Parallel computation of seismic analysis of high arch dam

Parallel computation programs are developed for three-dimensional meso-mechanics analysis of fully-graded dam concrete and seismic response analysis of high arch dams （ADs）, based on the Parallel Finite Element Program Generator （PFEPG）. The computational algorithms of the numerical simulation of the meso-structure of concrete specimens were studied. Taking into account damage evolution, static preload, strain rate effect, and the heterogeneity of the meso-structure of dam concrete, the fracture processes of damage evolution and configuration of the cracks can be directly simulated. In the seismic response analysis of ADs, all the following factors are involved, such as the nonlinear contact due to the opening and slipping of the contraction joints, energy dispersion of the far-field foundation, dynamic interactions of the dam-foundation- reservoir system, and the combining effects of seismic action with all static loads. The correctness, reliability and efficiency of the two parallel computational programs are verified with practical illustrations.

Seismic response analysis of arch dam-water-rock foundation systems

The effect of water compressibility on the seismic responses of arch dams is not well understood.In this paper,a numerical model is developed with rigorous representation of the dynamic interaction between arch dam-water- rock foundation.The model is applied to the seismic response analysis of an arch dam with a height of 292m designed to a seismic intensity of IX.It is shown that consideration of the water compressibility clearly decreases the stress responses at key positions of the dam,while the added mass model gives a conservative estimate.

Analysis of seismic disaster failure mechanism and dam-break simulation of high arch dam

Based on a Chinese national high arch dam located in a meizoseismal region, a nonlinear numerical analysis model of the damage and failure process of a dam-foundation system is established by employing a 3-D deformable distinct element code(3DEC) and its re-development functions. The proposed analysis model considers the dam-foundation-reservoir coupling effect, infl uence of nonlinear contact in the opening and closing of the dam seam surface and abutment rock joints during strong earthquakes, and radiation damping of far fi eld energy dissipation according to the actual workability state of an arch dam. A safety assessment method and safety evaluation criteria is developed to better understand the arch dam system disaster process from local damage to ultimate failure. The dynamic characteristics, disaster mechanism, limit bearing capacity and the entire failure process of a high arch dam under a strong earthquake are then analyzed. Further, the seismic safety of the arch dam is evaluated according to the proposed evaluation criteria and safety assessment method. As a result, some useful conclusions are obtained for some aspects of the disaster mechanism and failure process of an arch dam. The analysis method and conclusions may be useful in engineering practice.

Estimation of Concrete Arch Dams Responses in Linear Domain Using Endurance Time Analysis Method

In this paper, Endurance Time Analysis （ETA） method which is a new time-history based dynamic pushover procedure is introduced and its application in linear analysis of concrete arch dams is investigated. In this method the structure is subjected to gradually intensifying acceleration functions and its performance is evaluated based on the length of the time duration that can satisfy required performance criteria. For this purpose Dez arch dam is selected as case study, fluid-structure interaction is taken into account and F.E. model of the system is excited in three performance levels. ETA method gives an approximation of maximum response at the equivalent target time, resulted from analyzing the system based on natural records. Extracted results are displacement, velocity and acceleration of the crest at crown cantilever. Results show using of ETA method can reduce at least 50% in number of analyses and 70% in total time of analyses at the current case. Furthermore, it is found that although the results of the ETA are not exactly consistent with the results of time-history analyses using real ground motions, errors are reasonable and ETA can identify performance levels of the dam with acceptable accuracy.

