Experimental and analytical study on seismic behavior of steel-concrete multienergy dissipation composite shear walls

In this paper, a steel-concrete multi-energy dissipation composite shear wall, comprised of steel-reinforced concrete （SRC） columns, steel plate （SP） deep beams, a concrete wall and energy dissipation strips, is proposed. In order to study the multi-energy dissipation behavior and restorability after an earthquake, two stages of low cyclic loading tests were carded out on ten test specimens. In the first stage, test on five specimens with different number of SP deep beams was carried out, and the test lasted until the displacement drift reached 2%. In the second stage, thin SPs were welded to both sides of the five specimens tested in the first stage, and the same test was carried out on the repaired specimens （designated as new specimens）. The load-bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, hysteretic behavior and failure characteristics were analyzed for both stages and the results are discussed herein. Extrapolating from these results, strength calculation models and formulas are proposed herein and simulations using ABAQUS carried out, they show good agreement with the test results. The study demonstrates that SRC columns, SP deep beams, concrete wall and energy dissipation strips cooperate well and play an important role in energy dissipation. In addition, this study shows that the shear wall has good recoverability after an earthquake, and that the welding of thin SP＇s to repair a deformed wall is a practicable technique.

Seismic behavior and mechanism analysis of innovative precast shear wall involving vertical joints

To study the seismic performance and load-transferring mechanism of an innovative precast shear wall(IPSW) involving vertical joints, an experimental investigation and theoretical analysis were successively conducted on two test walls. The test results confirm the feasibility of the novel joints as well as the favorable seismic performance of the walls, even though certain optimization measures should be taken to improve the ductility. The load-transferring mechanism subsequently is theoretically investigated based on the experimental study. The theoretical results show the load-transferring route of the novel joints is concise and definite. During the elastic stage, the vertical shear stress in the connecting steel frame(CSF) distributes uniformly; and each high-strength bolt(HSB)primarily delivers vertical shear force. However, the stress in the CSF redistributes when the walls develop into the elastic-plastic stage. At the ultimate state, the vertical shear stress and horizontal normal stress in the CSF distribute linearly; and the HSBs at both ends of the CSF transfer the maximum shear forces.

Seismic behavior of large-scale FRP–recycled aggregate concrete–steel columns with shear connectors

The application of fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the development of high-performance composite structural systems has received signifi cant recent research attention. A composite of FRP–recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)–steel column (FRSC), consisting of an outer FRP tube, an inner steel tube and annular RAC fi lled between two tubes, is proposed herein to facilitate green disposal of demolished concrete and to improve the ductility of concrete columns for earthquake resistance. To better understand the seismic behavior of FRSCs, quasi-static tests of large-scale basalt FRSCs with shear connectors were conducted. The infl uence of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement percentage, shear connectors and axial loading method on the lateral load and deformation capacity, energy dissipation and cumulative damage were analyzed to evaluate the seismic behavior of FRSCs. The test results show that FRSCs have good seismic behavior, which was evidenced by high lateral loads, excellent ductility and energy dissipation capacity, indicating RAC is applicable in FRSCs. Shear connectors can signifi cantly postpone the steel buckling and increase the lateral loads of FRSCs, but weaken the deformation capacity and energy dissipation performance.

Research on seismic behavior and shear strength of SRHC frame columns

The seismic behavior of steel reinforced high strength and high performance concrete （SRHC） frame columns was investigated through pseudo-static experiments of 16 frame columns with various shear span ratios, axial compression ratios, concrete strengths, steel ratios and stirrup ratios. Three kinds of failure mechanisms are presented and the characteristics of experimental hysteretic curves and skeleton curves with different design parameters are discussed. The columns＇ ductility and energy dissipation were quantitatively evaluated based on seismic resistance. The research results indicate that SRHC frame columns can withstand extreme bearing capacity, but the abilities of ductility and energy dissipation are inferior because of SRHC＇s natural brittleness. As a result, the axial load ratio should be restricted and some construction measures adopted, such as increasing the stirrup ratio. This research established effect factors on the bearing capacity of SPHC columns. Finally, an algorithm for obtaining ultimate bearing capacity using the flexural failure mode is established based on a modified plane- section assumption. The authors also established equations to determine shearing baroclinic failure and shear bond failure based on the accumulation of the axial load force distribution ratio. The calculated results of shear bearing capacity for different failure modes were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Seismic analysis of diagrid structural frames with shear-link fuse devices

