Selenium deficiency induces spleen pathological changes in pigs by decreasing selenoprotein expression,evoking oxidative stress,and activating inflammation and apoptosis

Background:The immune system is one aspect of health that is affected by dietary selenium(Se)levels and selenoprotein expression.Spleen is an important immune organ of the body,which is directly involved in cellular immunity.However,there are limited reports on Se levels and spleen health.Therefore,this study established a Se-deficient pig model to investigate the mechanism of Se deficiency-induced splenic pathogenesis.Methods:Twenty-four pure line castrated male Yorkshire pigs(45 days old,12.50±1.32 kg,12 full-sibling pairs)were divided into two equal groups and fed Se-deficient diet(0.007 mg Se/kg)or Se-adequate diet(0.3 mg Se/kg)for 16 weeks.At the end of the trial,blood and spleen were collected to assay for erythroid parameters,the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes,the spleen index,histology,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling(TUNEL)staining,Se concentrations,the selenogenome,redox status,and signaling related inflammation and apoptosis.Results:Dietary Se deficiency decreased the erythroid parameters and increased the number of osmotically fragile erythrocytes(P<0.05).The spleen index did not change,but hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining indicated that the white pulp decreased,the red pulp increased,and splenocyte apoptosis occurred in the Se deficient group.Se deficiency decreased the Se concentration and selenoprotein expression in the spleen(P<0.05),blocked the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems,and led to redox imbalance.Se deficiency activated the NF-κB and HIF-1αtranscription factors,thus increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-17,and TNF-α),decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-10,IL-13,and TGF-β)and increasing expression of the downstream genes COX-2 and iNOS(P<0.05),which in turn induced inflammation.In addition,Se-deficiency induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway,upregulated apoptotic genes(Caspase3,Caspase8,and Bak),and downregulated antiapoptotic genes(Bcl-2)(P<0.05)at the mRNA level,thus verifying the results of TUNEL staining.Conclusions:These results indicated that Se deficiency induces spleen injury through the regulation of selenoproteins,oxidative stress,inflammation and apoptosis.

Further Investigation on the Role of Selenium Deficiency in the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Keshan Disease

Selenium supplements were not able to restore the ultrastructural changes in the myocardiurn of latent Keshan disease patients taken by using cardiac catheter endomyocardial biopsy. Observations on the changes of seleniurn status and the incidence of Keshan disease showed that new latent and naturally-occurring chronic cases were found in the endemic area even after selenium levels had been elevated in the residents to the levels typical in the non-endemic area. These results indicate that although selenium deficiency might be a primary pathogenetic geogen in the occurrence of Keshan disease, it is rather a conditional predisposing factor than a specific or initiative aetiologic factor for the occurrence of Keshan disease. Selenium supplmentation could apparently alleviate the higher platelet responsiveness of residents in the endemic area, which might contribute to eliminating the basis for the occurrence of the multifocal perivascular necroses in myocardium of acute and subacute Keshan disease

Increased Chondrocyte Apoptosis in Kashin-Beck Disease and Rats Induced by T-2 Toxin and Selenium Deficiency

Objective To investigate chondrocyte apoptosis and the expression of biochemical markers associated with apoptosis in Kashin-Beck disease（KBD） and in an established T-2 toxin-and selenium（Se） deficiency-induced rat model. Methods Cartilages were collected from the hand phalanges of five patients with KBD and five healthy children. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a selenium-deficient diet for 4 weeks prior to T-2 toxin exposure. The apoptotic chondrocytes were observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d UTP nick end labeling staining. Caspase-3, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins in the cartilages were visualized by immunohistochemistry, their protein levels were determined by Western blotting, and m RNA levels were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Increased chondrocyte apoptosis was observed in the cartilages of children with KBD. Increased apoptotic and caspase-3-stained cells were observed in the cartilages of rats fed with normal and Se-deficient diets plus T-2 toxin exposure compared to those in rats fed with normal and Se-deficient diets. Caspase-3, p53, and Bax proteins and m RNA levels were higher, whereas Bcl-2 levels were lower in rats fed with normal or Se-deficiency diets supplemented with T-2 toxin than the corresponding levels in rats fed with normal diet. Conclusion T-2 toxin under a selenium-deficient nutritional status induces chondrocyte death, which emphasizes the role of chondrocyte apoptosis in cartilage damage and progression of KBD.

