importance to ensure the safety of the dam in meizoseismal area. A 3D FEM model is established to analyze the seismic responses of Shiziping earth-rockfill dam. The nonlinear elastic Duncan-Chang constitutive model and the equivalent viscoelastic constitutive model are used to simulate the static and dynamic stress strain relationships of the dam materials, respectively. Four groups of seismic waves are inputted from the top of the bedrock to analyze the dynamic responses of the dam. The numerical results show that the calculated dynamic magnification factors display a good consistency with the specification values. The site spectrum results in larger acceleration response than the specification spectrum. The analysis of relative dynamic displacement indicates that the displacement at the downstream side of the dam is larger than that at the upstream side. The displacement response reduces from the center of river valley to two banks. The displacement responses corresponding to the specification spectrum are a little smaller than those corresponding to the site spectrum. The analysis of shear stress indicates that a large shear stress area appears in the upstream overburden layer, where the shear stress caused by site waves is larger than that caused by specification waves. The analysis of dynamic principal stress indicates that the minimum dynamic stresses in corridor caused by specification and site waves have little difference. The maximum and minimum dynamic stresses are relatively large at two sides. The largest tensile stress occurs at two sides of the floor of grouting corridor, which may result in the crack near the corridor side. The numerical results present good consistency with the observation data of the grouting corridor in Wenchuan earthquake.

Incremental dynamic analysis of concrete gravity dams including base and lift joints

The growth in computer processing power has made it possible to use time-consuming analysis methods such as incremental dynamic analysis（IDA） with higher accuracy in less time.In an IDA study,a series of earthquake records are applied to a structure at successively increasing intensity levels,which causes the structure to shift from the elastic state into the inelastic state and finally into collapse.In this way,the limit-states and capacity of a structure can be determined.In the present research,the IDA of a concrete gravity dam considering a nonlinear concrete behavior,and sliding planes within the dam body and at the dam-foundation interface,is performed.The influence of the friction angle and lift joint slope on the response parameters are investigated and the various limit-states of the dam are recognized.It is observed that by introducing a lift joint,the tensile damage can be avoided for the dam structure.The lift joint sliding is essentially independent of the base joint friction angle and the upper ligament over the inclined lift joint slides into the upstream direction in strong earthquakes.

Numerical simulation of seismic damage and cracking of concrete slabs of high concrete face rockfill dams

Based on the damage constitutive model for concrete, the Weibull distribution function was used to characterize the random distribution of the mechanical properties of materials by finely subdividing concrete slab elements, and a concrete random mesoscopic damage model was established. The seismic response of a 100-m high concrete face rockfill dam(CFRD), subjected to ground motion with different intensities, was simulated with the three-dimensional finite element method(FEM), with emphasis on exploration of damage and the cracking process of concrete slabs during earthquakes as well as analysis of dynamic damage and cracking characteristics during strong earthquakes. The calculated results show that the number of damaged and cracking elements on concrete slabs grows with the duration of earthquakes. With increasing earthquake intensity, the damaged zone and cracking zone on concrete slabs grow wider. During a 7.0-magnitude earthquake, the stress level of concrete slabs is low for the CFRD, and there is almost no damage or slight damage to the slabs. While during a 9.0-magnitude strong earthquake, the percentages of damaged elements and macrocracking elements continuously ascend with the duration of the earthquake, peaking at approximately 26% and 5% at the end of the earthquake, respectively. The concrete random mesoscopic damage model can depict the entire process of sprouting, growing, connecting, and expanding of cracks on a concrete slab during earthquakes.

A Comparative Study between Pseudo-static and Dynamic Analyses of Keddara Dam

The numerical analysis of static and dynamic performance of embankment dams using the finite difference approach is a complex procedure that takes into account material behavior,soil-dam foundation interaction,hydraulic conditions,and saturation effects.In this study,a numerical analysis using the finite difference method(FLAC 3D)is used to conduct a static and dynamic analysis of the Keddara earthen dam in the Boumerdes region of Algeria,with the goal of defining its behaviour in terms of settlement,deformation,and pore pressure variation during construction and operation.There are two steps to consider:dam construction and water filling.For the static analysis,two mathematical models are considered:the elastic model and the Mohr-Coulomb model.An actual earthquake record is used to conduct a coupled dynamic analysis,and the interaction between the fluid and solid phases is taken into account.Maximum displacement,acceleration,and pore pressure remain inconsequential for dam instability;horizontal and vertical displacements increase with distance from the dam body’s base to the top.