基于耐震时程法的高拱坝地震易损性分析

基于耐震时程分析方法(ETA),建立了三维坝体-库水-地基动力相互作用模型,进行高拱坝抗震性能评价。以基于目标反应谱合成的10条耐震加速度时程曲线为地震输入,选取坝体损伤体积比、坝顶坝踵顺河向相对位移和拱冠梁横缝开度作为结构性能指标,通过对结构不同性能水准的定义,建立了极限状态与结构性能指标之间的关系,以此为基础绘制易损性曲线。结果表明:随着耐震时程输入时间的增加,拱坝的各项响应值随之增大,不同响应指标对地震强度的敏感性不同,且ETA法与增量动力分析法(IDA)得到的响应结果基本一致,在同一性能水平下采用不同评价指标时对应的超越概率也不相同。因此,在进行结构的抗震性能评价时应综合考虑不同结构响应指标,选取不同性能下超越概率最大的结构响应指标进行分析。

高烈度震区大跨径中承式钢箱系杆拱桥减隔震技术研究

为了研究高强度地震作用下大跨径中承式钢箱系杆拱桥地震响应及减隔震技术,以西双版纳黎明大桥为工程背景,选取类似场地的实际地震动记录作为输入地震波,采用非线性时程分析法,研究支座类型及参数变化对拱桥结构的减隔震效果。结果表明:相比于普通支座,减隔震支座能大幅降低结构内力,但纵向位移有所增加,且摩擦摆支座的减隔震效果要强于铅芯橡胶支座;摩擦摆支座+黏滞阻尼器联合抗震体系能够有效降低纵向和横向位移,进一步能提升桥梁的抗震性能;对联合抗震体系进行参数敏感性分析可知:最佳的参数范围是:摩擦因数为0.04,曲率半径在3 200~4 200 mm,阻尼系数为6 000,阻尼指数在0.2~0.4;在最优抗震体系下,结构位移和内力均显著降低,最大减震率分别达到了75.3%和82.3%,表明该体系大幅提高了拱桥抵抗地震的能力,为同类桥梁减隔震设计提供参考。

Effects of shear keys on nonlinear seismic responses of an arch-gravity dam

In the paper,the added tangential nonlinear springs are introduced to represent the effects of one-way and two-way shear keys. The added tangential stiffness coefficient is relative to the joint opening and the relative tangential movement and determined numerically by using a refined model of shear keys.The user subroutine of nonlinear spring elements has been implemented into ABAQUS program.The seismic responses of an arch-gravity dam are mainly examined.It is shown by the results that a significant increase of about 17%-30%in joint opening can be observed for the dam with one-way shear keys;the two-way shear keys are beneficial to restrain the sliding displacement along both the radial and vertical directions,whereas the one-way shear keys mainly restrain the displacement along the radial direction;for the dam with shear keys,the maximum arch stress is increased,the cantilever stress is reduced,and the location of the maximum cantilever stress is also moved from the dam heel to the midheight of the cantilever.

扩大基础和垫座对高拱坝地震动响应的影响研究

中国的高拱坝多位于西南部地震多发且地形地质条件复杂的地区,在地震作用下极易造成坝体局部开裂和整体失稳。以金沙江下游白鹤滩拱坝为研究对象,探讨扩大基础和垫座对坝顶和拱冠梁最大位移、横缝开度、坝体损伤体积比等地震动响应的影响特点。分析结果表明扩大基础和垫座具有如下优点:使拱坝左右两侧的体型更趋于对称,对减小坝顶和拱冠梁的位移响应有利。以增大边缝开度为代价而使坝体中部横缝开度显著减小,且使横缝张开趋于均匀,对充分发挥止水片密封效果有利;能够明显减小坝体的损伤体积比;其中,扩大基础对坝体位移和损伤体积比的减弱效果明显优于垫座。但是,随着地震动强度增加,扩大基础和垫座对位移响应约束能力逐渐减弱。研究结果证明了扩大基础和垫座对增强拱坝抗震能力的有效性,可为类似高拱坝工程建设提供有益参考。

