Influence of pile spacing on seismic response of piled raft in soft clay: centrifuge modeling

In order to study the infl uence of pile spacing on the seismic response of piled raft in soft clay, a series of shaking table tests were conducted by using a geotechnical centrifuge. The dynamic behavior of acceleration, displacement and internal forces was examined. The test results indicate that the seismic acceleration responses of models are generally greater than the surrounding soil surface in the period ranges of 2–10 seconds. Foundation instant settlements for 4×4 and 3×3 piled raft (with pile spacing equal to 4 and 6 times pile diameter) are somewhat close to each other at the end of the earthquake, but reconsolidation settlements are greater for 3×3 piled raft. The seismic acceleration of superstructure, the uneven settlement of the foundation and the maximum bending moment of pile are relatively lower for 3×3 piled raft. Successive earthquakes lead to the softening behavior of soft clay, which causes a reduction of the pile bearing capacity and thus loads are transferred from the pile group to the raft. For the case of a 3×3 piled raft, there is relatively smaller change of the load sharing ratio of the pile group and raft after the earthquake and the distribution of maximum bending moments at the pile head is more uniform.

Shaking Table Model Test of Isolated Structure on Soft Site and Analysis on Its Isolation Efficiency

Adopting a soft site model built on soft interlayer soil foundation,a shaking table test for soft interlayer soil-isolated structure interaction is conducted to investigate the seismic response of isolated structure on soft site,and analyze its isolation effect.Test results show that the test can reflect the earthquake response characteristics of isolated structure on soft site.It is on soft site that the dynamic characteristics of isolated structure,acceleration magnification factor(AMF)of isolated structure and isolation efficiency of the isolation layer differ from those on rigid foundation with an soil-structure interaction(SSI)effect,represented by the reduction in fundamental vibration frequency of isolated structure and the increase of damping ratio with changes of the SSI effect.SSI can either increase or decrease AMF of isolated structure on soft site,depending on the characteristics of earthquake motion input.Furthermore,the isolation efficiency of isolation layer on soft site is decreased with the SSI effect,which is related to the peak ground acceleration(PGA)and the characteristics of earthquake motion input.

Study on Physical Models of In-Seam Seismic Wave

The propagation laws of in-seam seismic wave in coal seam in differeut situations are studied by means of in-seam seismic simulatiou tests. Some valuable conclusions are obtained, which are signiricant in guiding in-seam seismic prospecting in the future.

京雄快线预制装配式桥墩足尺模型拟静力试验研究

京雄快线(R1线)霸州开发区站至永清站区间采用无黏结预应力筋、灌浆套筒及混凝土剪力榫混合连接的预制拼装花瓶墩,为检验此类高烈度区装配式桥墩抗震设计的可靠性,全球首次在万吨级多功能试验系统开展了足尺模型拟静力试验,研究了桥墩在水平循环荷载作用下的损伤发展过程和最终破坏模式,并从滞回性能、位移延性、变形分布特征和局部材料受力等方面定量分析了试件的抗震性能。结果表明:混合连接装配式桥墩呈墩底灌浆套筒区域形成塑性铰的典型弯曲破坏形态,损伤次序为墩身混凝土开裂、墩底灌浆套筒底部和顶部纵筋先后屈服、出浆口保护层脱落、最外侧纵筋断裂及少量核心混凝土压碎。双向加载过程中,桥墩滞回曲线呈平行四边形,横桥向最大承载力为4749.88kN;单向加载过程中,纵桥向滞回曲线呈捏缩明显的弓形,最大承载力为3773.50kN,位移延性系数为2.75。墩底接缝处曲率分布最大,墩身次之,墩颈接缝处曲率基本为0,同时墩颈接缝处剪切变形为0.15mm左右,基本可忽略。无黏结预应力筋在试验加载过程中始终处于弹性状态,说明混合连接方式性能可靠。研究成果可为此类桥墩结构形式在同类场地条件下的推广应用提供参考。