Selenium and Iodine Deficiencies and Selenoprotein Function

This paper reviews some recent findings on the interactions between selenium deficiency and iodine deficency. Both micronutrients can control the levels of selenoprotein mRNAs, particularly in the thyroid and brain. When selenium and iodine supplies are limiting the compensatory mechanisms work to minimise adverse effects on thyroid hormone metabolsm and thus neurological developtnent. The mechanisms for regulation of selenoproteins in selenium and iodine deficiency are however very tissue-specific. For example, unlike the brain and thyroid,brown adipose tissue is unable to retain selenoproteins in selenium and iodine deficiency and is therefore at greater risk from injurious effects of the deficiencies.

Biochemical and Morphological Changes in the Lenses of Selenium and/or Vitamin E Deficient Rats

The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R),superoalde dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and free radicals were measured, and the morphological changes were observed in the lens of control rats, selenium-deficient (SeD) and/or vitamin E deficient (VED) rats. The activities of GSH-Px in the lens of SeD rats decreased significantly. The GSH-Px activities of lens were positively related to erythrocytes selenium level. There was a free radical at g = 2.0015 in the rat lens of all groupe, but the content of free radicals in the lens of SeD group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The free radical content of lens was negatively related to erythrocytes selenium level, as well as the GSH-Px activities in the lens. In vitro, ultraviolet radiation caused the generation of another kind of free radical (g = 2.0097) in the lens of all groups, but the amount of the free radical in the lens of the SeD group was also significantly higher than that of the control group. The activities of SoD and GSSG-R in VED rat lens were significantly decreased. The amount of MDA in the lens of SeD and/or VED rats were significantly increased. The results showed that the decrease of antioaldative capability in the lenses of SeD and/or VED rats accelerated the lipid peroxidation and generation of free radicals. Although only early morphological changes in SeD and/or VED rat lens were observed, it is considered that selenium and vitamin E deficiency may be involved in the occurrence of cataract

Studies on the Free Radicals and Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in Cattle with Iodine and Selenium Deficicncy

In order to interpret pathologic mechanism of free radicals and thyroid hormone metabolism in cattle iodine and selenium deficiency, 20 heads of yellow cattle were selected from NiuJia town, Wu Chang City, Heilongjiang Province, China, and were randomly devided into 4 groups with 5 for each. ① supplemented with 0.7 mg·kg -1 iodine(potassium iodine), ② supplemented with 0.2 mg·kg -1 selenium (sodium selenite), ③ supplemented with 0.7 mg·kg -1 iodine(potassium Iodine) plus 0.2 mg·kg -1 selenium (sodium selenite) per day for 30 days, respectively. ④control group. The whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and catalase (CAT) activities, free radicals (FR) concentration, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and molonaldehyde (MDA) concentration, the serum triiodothyronine (T 3)、thyroxine (T 4) and thyrotropin (TSH) were determined on the day of supplementation day-0 and day-30, respectively. It was showed that average iodine concentration in drinking water and diet were 3.82 μg·L -1 and 0.285mg·kg -1 , respectively, Diet selenium was 0.0498mg·kg -1 , Serum protein bound iodine(PBI) was 7.02 μg·100 mL, Blood selenium was 0.14 mg·L -1 , the schoolchildren′s goiter was 21.8%. It indicated that iodine and selenium were deficient in the investigated area. Whole blood GSH-px and CAT activities and serum T 3 concentration were significantly higher (P< 0.01 ), FR concentration and serum TSH were significantly lower(P<0.01) in the first three groups than that of the control, T 4 content in the first group was higher(P<0.05), T 4 was also higher (P>0.05) in the second group. and lower in the third group. The SOD and MDA in erythrocyte were not changed during the experimental period, The results also showed that GSH-px and CAT activities were increased, and FR decreased oberviously in the third group more than the other two groups, In addition, Thyroid hormone metabolism was more coincided with the physiologic status in the third group. the iodine and the selenium played an important role in the pathologic process of free radical metabolic disorder. selenium not only had the function of antioxidation by derectly scavenging free radicals, but also affected through GSH-px and CAT activities. iodine deficiency results in the Goiter, selenium deficiency aggravated iodine deficiency, Iodine and the selenium were dependent and restrained each other in the course of free radicals and thyroid hormone metabolism with a synergistic state.