This paper presents a new concept for enhancing the seismic ductility and damping capacity of diagrid structural frames by using shear-link fuse devices and its seismic performance is assessed through nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. The architectural elegancy of the diagrid structure attributed to its triangular leaning member configuration and high structural redundancy make this system a desirable choice for tall building design. However, forming a stable energy dissipation mechanism in diagrid framing remains to be investigated to expand its use in regions with high seismicity. To address this issue, a diagrid framing design is proposed here which provides a competitive design option in highly seismic regions through its increased ductility and improved energy dissipation capacity provided by replaceable shear links interconnecting the diagonal members at their ends.The structural characteristics and seismic behavior （capacity, stiffness, energy dissipation, ductility） of the diagrid structural frame are demonstrated with a 21-story building diagrid frame subjected to nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. The findings from the nonfinear time history analysis verify that satisfactory seismic performance can be achieved by the proposed diagrid frame subjected to design basis earthquakes in California. In particular, one appealing feature of the proposed diagrid building is its reduced residual displacement after strong earthquakes.

Experimental research on the seismic behavior of CSPSWs connected to frame beams

The seismic performance of composite steel plate shear walls （CSPSWs） that consist of a steel plate shear wall （SPSW） with reinforced concrete （RC） panels attached to one or both sides by means of bolts or connectors is experimentally studied. The shear wall is connected to the frame beams but not to the columns. This arrangement restrains the possible out-of-plane buckling of the thin-walled steel plate, thus significantly increasing the bearing capacity and ductility of the overall wall, and prevents the premature overall or local buckling failure of the frame columns. From a practical viewpoint, these solutions can provide open space in a floor as this type of composite shear walls with a relatively small aspect ratio can be placed parallel along a bay. In this study, four CSPSWs and one SPSW were tested and the results showed that both CSPSWs and SPSW possessed good ductility. For SPSW alone, the buckling appeared and resulted in a decrease of bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity. In addition, welding stiffeners at corners were shown to be an effective way to increase the energy dissipation capacity of CSPSWs.

Experimental research and finite element analysis of bridge piers failed in flexure-shear modes

In recent earthquakes, a large number of reinforced concrete （RC） bridges were severely damaged due to mixed flexure-shear failure modes of the bridge piers. An integrated experimental and finite element （FE） analysis study is described in this paper to study the seismic performance of the bridge piers that failed in flexure-shear modes. In the first part, a nonlinear cyclic loading test on six RC bridge piers with circular cross sections is carried out experimentally. The damage states, ductility and energy dissipation parameters, stiffness degradation and shear strength of the piers are studied and compared with each other. The experimental results suggest that all the piers exhibit stable flexural response at displacement ductilities up to four before exhibiting brittle shear failure. The ultimate performance of the piers is dominated by shear capacity due to significant shear cracking, and in some cases, rupturing of spiral bars. In the second part, modeling approaches describing the hysteretic behavior of the piers are investigated by using ANSYS software. A set of models with different parameters is selected and evaluated through comparison with experimental results. The influences of the shear retention coefficients between concrete cracks, the Bauschinger effect in longitudinal reinforcement, the bond-slip relationship between the longitudinal reinforcement and the concrete and the concrete failure surface on the simulated hysteretic curves are discussed. Then, a modified analysis model is presented and its accuracy is verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental ones. This research uses models available in commercial FE codes and is intended for researchers and engineers interested in using ANSYS software to predict the hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete structures.

Experimental study on the seismic performance of new sandwich masonry walls

Sandwich masonry walls are widely used as energy-saving panels since the interlayer between the outer leaves can act as an insulation layer.New types of sandwich walls are continually being introduced in research and applications,and due to their unique bond patterns,experimental studies have been performed to investigate their mechanical properties,especially with regard to their seismic performance.In this study,three new types of sandwich masonry wall have been designed,and cyclic lateral loading tests were carried out on five specimens.The results showed that the specimens failed mainly due to slippage along the bottom cracks or the development of diagonal cracks,and the failure patterns were considerably influenced by the aspect ratio.Analysis was undertaken on the seismic response of the new walls,which included ductility,stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity,and no obvious difference was observed between the seismic performance of the new walls and traditional walls.Comparisons were made between the experimental results and the calculated results of the shear capacity.It is concluded that the formulas in the two Chinese codes（GB 50011 and GB 50003） are suitable for the calculation of the shear capacity for the new types of walls,and the formula in GB 50011 tends to be more conservative.