Accuracy of three-dimensional seismic ground response analysis in time domain using nonlinear numerical simulations

To provide appropriate uses of nonlinear ground response analysis for engineering practice, a three-dimensional soil column with a distributed mass system and a time domain numerical analysis were implemented on the Open Sees simulation platform. The standard mesh of a three-dimensional soil column was suggested to be satisfied with the specified maximum frequency. The layered soil column was divided into multiple sub-soils with a different viscous damping matrix according to the shear velocities as the soil properties were significantly different. It was necessary to use a combination of other one-dimensional or three-dimensional nonlinear seismic ground analysis programs to confirm the applicability of nonlinear seismic ground motion response analysis procedures in soft soil or for strong earthquakes. The accuracy of the three-dimensional soil column finite element method was verified by dynamic centrifuge model testing under different peak accelerations of the earthquake. As a result, nonlinear seismic ground motion response analysis procedures were improved in this study. The accuracy and efficiency of the three-dimensional seismic ground response analysis can be adapted to the requirements of engineering practice.

Shake table testing of a multi-tower connected hybrid structure

Many single-tower reinforced concrete core wall-steel frame （RCC-SF） buildings have been built in China, but there are no buildings of different-height multi-tower hybrid system. A multi-tower RCC-SF tall building was thus studied because of its structural complexity and irregularity. First, a 1/15 scaled model structure was designed and tested on the shake table under minor, moderate, and major earthquake levels. Then, the dynamic responses of the model structure were interpreted to those of the prototype structure according to the similitude theory. Experimental results demonstrate that, despite the complexity of the structure, the lateral deformation bends as the ＂bending type＂ and the RC core walls contribute more than the steel frames to resist seismic loads. The maximum inter-story drift of the complex building under minor earthquakes is slightly beyond the elastic limitation specified in the Chinese code, and meets code requirements under major earthquakes. From the test results some suggestions are provided that could contribute favorable effect on the seismic behavior and the displacement of the building.

Seismic response of continuous span bridges through fiber-based finite element analysis

It is widely recognized that nonlinear time-history analysis constitutes the most accurate way to simulate the response of structures subjected to strong levels of seismic excitation. This analytical method is based on sound underlying principles and has the capability to reproduce the intrinsic inelastic dynamic behavior of structures. Nonetheless, comparisons with experimental results from large-scale testing of structures are still needed, in order to ensure adequate levels of confidence in this numerical methodology. The fiber modelling approach employed in the current endeavor inherently accounts for geometric nonlinearities and material inelasticity, without a need for calibration of plastic hinges mechanisms, typical in concentrated plasticity models. The resulting combination of analysis accuracy and modelling simplicity, allows thus to overcome the perhaps not fully justifiable sense of complexity associated to nonlinear dynamic analysis. The fiber-based modelling approach is employed in the framework of a finite element program downloaded from the Intemet for seismic response analysis of framed structures. The reliability and accuracy of the program are demonstrated by numerically reproducing pseudo-dynamic tests on a four span continuous deck concrete bridge. Modelling assumptions are discussed, together with their implications on numerical results of the nonlinear time-history analyses, which were found to be in good agreement with experimental results.

Seismic fragility of flexible pipeline connections in a base isolated medical building

Flexible pipelines are often used to connect hard pipes from a foundation to a superstructure to accommodate large deformation in the base isolation layer during an earthquake. Although Chinese seismic design guidelines suggest several confi gurations, they are diff erent from the designs that have been proven in practice, e.g., Japanese styles, and extensive experimental investigation into their seismic performance is required. Three types of seals, rubber-, metal- and asbestinebased, were tested quasi-statically with infi lled pressurized water at 2.5 MPa. The asbestine-based seal leaked at a smaller deformation than the other two types of seals. Based on the test results, three damage states were defi ned and the deformation capacity was estimated. To evaluate their performance, a three-dimensional model of a base-isolated medical building was developed using OpenSees, with the fl exible pipelines simulated by a mechanical model calibrated from the experimental data. A probabilistic seismic demand model and the fragility function of the fl exible pipelines were then developed to evaluate the seismic performance.