Distribution of acceleration and empirical formula for calculating maximum acceleration of rockfill dams

To find the distribution patterns of dynamic amplification coefficients for dams subjected to earthquake, 3D seismic responses of concrete-faced rockfill dams with different heights and different shapes of river valley were analyzed by using the equivalent-linear model. Statistical analysis was also made to the seismic coefficient, and an empirical formula for calculating the maximum acceleration was provided. The results indicate that under the condition of the same dam height and the same base acceleration excitations, with the increase of the river valley width, the position of the maximum acceleration on the axis of the top of the dam moves from the center to the riversides symmetrically. For the narrow valleys, the maximum acceleration occurs in the middle of the axis at the top of the dam; for wide valleys the maximum acceleration appears near the riversides. The result negates the application of 2D dynamical computation for wide valleys, and shows that for the seismic response of high concrete-faced rockfill dams, the seismic coefficient along the axis should be given, except for that along the dam height. Seismic stability analysis of rockfill dams using pseudo-static method can be modified according to the formula.

考虑材料老化的加高重力坝地震动力响应分析

混凝土坝的动力响应随着混凝土龄期的增加、性能的退化会发生显著变化,而加高重力坝还受到新老混凝土材料差异的影响。为研究重力坝运行期材料老化和加高重力坝新老混凝土性能差异对地震作用下动力响应特性的影响,以加高的丹江口重力坝为例,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件进行地震动力响应分析。同时,对比加高重力坝、拆除重建重力坝(即材料全新工况)以及按加高高度建造重力坝(即材料全老工况)3种工况下的地震响应情况,分析加高重力坝在地震动力下随着混凝土材料性能老化的坝顶位移、关键点应力和塑性损伤的响应。研究结果表明:随着混凝土材料老化程度增加,加高重力坝坝体的动力响应总体优于材料全老工况,同时劣于材料全新工况;其中坝体损伤呈经老坝折坡处后向新老混凝土结合面向下延伸的趋势。加高重力坝可适应结构变化后的受力和变形,同时兼具损伤破坏指标低、抗滑稳定性系数高的特点,坝体综合抗震性能得到提高。

地震波斜入射作用下重力坝地震响应分析

为了研究地震波斜入射作用下重力坝的地震响应,本文基于黏弹性边界及相应的地震动输入方法,分别推导了P波和SV波倾斜入射时的等效地震力,构建了考虑地震波斜入射的黏弹性静-动力统一型人工边界.以黄登混凝土坝为研究对象,研究了P波和SV波在不同斜入射角度下混凝土坝的地震响应,重点分析了重力坝在地震作用下的水平、竖直相对位移与主应力.研究结果表明:混凝土重力坝的地震响应中在斜入射情况下P波与SV波有明显的差异,考虑地震波的斜入射很有必要;P波斜入射时,随着入射角度的增加,坝体关键点的水平、竖直相对位移与主应力值逐渐增加(60°时达到最大);SV波斜入射时随着角度的增加关键点相对位移与坝体主应力变化不大,但整体来看入射角度为0°时(即垂直入射)与其他入射角度相比无论是竖直、水平相对位移或坝体关键点主应力均为最大.

Dynamic response of gravity dam model with crack and damage detection

Gravity dam is a typical structure that has been frequently used in the fields of water conservancy engineering, and the safety of the structure has received widespread attention recently. Due to earthquakes or other reasons, gravity dams normally have damage such as cracks in practical service. Damage in the structures can alter the structural dynamic behavior and seriously affect structural performance. Maintaining safety and integrity of the gravity dam structures requires a better understanding of dynamic response of structure with damage and associated damage detection method. In order to study thoroughly the dynamic behavior of gravity dam with damage, the sweep vibration responses of the gravity dam with and without damage are investigated. The experimental results show that the peak-peak acceleration responses all increase for the structure is with crack. At the same time, a structural damage detection method, i.e., the local damage factor (LDF) method, is considered in the study of gravity dam damage detection when the dam is subjected to the base excitation. It is shown that the LDF method can be used as a damage index and is capable of evaluating both the presence and relative severity of structural damage, and it can be used as a viable condition assessment and damage identification technique to detect and quantify the damage in the gravity dam.

Effects of shear keys on nonlinear seismic responses of an arch-gravity dam

In the paper,the added tangential nonlinear springs are introduced to represent the effects of one-way and two-way shear keys. The added tangential stiffness coefficient is relative to the joint opening and the relative tangential movement and determined numerically by using a refined model of shear keys.The user subroutine of nonlinear spring elements has been implemented into ABAQUS program.The seismic responses of an arch-gravity dam are mainly examined.It is shown by the results that a significant increase of about 17%-30%in joint opening can be observed for the dam with one-way shear keys;the two-way shear keys are beneficial to restrain the sliding displacement along both the radial and vertical directions,whereas the one-way shear keys mainly restrain the displacement along the radial direction;for the dam with shear keys,the maximum arch stress is increased,the cantilever stress is reduced,and the location of the maximum cantilever stress is also moved from the dam heel to the midheight of the cantilever.

