What Is the Role of Work-Related Factors in Self-Reported Health Inequalities among Employed Individuals? A Longitudinal Study in Luxembourg

Objectives: We measured health inequalities among employed Luxembourg residents over time and the socio-economic and work-related determinants. Design and Setting: Longitudinal data were obtained from the Socio-economic Liewen zu Lëtzebuerg/European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions, which has been conducted each year since 2003 in Luxembourg. Participants: Participants comprised 727 Luxembourg residents (58% men), aged between 21 and 55 years in 2003, who were employed between 2003 and 2012. Primary and Secondary Outcomes Measured: The variable of interest was self-reported health. We used transition indicators on work-related factors to consider changes that individuals may have experienced in their job over this period. Results: People who moved from a part-time to a full-time contract (odds ratio (OR): 5.52, confidence interval (CI): 1.55 - 19.73), and those who moved from the 3rd or 4th quartile of earnings to the 1st or 2nd quartile (OR: 2.48, CI: 1.02 - 6.05) between 2003 and 2012, had a higher risk of being in poor health in 2012. The risk of deterioration in self-reported health in 2012 among people who were healthy in 2003 was associated with the type of contract, economic activity, and occupation. Conclusion: Health inequalities occur among employed people in Luxembourg. Their importance varies according to work-related characteristics and economic activity. Our findings showed that declined health status was associated with contract type, profession, and economic activity. This suggests that measures should be taken to maintain good health for people working in these specific occupations or economic sectors (e.g. preventive action, reduction of risk exposure, change of occupation in the same company, and so on).

The effect of self-employment on health, access to care, and health behavior

The focus of this paper is to investigate the role self-employment conceptualized as a lifestyle factor on health, access to health care, and health behaviors. We analyze rich data on 13,435 working adults in the US, who are either selfemployed or salaried workers. Outcomes include physical and mental health perception, validated indexes of physical and mental health, and medical conditions;access-to-care measures such as a barrier to obtaining necessary health care;and health behaviors such as smoking, physical activity and body mass index. Instrumental variables methods are used to correct for selection into self-employment. We find that self-employment is positively associated with perceived physical health, and is negatively associated with having diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and arthritis. No mental health outcome is significantly associated with self-employment. There is no significant difference between self-employed and wage-earning individuals with regard to access to care. Self-employed individuals are less likely to smoke, and are more likely to participate in physical activity and have normal-weight. We conclude that despite lack of health insurance, self-employed persons in the US are as healthy as wage-earners, do not experience a greater barrier to access to care, and are more likely to engage in healthy behavior.

Speculations on Achieving ＂Self - employment＂ in the Internet Economy

The advent of the universal Internet Era provides a new platform for employment and entrepreneurship,highlighting the new trend of"self-employment".It is necessary for all departments of the government to cooperate in employment and entrepreneurship and carry out coordinated planning in the huge project of employment.The government is required to improve policies and laws,establish market-oriented talent development system and public system,promote new development of entrepreneurship and employment in the Internet economy,alleviate China's current severe employment situation,solve the problem of employment and entrepreneurship,and eventually find a new economic growth point.

Parameter Self - Learning of Generalized Predictive Control Using BP Neural Network

This paper describes the self—adjustment of some tuning-knobs of the generalized predictive controller(GPC).A three feedforward neural network was utilized to on line learn two key tuning-knobs of GPC,and BP algorithm was used for the training of the linking-weights of the neural network.Hence it gets rid of the difficulty of choosing these tuning-knobs manually and provides easier condition for the wide applications of GPC on industrial plants.Simulation results illustrated the effectiveness of the method.

Self - Crosslinking Behavior of Self - Emulsion Water - Based Polyure-thane Coating Agents

The relation between structures and properties of polyurethane are investigated by modern physical and chemical methods.The results obtained are as follows:the effects of the content of self-crosslinking agent on the properties of polyurethane,i.e.,dispersion stability,dynamical viscoelasticity and mechanical properties are discussed.It is found that the optimum molar ratio of epichlorohydrin and diethylenetriamine is 1:2.A mois-

Culture Self- Consciousness in Transmission of Chinese Philosophy from the Perspective of English Globalization -- Taking the Belt and Road Initiative for Example

The Belt and Road Initiative contains the aspiration of Chinese nation to pursue ideological freedom and desire of strengthening international exchanges and cooperation. This paper takes the Belt and Road Initiative for example,emphasizing the interpretation of the inheritance and development of Chinese culture so as to study the importance of Culture Self-Consciousness in Chinese Philosophy,in the context of English globalization. That is to say,this paper stresses the spirits and the stand of nation 's demonstration on pursuing peace,cooperation and sustainable development in the civilization continuity from traditional China to the contemporary China,with practical philosophic view.