库水-淤砂层-坝体-坝基体系地震响应分析

针对我国西部水利工程结构面临的地震安全问题,特别是混凝土高拱坝的抗震安全设计,以小湾水电站混凝土高拱坝为研究对象,进行了库水-淤砂层-坝体-坝基体系的耦合动力分析,同时考虑了复杂的坝基地形、正常蓄水位的库水以及常年运行而堆积的淤沙层的影响。主要内容有:①基于传递矩阵法及二维有限元,实现了复杂峡谷地形的自由场计算;②基于水-饱和多孔介质-固体的统一计算框架,实现了库水-淤沙层-坝体-坝基体系的三维地震响应分析算法。最后,分别以脉冲波和地震波作为输入,探讨了小湾拱坝的地震响应规律及库水淤沙层对拱坝地震响应的影响。结果表明:坝体顶部中心区域会承受较大的拉、压应力;而库水底部淤砂层对坝体的位移及应力影响并不显著。

两层泄洪孔口对特高拱坝抗震性能影响研究

我国强震区200 m以上的特高拱坝,在动力响应较为显著的中上部坝体通常布置多层泄洪孔口,有必要就孔口及闸墩结构对拱坝抗震性能的影响进行研究。以金沙江上游旭龙特高拱坝为研究对象,对坝体布置泄洪孔口与不设泄洪孔口两种方案,考虑混凝土的动力损伤效应,从拱坝整体应力及变形、坝体损伤、拱坝极限承载力等方面进行对比分析。研究结果表明,坝身泄洪孔口结构对大坝整体的刚度、强度影响较小,合理的泄洪孔口布置对于拱坝主坝体的抗震安全性能影响有限;但由于闸墩的悬挑、截面变化以及孔口对坝身的削弱作用,闸墩根部与坝体交界处、上游闸墩大梁连接处等位置在强震过程中更容易出现损伤,需开展抗震设计;对于表、中两层泄洪孔口布置拱坝而言,两层孔口之间的坝体部位也是抗震安全的薄弱环节,需采取针对性抗震措施以增强抵御地震破坏的能力。

旭龙水电站泄洪消能设计研究

为了研究高地震烈度区特高拱坝设计采用全坝身泄洪的可行性,以旭龙水电站特高拱坝为例,对泄洪消能布置、水力指标、坝身孔口布置方式、体型以及孔口结构抗震影响等方面进行研究和综合比选后,推荐采用全坝身3表孔加4中孔泄洪、下游反拱水垫塘消能方案。研究表明:合适的坝身孔口布置体型可保障泄洪消能安全与减轻岸坡泄洪雾化,反拱水垫塘安全性和经济性较好,孔口结构对坝体整体极限抗震性能无影响,高地震烈度区特高拱坝设计采用全坝身泄洪是可行的。研究成果可为类似工程泄洪消能建筑物设计提供参考。

On the obstacles and way to assess the seismic catastrophe for high arch dams

To prevent possible seismic catastrophe, naturally, its assessment is deeply concerned over in China as a series of arch dams of about 300 m high will be constructed in the severe seismic regions. In this paper the major obstacles to the seismic catastrophe assessment of high arch dams which focused on clearly defining the Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) and reasonably selecting its site-specific seismic input parameters as well as quantitatively evaluating the limit state of dam-breach for designers are emphasized. Some breakthrough progress with pending problems is presented, such as to adopt more reasonable seismic input parameters based on seismic hazard evaluation of dam site; to develop model and method more fit in with the reality for non-linear seismic analysis of dam-foundation-reservoir system. The ideals of further improvement both in evaluating the MCE and defining the quantitative index of its performance objective are discussed, including how to use semi-empirical method of simulating strong ground motion near fault, how to solve the long-standing problem of stress singularity at dam heel, and how to investigate dynamic behaviors of fully-graded dam concrete through dynamic tests and 3-dimensional meso-mechanics analysis checked by CT technique.