近断层主余震考虑斜入射下的重力坝响应分析

一次大的地震中一般存在主震和余震,当震源距离地面较近时,近断层主余震序列通常以某一角度斜入射至地基,因此只考虑地震波垂直入射的情况是不适合的,有必要考虑地震波在多个角度下斜入射的情况。选取3条近断层实测主余震序列,推导地震动P波斜入射界面等效节点力公式,并验证其可行性;以Koyna大坝为研究对象,研究了单个主震和主余震序列2种工况下入射角在0°~90°之间时的大坝地震响应,以位移、损伤指数、损伤耗散能3个指标对震后坝体破坏进行了分析,建立了局部损伤指数量化分析损伤程度。研究表明:近断层单个主震和主余震2种工况入射角在15°~75°之间时,大坝地震响应均大于垂直入射情况;在多种性能指标下,主余震序列下的地震响应均大于单个主震。

基于改进多目标布谷鸟算法的拦沙重力坝结构抗震优化

混凝土重力坝在强震作用下易出现结构安全问题,因而需采用合理经济的工程措施加以防护。将西北地区某拦沙重力坝作为研究对象,基于振型分解反应谱法分析大坝自振特性与动力响应,并综合考虑坝踵拉应力和抗震措施可变造价,采用改进多目标布谷鸟算法(MOCS)进行抗震设计方案的优化。此外,为提高算法性能,通过调整拥挤度距离计算公式、引进多项式变异算子以及动态步长和发现概率等方式进行改进。通过与其他多目标算法在不同测试函数上的对比试验,证明改进MOCS算法具备计算高效和解集均匀等优点。最后,根据Pareto最优解集,对重力坝的设计方案进行合理性评价,并提出工程建议。相关方法与结论对高烈度地震区混凝土重力坝的结构设计具有参考价值。

基于粘弹性边界在重力坝动力分析中的应用

在重力坝动力分析中,选择合适的人工边界条件可以比较精准地模拟波在模型地基边界位置的传播特点,提高数值分析结果的精度。以西藏藏木重力坝为案例,采用有限元方法,对不同条件下重力坝的动力响应规律进行对比分析。分别从不同边界条件及不同输入地震动两个方面分析比较,结果表明:同传统的固定边界相比,粘弹性边界条件能够准确地模拟重力坝在地震动力作用下的响应。

SV波斜入射下混凝土重力坝易损性分析

易损性分析是评估不同强度地震作用下混凝土重力坝各级破坏概率的有效方法。目前重力坝易损性分析通常假定地震波为垂直入射,然而在近断层区域,地震波往往是倾斜入射的,地震波斜入射对重力坝地震响应有显著影响。从太平洋地震工程研究中心数据库选取16条地震动记录,采用黏弹性人工边界结合等效节点荷载实现SV波斜入射波动输入。采用增量动力分析方法对地震动峰值加速度进行调幅,以印度Koyna混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以坝顶相对位移为抗震性能指标,建立SV波斜入射下重力坝不同震损等级的易损性曲线。结果表明,与垂直入射相比,相同震损等级和相同地震动强度下,斜入射时重力坝破坏概率减小;当PGA接近重力坝实际遭受的地震动强度时,入射角为15°和30°时破坏概率与垂直入射相比最大减小率分别为27.3%和68.2%;各地震强度下,15°和30°斜入射相对于垂直入射的破坏概率差异值最大分别达36.6%、83.9%。因此,混凝土重力坝抗震性能分析应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。研究结果也可为近断层区域混凝土重力坝安全风险评估提供参考。

混凝土重力坝整体结构安全评价

为了突破当前重力坝评价体系中只着眼于独立坝段而忽略整体作用的趋势,以国外某工程中的混凝土重力坝为例,建立重力坝全坝段有限元分析模型。考虑混凝土材料、地基岩体的动力非线性特性,采用接触非线性单元模拟不同坝段之间的横缝状态;通过对不同坝段坝体的位移、应力的计算和分析,研究坝体在不同荷载工况下的静动力响应、屈服特性与破坏模式,对重力坝全坝段的安全性能作出整体评价。研究采用的评价方法成果合理有效。

基于Autobank的重力坝挡水坝段动力分析

重力坝的抗震特性是大坝安全的一个重要指标,以柳树沟水库堆石混凝土重力坝挡水坝段为分析对象,利用Autobank有限元计算软件,在进行静力分析的基础上,基于振型分解反应谱法对其进行动力分析,将静态荷载和动态荷载作用下的应力结果按照“静力+动力”和“静力-动力”两种方式分别进行组合,采取最不利值与规范要求对比,得到该坝段应力状态满足相关规范要求,验证大坝结构设计的合理性和工程的安全可靠性,研究可供相关类似工程参考借鉴。