Conceptual study of X-braced frames with different steel grades using cyclic half-scale tests

In this paper, an experimental and analytical study of two half-scale steel X-braced flames with equal nominal shear strength under cyclic loading is described. In these tests, all members except the braces are similar. The braces are made of various steel grades to monitor the effects of seismic excitation. Internal stiffeners are employed to limit the local buckling and increase the fracture life of the steel bracing. A heavy central core is introduced at the intersection of the braces to decrease their effective length. Recent seismic specifications are considered in the design of the X-braced frame members to verify their efficiency. The failure modes of the X-braced frames are also illustrated. It is observed that the energy dissipation capacity, ultimate load capacity and ductility of the system increase considerably by using lower grade steel and proposed detailing. Analytical modeling of the specimens using nonlinear finite element software supports the experimental findings.

基于CNN-LSTM混合神经网络的高速铁路地震响应预测

为了更好地挖掘高速铁路在地震时的响应信息,提高光纤光栅监测的效率及预测精度,该文针对地震响应数据的时序性及非线性的特点,提出卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆(LSTM)网络的混合神经网络模型预测方法.通过在高速铁路简支梁桥上布设准分布式光纤光栅采集地震时轨道板、钢轨、底座板、箱梁的响应数据,在每根光纤上布置7个光栅,利用两边光栅的响应数据预测中间点的光栅响应,将采集位置、历史数据及地震波形等信息作为特征图输入.利用CNN提取特征,再将提前提取出来的特征数据以时序方式作为LSTM网络的输入数据,最后LSTM网络进行地震应变响应预测.实验结果表明,LSTM网络在3层时效果最好,CNN-LSTM方法具有较高的预测精度,根均平方误差(R_(RMSE))、平均绝对误差(R_(MAE))、决定系数(R^(2))分别达到了0.3753、0.2968、0.9371.

Field measurements for calibration of simplified models of the stiffening effect of infill masonry walls in high-rise RC framed and shear-wall buildings

As a type of nonstructural component, infill walls play a significant role in the seismic behavior of high-rise buildings. However, the stiffness of the infill wall is generally either ignored or considered by simplified empirical criteria that lead to a period shortening. The difference can be greatly decreased by using a structural identification methodology. In this study, an ambient vibration test was performed on four on-site reinforced concrete high-rise buildings, and the design results were compared with the PKPM models using corresponding finite element(FE) models. A diagonal strut model was used to simulate the behavior of the infill wall, and the identified modal parameters measured from the on-site test were employed to calibrate the parameters of the diagonal strut in the FE models. The SAP2000 models with calibrated elastic modulus were used to evaluate the seismic response in the elastic state. Based on the load-displacement relationship of the infill wall, nonlinear dynamic analysis models were built in PERFORM-3 D and calibrated using the measured modal periods. The analysis results revealed that the structural performance under small/large earthquake records were both strengthened by infill walls, and the contribution of infill walls should be considered for better accuracy in the design process.

大流量斜拉压力输水管桥振动台模型试验研究

为了研究斜拉输水管桥的抗震性能,以某大跨径多塔斜拉输水管桥为对象,根据相似理论设计缩尺比为1∶20的等代试验模型,开展振动台试验研究.从不同地震波、不同台面输入地面峰值加速度以及空满管工况等多个角度探究斜拉输水管桥地震响应与抗震性能.采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统分析大跨径斜拉输水管桥的抗震性能.结果表明,E1地震下结构保持弹性;E2地震下部分钢筋进入屈服,混凝土出现裂缝但结构整体安全.纵桥向地震输入时,考虑流固耦合效应的满管工况相较于空管工况的地震响应增幅小于仅采用附加质量模拟水体时的响应增幅;横桥向地震输入时的结果相反.