基于弹塑性模型参数反演的高土石坝地震响应预测

合理准确描述堆石料的力学特性是高土石坝地震响应预测和安全评价的重要前提。以特高心墙坝填筑期变形的监测结果为目标值开展了三维反演分析,获取了反映大坝真实状态的坝料广义塑性模型和邓肯张E-B模型的参数,探讨了两种本构模型描述高土石坝变形的精度,随后采用反演的广义塑性模型参数开展了高土石坝的地震响应预测及安全评价。结果表明:目前反演分析常用的邓肯张E-B模型无法兼顾竖向和水平变形,且反演参数无法用于动力分析;静动统一的广义塑性模型计算的竖向和水平位移均与实测结果吻合良好,并可直接用于大坝的动力响应预测。所建立的一整套基于弹塑性模型参数反演的高土石坝地震响应预测分析方法,可为高土石坝的安全评价和风险预警提供可靠的技术支撑。

横缝对高拱坝系统非线性地震响应的影响分析

对带横缝高拱坝系统非线性地震响应的影响进行了分析研究.坝体材料采用混凝土损伤塑性本构模型,采用指数型动接触本构模型模拟各个坝段之间的横缝接触作用,具体模拟了横缝张开、闭合和滑移非线性,研究了横缝条数分别为1,3,5,7,11,21,40条时高拱坝的地震响应;探讨了径向摩擦因数分别取0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8时,拱坝横缝的最大开度、径向位移响应变化规律.研究表明:7条横缝模拟时的最大开度与11、21和40条横缝模拟的结果接近;最大开度的横缝位置并非在大坝中部,而是在靠近左右两个坝肩位置的横缝处,7条横缝时最大开度出现在第1条横缝,11、21和40条横缝时最大开度均出现在第3条横缝处,且这4个最大开度横缝在大坝上的位置基本相同;缝面考虑径向摩擦的横缝开度要大于径向自由的横缝开度;径向完全自由时静荷载作用下的顺河向位移明显大于径向有摩擦的情况,且后者在地震荷载下的顺河向位移响应变幅要大于前者;摩擦因数增加到一定时,大坝的顺河向位移响应曲线基本一致.研究结果可供有关设计施工部门参考.

基于坝肩失稳破坏模式的高拱坝地基体系地震易损性分析

为了开展高拱坝-地基体系整体稳定地震易损性分析,从坝肩潜在滑块滑动失稳破坏模式出发,综合考虑了地震动和材料参数的不确定性,采用增量动力分析方法(Incremental Dynamic Analysis,IDA),开展了基于概率统计框架的1000次非线性动力响应分析。分别采用特征点残余滑动位移和滑动面积比作为评价结构响应的性能指标,以地震动峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)为地震动强度指标,定量的划分了高拱坝-地基体系的不同性能水平,绘制了地震易损性曲线,并对不同极限状态下的地震易损性进行了评估和分析。结果表明,基于特征点残余滑动位移的IDA曲线可以将高拱坝-地基体系分别划分为局部滑动破坏和整体滑动失稳破坏两个破坏等级;基于滑动面积比的IDA曲线可以划分为轻微滑动破坏、中等滑动破坏和整体滑动失稳破坏三个破坏等级;从而根据高拱坝-地基体系的实际地震需求从概率意义上评判结构所处的破坏状态,为高拱坝的抗震优化设计、加固和维修决策提供科学依据。

高拱坝地震反应时域分析中Rayleigh阻尼矩阵建模方法讨论

讨论了不同Rayleigh阻尼矩阵建模方式对时域内高拱坝地震反应计算准确度的影响。以某一高240 m的混凝土拱坝为研究对象,分析了结构的动力特性,分别计算了结构在双向和三向地震作用下,当采用不同Rayleigh阻尼矩阵模型时的结构动力反应。建立了8种Rayleigh阻尼矩阵双参数模型,其中第一参数频率取拱坝第1、2阶频率,第二参数频率取拱坝第5、6阶频率及地震波反应谱的峰值频率和重心频率。计算结果表明:当高拱坝的自振特性相比于地震波频谱分布表现出长周期结构动力特征时,不同Rayleigh阻尼矩阵模型对计算结果影响很大。建议采用拱坝顺河向基频和地震波反应谱峰值频率作为两个参数频率,由该模型计算所得的坝体地震反应的主要计算结果总体上计算误差为正,且误差值有限。