基于增量动力分析与多层感知机的混凝土坝地震易损性评估

传统坝体地震易损性评估所采用的非线性数值模拟手段的计算量很大,为兼顾大坝地震易损性评估的高效性与准确性,提出基于增量动力分析(incremental dynamic analysis,IDA)与多层感知机(multilayer perceptron,MLP)的混凝土坝地震易损性评估方法。以我国西北地区某混凝土重力坝为例,建立三维坝体-库水-地基有限元模型并开展多组地震响应计算。利用等步长调幅处理所选地震动记录,并采用三向地震进行幅值输入;选取峰值[地面]加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)为地震动强度指标,坝顶顺河向位移为大坝损伤指标,初步进行混凝土坝易损性分析。提取各地震动特性参数作为输入,坝顶顺河向位移为输出,训练并测试MLP模型;扩充地震动以获取各地震动特性参数,利用MLP模型进行坝顶顺河向位移的快速预测,实现有限元结果的扩充,进行混凝土坝易损性分析,并绘制易损性曲线。结果表明,将MLP模型引入分析可有效扩充数据量,利用IDA-MLP耦合方法建立的大坝地震易损性曲线符合实际规律,验证了采用MLP模型预测混凝土坝损伤指标进而扩充数据的可行性,在保证精度的情况下大幅提高计算效率,为同类型水工建筑物的抗震安全评价和防震减灾提供科学依据。

基于有限元的重力坝抗滑稳定静动力可靠度快速求解方法

重力坝的抗滑稳定是重力坝工程能够安全运行的关键,其抗滑稳定的可靠度研究是当前水利工程领域的重要研究课题.为了解决采用蒙特卡罗法求解可靠指标时计算效率低、采用响应面法时求解精度不高问题,本文提出一种基于有限元的改进一次二阶矩法进行重力坝抗滑稳定可靠度计算.首先,将坝基岩体抗剪断强度参数视为随机变量,定义功能函数为抗滑稳定极限平衡状态下阻滑力与滑动力的差值,在极限平衡状态条件下推导了功能函数中随机变量的偏导数;然后考虑地震荷载作用的随机性,采用基于全概率公式的数值拟合积分方法计算抗滑稳定静动力可靠指标并将此方法应用于某重力坝工程的抗滑稳定分析中.研究结果表明,该方法在保证计算精度的情况下具有更高的求解效率和收敛速度,故可为类似工程的抗滑稳定静动力可靠度分析提供方法借鉴.

淤砂层对重力坝地震响应的影响分析

在大坝地震响应分析中如何考虑淤砂层,以及淤砂层对大坝的地震响应影响如何,是目前混凝土坝抗震分析和设计中需要进一步研究的问题。将库水-淤砂层-坝体-坝基动力相互作用当做波动散射问题,采用广义饱和多孔介质统一计算框架分析库水(流体)、淤砂层(饱和多孔介质)、坝体与坝基(固体)间的耦合。研究了一种考虑库水可压缩性与淤砂层影响的库水-淤砂层-坝体-坝基动力相互作用的高效分析方法,并通过自编程序实现了该方法。以Koyna重力坝为对象,以脉冲P波和SV波为输入,给出了库水-坝体-坝基体系不同时刻的波场快照,分析了其波场特征。设计了不同淤砂层厚度的4种工况,对比分析了4种工况下坝体的位移、加速度和最大应力,研究结果表明:库底淤砂层对坝体位移影响很小,但对坝体各点加速度和最大应力有减小作用,并且随着淤砂层厚度的增加,作用会增强。

考虑地震动力响应的复杂地基碾压混凝土重力坝分缝优化研究

为了探究高碾压混凝土重力坝横缝切割对坝体抗震性能的影响,以高地震烈度、砂泥岩互层地基的巴基斯坦玛尔水电站碾压混凝土重力坝工程为研究对象,通过建立三维整体有限元模型,并引入自编黏弹性动力边界程序,分别计算了设计地震、最大可信地震(Maximum Credible Earthquake,MCE)作用下,输入规范波、场地波、Koyna波时坝体的动力响应及差异;通过模拟横缝切割1/3高度、2/3高度和全分缝3个对比方案,并以承载能力极限状态设计式定义的比值为依据,综合评价了碾压混凝土重力坝抗震安全状态。结果表明:当输入波为规范波时,在MCE作用下,横缝切割1/3高度和2/3高度方案坝基面的抗力效应比系数(η)均大于1,全分缝方案下ηmin=0.91,且总计6次在0.6 s时长内η值均小于1,经综合考虑,横缝切割2/3高度可作为施工推荐方案。研究成果可为高地震烈度、复杂地质条件下的碾压混凝土重力坝工程优化布置提供参考。