Environmental behaviors of selenium in soil of typical selenosis area,China

Daba Mountain area is one of the two endemic selenosis areas in China,which may relate with the environmental behaviors of selenium (Se) in soil.This study focuses on the concentraion and distribution of Se and its relationships with some other elements in natural soil in the area.The average concentration of Se in Daba Mountain soils was 14.3 times higher than the value cited for natural soil background worldwide,suggesting that soils in the region were contaminated by the element.The finding was confirmed...

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF T-2 TOXIN AND SELENIUM ON CD44 EXPRESSION IN THE CULTURED HUMAN FETAL CHONDROCYTES IN VITRO

Objective To investigate the effect on the structure of reestablished cartilage in vitro and CD44 expression on chondrocytes and compare the inducing effect on the reestablished cartilage in vitro between cortical bone matrix gelatin and cancellous bone matrix gelatin. Methods To plant human fetal chondrocytes on the BMG, the damage of the cultured chondrocytes was observed by the optical microscope (HE staining). The immunohistochemistry of CD44 was quantitative analysis by the image collection and analysis system. Results With the increasing concentration of T 2 toxin, the damage of chondroytes was more and more evident and CD44 expression was lowered. After adding selenium, the damage was relieved and CD44 expression increased. The density of chondrocytes on the cortical bone matrix gelatin was much higher than that on the cancellous bone matrix gelatin. Conclusion T 2 toxin can lower the CD44 expression on the chondrocytes and adding selenium can relieve the damage caused by T 2toxin and increased CD44 expression. The inducing effect on reestablished cartilage in vitro of cortical bone matrix gelatin was much higher than that of cancellous bone matrix gelatin.

Cloning of catalase and expression patterns of catalase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase from Exopalaemon carinicauda in response to low salinity stress

Catalase （CAT） and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase （Se-GPx） play a vital role in protecting organisms against various oxidative stresses by eliminating H202, The objective of this paper is to evaluate the roles of these antioxidant molecules in the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda in response to low salinity stress. A complementary DNA （cDNA） containing the complete coding sequence of CAT was cloned from the hepatopancreas using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length cDNA of CAT （2 649 bp） contains a 5＇-untranslated region （UTR） of 78 bp, a 3＇- UTR of 1 017 bp, with a poly （A） tail, and an open reading frame of 1 554 bp encoding a 517-amino-acid polypeptide with predicted molecular mass of 58.46 kDa and estimated isoelectric point of 6.64. This CAT sequence contained the proximal active site signature （60FDRERIPERWHAKGAG76）, proximal heme-ligand signature sequence （350RLFSYPDTH358） and three catalytic amino acid residues （His71, Asn144 and Tyr354）. Sequence comparison showed that the CAT deduced amino acid sequence of E. carinicauda shared 68%-92% of identities with those of other species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that CAT mRNA was widely expressed in the hepatopancreas （highest）, hemocyte, eyestalk, heart, gill, muscle, ovary and stomach. Under low salinity stress, CAT and GPx mRNA expression levels both in the gill and hepatopancreas increased significantly at the first 48 h and 6 h respectively, indicating a tissue- and time-dependent antioxidant response in E. carinicauda. All these results indicate that E. carinicauda CAT is a member of the CAT family and might be involved in the acute response against low salinity stress.