基于不同设计反应谱的溪洛渡拱坝动力响应分析

合理的设计反应谱是保证高拱坝动力分析和安全评价结果可靠的前提。为研究不同反应谱时程对拱坝非线性响应的影响,分别基于GB 51247—2018《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》设计反应谱、DL 5073—2000《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》设计反应谱、以及溪洛渡场地相关反应谱,拟合出地震动时程,采用溪洛渡拱坝-库水-地基系统非线性损伤开裂模型进行拱坝的非线性地震响应分析。结果表明:反应谱的选择对溪洛渡拱坝地震响应影响显著,相比于2000年标准反应谱,2018年标准反应谱使溪洛渡拱坝坝顶最大动相对位移增加、坝顶上游面横缝开度增大、孔口和坝踵位置损伤加深。并且,2018年标准下的坝体动力响应整体高于基于场地谱的计算结果,而2000年规范下的坝体动力响应低于场地谱的计算结果,说明2000年规范理应更新,2018年标准更符合当下的抗震设计需求。

两河口超高心墙堆石坝三维非线性地震反应分析

中国水能资源主要集中在西部地区,西部地区属于地震强震区,高土石坝的抗震安全是该区域水电开发最突出的问题之一。基于《水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范》(NB 35047—2015)的有关规定,采用设定地震场地相关设计反应谱生成的地震动时程对两河口超高心墙堆石坝进行三维非线性地震反应分析。结果表明:位于V形河谷中的两河口超高心墙堆石坝坝体加速度在4/5坝高以上;1/3坝轴线长度范围内的河谷中部放大效应显著,表现出明显的“鞭梢效应”和三维河谷效应。在此基础上提出了两河口超高心墙堆石坝的抗震加固范围。

SV波斜入射下Nam Ngum 5拱坝-库水-地基系统的地震响应分析

基于黏弹性人工边界与相应地震动输入方法,推导了任意角度下三维SV波斜入射时的等效节点荷载,构建了考虑地震波斜入射的三维黏弹性静-动力统一人工边界,探究了三维情况下混凝土拱坝在地震波斜入射时的地震动响应,应用于Nam Ngum 5重力拱坝-库水-地基系统的地震响应分析中。研究结果表明:当SV波斜入射角度逐渐增大时,坝体关键点的顺河向位移、主应力以及动水压力峰值均呈现逐渐增大的趋势,横河向位移呈现逐渐减小的趋势;其中25°与0°入射相比,坝顶点顺河向位移从0增加至0.15 m,横河向位移影响较小仅减小0.011 m;坝踵点、坝趾点主应力与斜入射角度存在明显差异,当入射角度为25°时,主拉应力与主压应力峰值相较于垂直入射分别增加了1.41 MPa与3 MPa;坝踵处动水压力峰值也在入射角度为25°时达到最大为0.33 MPa与-0.29 MPa;需要在类似实际工程设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。

深厚覆盖层高面板堆石坝长周期地震动动力响应

我国西南地区蕴藏着大量的水能资源,是当前和今后水电建设的重点区域,但大多存在深厚覆盖层、高地震烈度问题,其对高面板堆石坝正常运行的影响不可忽视。在100 m深厚覆盖层上,创建了100、200、300 m级高面板堆石坝的二维有限元模型,在长周期地震动和常规地震动作用下,采用弹塑性本构模型,研究同一深厚覆盖层上不同高度面板堆石坝的动力响应特征。结果表明,与常规地震动相比,长周期地震动对深厚覆盖层高面板堆石坝的加速度有很大影响,随着坝体高度的增加,坝体动力反应峰值加速度逐渐呈下降趋势,且在长周期地震动作用下,坝体越高,短时间内坝体的位移越大,造成的变形也越大,不利于大坝的抗震稳定。因此,在深厚覆盖层长周期地震频发地区修建面板堆石坝时,需将长周期地震动影响作为抗震稳定评价的一个关键环节。