装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构抗震性能

为研究装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构抗震性能,对1个足尺轻钢框架结构试件和3个足尺轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构试件进行了低周反复荷载下的抗震性能试验及理论分析,试件变量包括:2种装配构造,即内嵌式装配墙板、外贴式装配墙板;2种轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板,即框架式轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板、桁架式轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板。研究了各试件的破坏特征和损伤演化过程,分析了结构滞回特性、承载力、变形能力、刚度退化、耗能性能和应变。结果表明:装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构共同工作性能良好,其水平承载力相比轻钢框架提高了204.7%~210.4%,抗侧刚度提高了257.3%~512.5%,结构变形及耗能能力有显著提高;内嵌墙板的自攻钉连接构造以及外贴墙板的螺栓连接构造传力性能可靠,结构具备2道抗震防线的受力特征;基于简化塑性分析模型以及拉压杆软化桁架模型,对试件承载力进行了计算,计算结果与试验符合较好。

套筒灌浆搭接连接的开洞剪力墙抗震试验

剪力墙是高层建筑结构重要的抗侧力构件.为研究纵筋套筒灌浆搭接接头(简称APC接头)连接的全预制开洞墙可靠性,进行了1片现浇墙和2片竖向钢筋采用Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型APC接头连接的预制不等肢开洞墙拟静力试验,研究了试件的破坏形式、滞回性能、特征荷载、变形、钢筋和套筒应变及结合面抗剪性能等.结果表明:各试件的裂缝发展情况基本相同,墙肢和连梁发生弯剪破坏;现浇墙破坏起始于两墙肢根部,而预制墙套筒上方混凝土先被压碎,各试件墙肢外侧破坏情况较内侧严重;套筒顶部截面为破坏时薄弱面,套筒上方钢筋易压屈,构件设计时箍筋应加强;预制墙的开裂荷载、墙肢屈服荷载和刚度略高于现浇墙,峰值荷载和强度退化系数与现浇墙相当,预制墙延性略差;同一加载级下,各试件耗能能力相当;预制墙灌浆结合面表现出较好的抗剪性能,两种接头在预制墙中均能有效传递钢筋应力.采用APC接头连接的预制开洞剪力墙基本实现“等同现浇”.

联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

联肢钢板剪力墙结构是将2片钢板剪力墙通过钢连梁连接形成的抗侧力结构。通过对1榀1/3缩尺的4层联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙试件进行低周往复加载试验,从滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、承载力及刚度退化、耗能能力等方面研究了该结构体系的抗震性能,并且对试件的屈服顺序和变形模式进行了分析。结果表明:联肢钢板剪力墙试件的延性系数达到5.03,承载力退化系数均大于0.96,承载力和刚度退化稳定,等效黏滞阻尼系数达到0.25以上,表明联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙具有优越的抗震性能。加载过程中,连梁先于墙板发生屈服,墙板先屈曲后屈服,此后柱脚和横梁相继屈服。连梁的引入改变了结构的屈服机制,提高了整体的延性和耗能能力,能够组成多道抗震防线,且试件整体最终也体现出合理的破坏机制。整体侧移曲线呈弯剪变形模式。该试验研究更加贴合实际工程中联肢钢板剪力墙结构的应用情况,为联肢钢板剪力墙结构的进一步研究和应用提供了试验基础。

T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件设计建议

约束边缘构件的构造对剪力墙抗震性能影响较大,抗震规范对T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件的配筋及长度的相关规定可能存在不足。为研究T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件的合理构造,基于有限元平台OpenSEES,建立了T形截面剪力墙纤维模型,仿真结果与试验数据吻合良好,验证了有限元模型的合理性和可靠性。在此基础上,研究T形截面剪力墙翼缘端约束边缘构件纵筋配筋率和腹板自由端约束边缘构件长度对其抗震性能的影响,结果表明:抗震规范对T形截面剪力墙翼缘端约束边缘构件纵筋配置的要求过于保守;降低翼缘端约束边缘构件的纵筋配筋率、同时增加腹板端约束边缘构件长度,可显著提升T形截面剪力墙抗震性能,且用钢量减少。借鉴美国规范ACI 318⁃19,提出了确定T形截面剪力墙腹板端约束边缘构件长度的简化方法,给出了T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件的设计建议。

钢筋混凝土联肢墙小跨高比复合斜筋连梁抗震性能试验研究

钢筋混凝土联肢剪力墙或联肢筒壁中的连梁是抗震关键部件。小跨高比连梁因剪弯比高,不采取特殊措施难以满足高剪力条件下的高延性要求。现行设计规范使用的交叉暗撑连梁虽抗震抗剪能力及延性好,但钢筋绑扎困难;现行规范降低抗剪能力上限、强化配箍要求的普通配箍连梁则抗剪能力过低、延性依然不足。为此,有必要寻求一种不需内力或刚度折减的高抗剪能力、高延性、便于施工的小跨高比连梁设计方案。为适应小跨高比连梁的受力特征,提出一种由交叉斜筋和上、下L形斜筋复合配筋的新设计方案,并完成19个具有不同跨高比、不同剪压比和不同斜筋———L形筋用量比的足尺连梁低周交变加载试验。试验结果表明,采用新方案配筋的连梁具有良好的抗震性能;剪跨比为0.8~2.5的该类连梁在剪压比高达0.3及以上时仍具有不低于4.0~5.0的位移延性,且施工难度明显降低。这种新的连梁配筋方案可推荐用于高抗震等级的建筑结构。