Antioxidant Effect of Selenium-containing Glutathione S-Transferase in Rat Cardiomyocytes

As one of the most important antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase（GPX） protects cells and tissues from oxidative damage, and plays an important role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injuries induced by oxida- tive stress. The antioxidant effect of selenium-containing glutathione S-transferase（Se-GST）, a mimic of GPX was investigated on rat cardiomyocytes. To explore the protection function of Se-GST in hydrogen peroxide（H202） chal- lenged rat cardiomyocytes, we examined malondialdehyde（MDA）, lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）, superoxide dismu- tase（SOD） and cell apoptosis. The results demonstrate exposure of rat cardiomyocytes to H202 for 6 and 12 h induced the significant increases of MDA, LDH and apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes, but pretreatment of rat cardiomyocytes with Se-GST at 0.0005 or 0.001 unit/mL prevents oxidative stress induced by H202 with the decreases of cell apopto- sis. All the results hint Se-GST has antioxidant activity for oxidative stress challenged rat cardiomyocvtes.

Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium on Free Radicals Metabolism of Broilers

To study effects of vitamin E （VE） and selenium （Se） on dynamic variation rules, functions and metabolisms of different free radicals, 2 weeks age chicks were reared using four kinds of dietaries that differed in their VE and Se content. Free radicals in blood and tissues of broiler chicks were detected directly or indirectly using electron spin resonance （ESR） testing and biology chemistry methods. Results showed that NO free radical contents were decreasing due to the increasing of VE supplement in dietary and VE level was negatively correlated with NO free radicals. High Se supplement dietaries had the trend to induce the produce of NO free radicals. High VE and Se level dietaries significantly enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in serum and liver. Depending on time, SOD and GSH-Px activities were declining and increasing respectively, which indicated that being short of VE and/or Se in dietaries could link to the produce of O-2, H2O2 free radicals. With the deficiency lasting, organism would continuously produce large amounts of O-2 free radicals but H2O2 free radicals were just produced explosively at the beginning of deficiency and than tended to be steady. Low VE and/or Se levels in dietaries could remarkably enhance malondialdehyde（MDA）contents in tissues and the effect of low Se was stronger. VE and Se in dietary had synergic effect on metabolisms of NO, O-2 and H2O2 free radicals.

THE EFFECT ON PROTEOGLYCAN METABOLISM OF DEOXYNIVALENOL AND SELENIUM IN THE CULTURED HUMAN FETAL CHONDROCYTES IN VITRO

Objective To investigate the effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) and selenium (Se) on the morphology of chondrocytes and the metabolism of cartilage matrix, and the expression of aggrecanase-1, 2 mRNA in monolayer cultured chondrocytes in vitro. Methods To plant human fetal chondrocytes on the BMG, the expression of Aggrecanase-1, 2 mRNA were analyzed by RT-PCR, the immunohistochemistry of NITEGE epitope was quantitativly analyzed by the image collection and analysis system. Results With the increase of the concentration of DON, the damage of cultured chondrocytes was more and more severe; the expression of NITEGE epitope showed an increasing trend and the fluorescent bands of aggrecanase-1, 2 mRNA were more and more obvious. After adding Se, the damage was relieved, and there was a decreasing trend of NITEGE epitope expressed in matrix. Conclusion DON can enhance transcription of aggrecanase gene and increase the expression of NITEGE epitope which eventually lead to the metabolic disorder of cartilage proteoglycan. It suggested that Se can partially alleviate the damage of DON on cartilage, but can not completely prevent the occurrence of these changes.