基于正交试验的土体动力等效线性模型参数敏感性分析

针对土体材料具有不均匀性的特点,动力参数存在一定的不确定性问题,基于正交试验法,以一堰塞坝为例,采用等效线性模型,对堰塞坝坝体竖向地震峰值加速度和竖向永久变形进行了等效线性模型参数的敏感性分析。结果表明:动力模型中参数k_(2)、n、λ_(max)对于坝体竖向地震峰值加速度的影响较大,其中k_(2)的敏感性最大,其次是n;参数k_(2)、k_(1)、λ_(max)对坝体竖向永久变形的影响较大,其中k_(2)的敏感性最大,其次是k_(1)。

基于CPTU/SDMT原位测试的软弱土HSS本构模型参数确定方法

小应变硬化(Hardening Soil-Small,HSS)模型因其能够准确反映土体小应变范围内剪切模量的非线性特性,在地下工程开挖变形计算中得到了广泛应用。软弱土的力学特性易受钻孔取样扰动影响,导致常规室内单元试验标定的HSS本构模型参数存在一定误差。根据原位测试技术确定土体参数可有效避免取样扰动的思路,提出了基于孔压静力触探(Piezocone Penetration Test,CPTU)和地震波扁铲侧胀仪(Seismic Dilatometer Test,SDMT)的HSS模型参数确定方法。将所提方法应用至苏州典型软土地区邻轨深基坑工程中,计算得到了全套HSS模型参数,并分别通过与室内固结压缩-回弹曲线和现场动力波速测试数据进行对比,验证了所提方法的准确性和合理性,进一步将所得参数应用于深基坑开挖变形响应计算。结果表明,邻轨基坑开挖变形计算结果与现场监测数据基本一致,证明了基于CPTU/SDMT原位测试的HSS模型参数确定方法的工程适用性。

地震下RC空心墩弯-剪数值模型及混合试验验证

地震作用下钢筋混凝土空心截面中高桥墩多发生弯剪破坏,而其弯剪耦合反应的数值模拟方法尚不完善。针对当前弯剪串联模型中的剪切模型未考虑空心截面特征的问题,提出基于关键参数的剪切模型修正方法,并通过混合试验进行验证。分别从桥墩的剪跨比、混凝土开裂后剪切刚度、等效截面面积、桥墩有效高度与墩身混凝土斜裂缝倾角等参数入手,提出剪切模型关键参数的修正方法;基于修正的开裂剪切强度、开裂剪切位移、剪切极限承载力及其对应的剪切位移与剪切破坏位移,提出适用于空心桥墩剪切性能模拟的三折线型骨架曲线建立方法;通过组合剪切模型与基于纤维单元的弯曲模型,建立空心墩弯剪耦合反应的数值模型;与一座空心高墩桥混合试验结果对比,其桥墩子结构的物理试验结果验证了数值模拟方法。分析表明:通过本文所提数值模拟方法得到的空心桥墩弯剪滞回曲线与真实地震加载路径下的试验曲线匹配良好,能够模拟空心墩在真实地震作用下的弯剪滞回行为。

新型土坯墙建筑地震模拟振动台试验研究

为研究新型土坯墙结构体系的抗震性能。设计制作了一个平面尺寸为3.6 m×3.0 m,层高2.45 m的一层足尺新型土坯墙建筑试验模型进行振动台试验,试验选取El Centro波和云南鲁甸波分别在X、Y向进行单向地震波加载,实测了试验模型在峰值加速度为0.10、0.22、0.40、0.62、0.90 g的地震作用下的频谱特性、加速度反应、位移反应、扭转反应和暗柱钢筋应变反应的规律。研究结果表明:模型仅在超9度罕遇烈度时发生轻微破坏,其他地震激励下未出现明显开裂、破坏现象;随着地震激励增大,模型自振频率无明显变化,加速度放大系数逐渐降低,最大放大系数为屋面处的3.666;层间位移角在峰值加速度为0.62 g时达到最大为1/399;因模型基本均匀对称,其结构整体扭转效应不明显;暗柱钢筋的应变值随地震激励的增大逐渐增加,但钢筋应变值较小,钢筋的性能未能充分发挥。综上所述,该新型土坯墙模型具有良好的抗震性能,研究为扩大土坯建筑应用范围提供了试验依据。