工字形截面延性剪力墙肢抗震抗剪性能试验

为了弥补我国国家标准《混凝土结构设计规范》中抗震剪力墙肢抗剪公式至今未经试验验证这一缺陷,作者承担了该规范编制组组织的对抗震延性剪力墙抗剪性能的试验研究任务。在对所用的特定试验控制条件及试件设计原则作讨论的基础上,介绍了所完成的第1组尺寸较大的试验轴压比为0.2的工字形截面剪力墙肢试件在低周交变加载下纵筋屈服后的抗剪性能试验结果,并对此结果作了分析讨论。

锈蚀钢筋混凝土压弯构件抗震性能的试验研究

采用外加电流对混凝土压弯构件中的钢筋进行了快速锈蚀 ,通过对锈蚀钢筋混凝土压弯构件抗震性能的试验研究 ,详细讨论了钢筋锈蚀程度对混凝土压弯构件的初始刚度、延性、承载力降低性能、耗能能力等的影响 ;从理论上探讨了钢筋锈蚀对构件抗剪承载力的影响 ,提出了锈蚀钢筋混凝土压弯构件的抗剪承载力计算表达式 。

内藏桁架的混凝土组合低剪力墙试验

提出了内藏桁架(包括钢桁架、钢筋桁架及钢-钢筋组合桁架)混凝土组合剪力墙,该新型组合剪力墙包含2种组合:不同受力体系,桁架与剪力墙的组合;不同材料,型钢与混凝土的组合,形成了双重组合剪力墙.进行了6个1/3缩尺的剪力墙的抗震性能试验研究,包括普通混凝土剪力墙、内藏钢框架混凝土剪力墙、内藏钢筋桁架混凝土剪力墙、内藏钢框架-钢筋桁架混凝土剪力墙、内藏钢桁架混凝土剪力墙及内藏钢-钢筋组合桁架混凝土剪力墙.在试验研究基础上,对比分析了各剪力墙的刚度及其衰减过程、承载力、延性、滞回特性、能耗及破坏特征.试验表明,内藏钢框架及内藏不同材料桁架混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能比普通混凝土剪力墙明显提高.建立了内藏桁架混凝土剪力墙的承载力计算模型,计算结果与实测结果符合较好.提出了该新型剪力墙抗震设计的建议.

暗支撑与其它抗震措施在剪力墙中的联合应用

提出了钢筋混凝土带暗支撑剪力墙，并将其与其它抗震措施在剪力墙中联合应用，效果良好．

内藏钢桁架混凝土组合低剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

进行了3个1/3缩尺的低剪力墙的抗震性能试验研究,包括1个普通混凝土低剪力墙、1个内藏钢框架混凝土组合低剪力墙和1个内藏钢桁架混凝土组合低剪力墙。在试验研究基础上,对比分析了各剪力墙的刚度及其衰减过程、承载力、延性、滞回特性、钢筋应变、耗能能力及破坏特征。试验表明:内藏钢框架和内藏钢桁架混凝土组合低剪力墙的抗震性能比普通混凝土低剪力墙明显提高。

带钢筋及钢骨暗支撑剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

选取剪力墙结构体系中较为薄弱的抗震构件“一”形剪力墙,进行了 3个 1 /3缩尺的带钢筋、钢骨暗支撑剪力墙以及普通RC剪力墙构件的低周反复荷载试验,比较分析了它们的承载力、刚度、延性、滞回特性、耗能能力及破坏机制,并提出抗震设计建议。

钢管混凝土边框剪力墙抗震试验及承载力计算

为研究钢管混凝土边框剪力墙抗震性能,对不同轴压比、不同强弱抗剪连接键的矩形钢管混凝土边框剪力墙进行了低周反复荷载下的抗震性能试验研究.试验模型包括1个普通钢筋混凝土剪力墙和3个矩形钢管混凝土边框剪力墙,模型按1/4缩尺.在试验基础上,分析了各剪力墙的承载力、延性、刚度及其衰减过程、滞回特性、耗能能力和破坏特征.建立了该新型剪力墙的承载力计算模型,计算结果与实测结果符合较好.研究表明:这种剪力墙可有效地组合混凝土剪力墙与钢管混凝土边框柱的优势,抗震效果良好.