锂硫电池中硒缺陷WSe_(2)催化性能的理论研究

二硒化钨具有优异导电性、高比表面积和大间距层状结构等特点,能作为催化材料有效提升锂硫电池的性能;然而少量的边缘活性位点阻碍了其催化活性的进一步提升.通过引入原子空位制造表面缺陷,可使其暴露更多的表面活性位点,提高催化活性.本文通过第一性原理计算考察了不同Se空位缺陷浓度(3.125%,6.25%,9.375%和12.5%)WSe_(2)表面的多硫化物吸附能力、锂离子迁移能力和多硫化物转化能力,探究了缺陷改性硒化钨在锂硫电池中的应用潜力.结果表明,6.25%中等空位缺陷浓度的WSe_(2)表面具有适中的多硫化物吸附能力、快速的锂离子迁移和对于充电放电过程的同步促进作用,是最优势的表面;3.125%的低空位缺陷WSe_(2)表面对于多硫化物吸附、锂离子迁移和充放电过程均不利;9.375%和12.5%的高空位缺陷WSe_(2)表面虽然有利于锂离子迁移,但是对于短链多硫化物的吸附能力过强,同时不利于放电过程.

施硒对茄子生长、硒含量与富硒能力的影响

为了认识蔬菜的富硒状况和硒对蔬菜生长的影响,进行了土壤和叶面施硒种植茄子的盆栽试验,测定了茄子生长期间的株高和收获后的生物量及其硒含量。结果表明,土施和叶施硒均增加了茄果的产量,叶施硒还有助于茄子矮化。叶施硒使茄子根、叶和果的硒含量分别增加了3.0、14.3和9.9倍,根、叶、果、地上部和总富硒量分别增加了1.6、10.2、15.0、8.5和6.7倍;而土施硒使茄子根、茎、叶和果的硒含量分别增加了3.1、4.4、5.7和2.0倍,根、茎、叶、果、地上部和总富硒量分别增加了2.1、5.8、7.5、4.2、5.9和4.5倍。叶施硒茄子叶和果的硒含量是土施硒的2.1和3.0倍,叶、果、地上和总富硒量是土施硒的1.3、3.1、1.5和1.4倍。对照下根的富硒率最高,叶施硒下果的富硒率最高,土施硒下叶的富硒率最高,均以茎的富硒率最低;所有处理中,地上富硒率均在64%~89%之间,呈叶施>土施>对照。叶施硒下茄子对施硒的总利用率达到30.5%,以果的利用率最高,茎最低;土施硒下茄子对施硒的利用率不到0.7%,以叶最高,根最低。总之,施硒增加了茄果的产量、茄子硒含量、富硒量和富硒率,其中叶施比土施硒更能促进茄子果、叶的硒含量、富硒量和茄子对施硒的利用率,此外叶施硒改变了茄子生长模式,促进茄子矮化。

Se和VE对大鼠心肌组织TGF-β_1mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨Se和VE对大鼠心肌组织TGF鄄β1mRNA表达的影响。方法通过Se和VE缺乏的半合成人工饲料喂养大鼠,采用RT鄄PCR检测TGF鄄β1mRNA在心肌组织的表达特点。结果Se和VE联合缺乏组大鼠心肌可见散在微小灶状心肌坏死。与补Se补VE组比较,Se或VE单项缺乏组TGF鄄β1mRNA表达已有所增高(P<0.01),Se和VE联合缺乏组TGF鄄β1mRNA表达增高最显著(P<0.001)。结论Se和VE缺乏可诱导大鼠心肌组织TGF鄄β1mRNA表达上调,TGF鄄β1可能亦参与了Se和VE联合缺乏所致心肌损伤的病理过程。