基于全局敏感性的自适应模型更新混合模拟方法

基于全局敏感性(global sensitivity, GS)的模型更新混合模拟方法可以有效提升混合模拟精度并拥有较高的计算效率,然而该方法易陷入局部最优值。为解决此问题,在GS方法的基础上引入了动量和自适应步长的概念,提出了基于全局敏感性的自适应(global sensitivity adaptive, GS-A)模型更新混合模拟方法。以钢框架模型为例,对8个本构参数和模型几何参数进行参数识别,利用均匀设计试验方法,建立11个模型更新案例,分别进行了不更新、GS方法和GS-A方法的数值模拟分析。33组数值模拟案例参数识别过程、位移时程的对比分析表明:GS-A方法相对于GS方法,解决了参数组合陷入局部最优的问题,具有较高参数识别的精度和稳定性,提升了模型更新效果。

基于孔内地震波测试的桩基完整性检测试验研究

针对传统桩基无损检测方法在实际应用中的局限性,提出一种桩基完整性孔内地震波测试方法,开展足尺模型试验和工程实例分析,验证了该方法用于桩基完整性检测的可行性。分析结果表明:孔内地震波法能有效识别桩身断裂、夹泥等缺陷,对于混凝土胶结差等轻微缺陷的判别则相对困难;针对桩身局部断面混凝土质量缺陷,通过变换桩顶激振位置,在桩身内部形成多条应力波传递路径,能准确判别桩身缺陷分布位置;与传统平行地震波法相比,孔内地震波法结果基本不受桩周土层性质、桩-孔测试距离等因素影响,判别结果更加理想。

预制拼装桥墩滞回分析模型和损伤评估研究

为了研究预应力预制拼装桥墩的抗震性能与地震损伤特性,利用Bouc-Wen-Baber-Noori模型对已开展的预制拼装桥墩拟静力试验进行模拟,通过Matlab中的Simulink模块编制计算程序,根据试验结果确定滞回模型的关键参数,然后利用Park-Ang和改进Park-Ang损伤模型对桥墩损伤进行评估。结果表明:Matlab计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,桥墩损伤评估结果可靠,滞回模型和损伤分析模型可应用于预制拼装桥墩的抗震计算和评估。

新型柱间可更换耗能节点的全装配RC柱抗震性能试验

为提高装配式结构的工业化程度和可修复能力,提出一种新型全装配钢筋混凝土(RC)柱间可更换耗能节点(RECJ),并将其应用到框架结构的底层柱。对两个采用RECJ连接的装配柱试件和一个整体现浇柱对比试件进行拟静力加载试验,长榫头试件在加载至1/25的层间位移角后更换受损的连接板,在同条件下进行加载,分析各试件的破坏形态、滞回曲线及骨架曲线特征、刚度及承载力的退化特征、延性及耗能能力、连接钢板及柱内钢筋应变变化等性能。结果表明:新型全装配框架底层柱的损伤及破坏主要集中在RECJ的连接钢板上,试件其他部位基本保持弹性;其滞回曲线呈梭形,形状饱满,耗能、延性及刚度退化性能明显优于全现浇对比柱;榫头长度较长的试件总体性能优于榫头较短试件,表现出更好的抗震性能,且具有与现浇柱等效的初始刚度和承载能力。RECJ在大震下可通过更换受损的连接板使结构快速恢复抗震性能。对RECJ的受力机制进行分析,并提出RECJ屈服阶段和峰值阶段的受弯承载力公式和转角变形,基于推导的公式得到骨架曲线模型。