Se肥施用方式和施用时期对水稻含Se量及产量的影响

在田间小区的试验条件下研究不同硒（Se）肥的施用方法及施用时期对水稻植株和籽粒中Se的吸收与富集的影响。研究表明：水稻在生长前期和旺盛时期对Se的吸收和积累有很大差异。与对照相比,苗床施Se、土壤施Se和叶面喷Se 3种方式均能明显提高各生育期水稻植株和籽粒中Se的含量,富Se效果达到差异极显著水平。从稻米富Se效果看,富Se含量在0.163-0.207 mg·kg^-1之间,Se含量增加了5.8-7.6倍,且都在安全范围内。从水稻富Se的方式上,不同施Se方式富Se效果依次为水稻扬花期喷Se〉土壤施Se〉育苗期喷Se〉对照。从叶面喷施Se的时间上,稻米富Se效果依次是扬花期喷Se〉育苗期喷Se〉灌浆期喷Se〉齐穗期喷Se〉对照。从水稻富Se类型上看,外源无机Se和有机Se都能明显促进水稻对Se的积累。水稻育苗期和扬花期叶面喷Se在提高水稻稻米中含Se量的同时,并没有降低水稻产量。因此水稻叶面喷Se是一条安全、简单、易操作的途径。

长三角典型地区土壤环境中Se的空间变异特征及其与人类健康的关系

农业土壤环境中硒(Se)的缺乏或过量都会通过食物链最终影响人类健康。在203个土壤采样点的基础上,利用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,对江苏省如皋市农田土壤环境中Se的空间变异特征及其影响因素进行分析,同时,对土壤中Se的空间分布与长寿人口的空间分布进行空间叠加分析。研究结果表明,如皋市土壤环境中总Se及水溶态Se的平均含量分别为0.13 mg/kg和2.16μg/kg,研究区处在相对低Se的土壤环境中。总Se的空间变异性不大,其空间分布比较均一;但水溶态Se的空间变异性较大,主要受成土条件及土壤母质、土壤类型及地形地貌等结构性因子的影响。水溶态Se对土壤的理化性质也比较敏感,特别是速效磷、有机质及全钾含量与水溶态硒的相关性较显著,因此在有机质及土壤养分含量较高、土壤颗粒组成较细的东部及北部地区水溶态硒的含量也较高。土壤水溶态Se的空间分异与长寿人口比率的空间分异呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数达r =0.325,表明人类的健康长寿现象与环境中水溶态硒的含量有很大关系,但人类长寿的本质和真正机理仍需进一步研究验证。

不同pH条件和P-Se交互作用对茶园土壤Se(Ⅳ)吸附行为的影响

为了给生产上采取增施磷肥措施提高茶园土壤硒的有效性提供理论依据,通过实验室模拟实验,研究了不同pH条件和P-Se交互作用对茶园土壤Se(Ⅳ)吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在吸附液3种pH条件下Se(Ⅳ)的吸附平衡时间无明显变化。当吸附液pH=3时土壤对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附量显著高于pH=5和pH=7的处理,而后两者之间差异较小。P-Se交互作用不仅延长了Se(Ⅳ)达到吸附平衡所需的时间,而且导致其平衡吸附量显著下降。茶园土壤对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附动力学曲线用双常数方程和Elovich方程拟合效果较好,而Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程均可较好地描述Se(Ⅳ)的吸附热力学特征。P对土壤中Se(Ⅳ)吸附行为的影响与两者的摩尔浓度比以及添加顺序有关,在3种不同添加顺序下,Se(Ⅳ)吸附量的大小为先加Se后加P>Se与P同时加入>先加P后加Se,且当P/Se摩尔浓度比>1时,土壤对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附量呈现明显的下降趋势。

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定不同产地绞股蓝及其根际土壤中As,Hg,Se

通过优化了的氢化物发生—原子荧光法测定了7个省产绞股蓝及其根际土壤中As,Hg,Se三种元素的含量,研究结果表明:7个省产绞股蓝中As,Hg,Se的含量存在较大差异,但As和Hg两种重金属元素含量均低于《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》中As和Hg的限量标准。Se元素含量同根际土壤中Se元素含量显示极显著相关性,故湖北恩施富硒区产绞股蓝中Se含量明显高于其他6省产绞股蓝。研究结果可以初步判定,绞股蓝中Se元素主要来源于土壤,而As和Hg元素的积累则不同于Se元素,还可能受到大气气溶胶的干、湿沉降等因素的影响。