劳动者创业与多层次社会保险需求——基于中国家庭金融调查数据的实证研究

采用2013—2017年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,实证检验自主创业对多层次社会保险需求的影响。研究发现:个体进行自主创业后的多层次社会保险需求会显著提高,增加幅度平均为3.29个百分点。相比于受雇个体,年龄在45~59岁且收入处于中等水平的发展型创业个体具有更高的多层次社会保险需求。在保险类型上,自主创业个体对多层次养老保险的需求最高,而对多层次医疗保险的需求较低。自主创业个体还会提高其家人的多层次社会保险需求,配置顺序依次是青壮年、老年人和儿童。

高职师范生职业决策自我效能感对就业力的影响研究:职业生涯规划的中介作用

采用方便抽样法,利用职业决策自我效能感量表、就业力量表、职业生涯规划量表对547名学前教育专业和早期教育专业学生进行调查。研究发现,高职师范生职业决策自我效能感、就业力、职业生涯规划均处于中等以上水平,职业决策自我效能感与就业力呈正相关关系,职业生涯规划在其中起部分中介作用。基于此,建议高职院校要通过开设职业发展课程、举办职业生涯工作坊和开展实习实践活动,提高学生对自己职业决策能力的信心;系统化职业生涯规划教育,确保学生能够根据自己的兴趣和能力做出明智的职业选择;建立职业发展支持体系,提供全覆盖、全方位、全程化的指导与服务;跟踪学生职业发展,及时提供必要的支持和帮助。

大学生就业焦虑与职业决策困难、自我效能感的关系探究

该文通过探究大学生就业焦虑、职业决策困难、自我效能感三者之间的关系,分析就业焦虑和职业决策困难对就业焦虑的影响。使用就业焦虑问卷、职业决策困难问卷和大学生自我效能感量表,对553名大学生进行检测。结果显示:就业焦虑与职业决策困难呈显著中度正相关,与自我效能感呈显著负相关,自我效能感与职业决策困难呈显著负相关;职业决策困难在自我效能感对就业焦虑的影响中起完全中介作用。通过关注特殊就业群体并精准帮扶、加强就业指导并贯穿学业全过程、注重家校沟通并建立协同联动机制,可以有效提高大学生的自我效能感,降低职业决策困难程度和就业焦虑程度。

中国行业协会自律职能缺失的原因分析--基于角色冲突的分析框架

行业协会的重要职能之一就是促进行业自律,行业自律是对政府监管的重要补充。但在现实中,许多行业组织没有充分发挥自律的作用,有些甚至成为行业垄断和价格联盟的工具。从行业协会的层面剖析,这主要是由行业协会自身的角色冲突引起的。这种角色冲突主要表现为其在性质上的公益与私益的冲突,这属于角色利益的冲突;范畴上营利与非营利的冲突,这属于角色目标与角色执行的冲突;功能上的管理与服从的冲突,这属于角色规范的冲突;价值取向上的"义"与"利"冲突,这属于角色认同的冲突。

差序式领导、自我效能感与员工沉默行为关系的实证研究--雇佣关系氛围与组织结构有机性的调节作用

基于社会交换理论与社会认知理论,本文以260名企业员工为研究对象,探讨了差序式领导-自我效能感-员工沉默行为的影响路径,并进一步分析了雇佣关系氛围和组织结构有机性的调节效应。研究结果表明:差序式领导对员工沉默行为(默许性沉默、防御性沉默、亲社会性沉默)具有显著负向影响;自我效能感中介了差序式领导与员工沉默行为之间的关系;雇佣关系氛围和组织结构有机性在差序式领导与自我效能感之间起正向调节作用。在此基础上提出了以下管理启示:避免"圈子"固化,保持"圈子"内外人员流动;重视员工自信感知问题,增强员工心理归属感;营造和谐的雇佣关系氛围,构建有机式的组织结构。本文为研究中国情境下差序式领导对员工沉默行为的影响提供了借鉴。

家庭经济困难医学生一般自我效能感对就业能力的影响机制

目的探讨医学类高校家庭经济困难大学生的一般自我效能感与就业能力的关系及成就动机与职业抱负的中介作用。方法2023年3—5月,采用就业能力量表、一般自我效能感量表、成就动机量表、职业抱负量表对包头医学院、内蒙古医科大学、内蒙古民族大学、赤峰学院、包头职业技术学院5所医学类高校643名参与者[75%(482名)女性,25%(161名)男性)]进行问卷星调研。结果学生干部的职业抱负[(3.92±0.36)分]、一般自我效能感[(2.59±0.56)分]、成就动机[(10.22±0.86)分]分别高于普通学生[(3.68±0.77)分vs.(2.36±0.52)分vs.(10.01±0.65)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),男性就业能力得分高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。护理学、临床医学的成就动机差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)。一般自我效能感、成就动机、职业抱负和就业能力之间存在显著的正相关关系。职业抱负在一般自我效能感和就业能力之间存在显著的中介效应(0.073,占总效应的13.92%),一般自我效能感通过成就动机和职业抱负的中介作用影响就业能力。结论本文表明可以从积极培养家庭经济困难大学生的一般自我效能感进而激发学生的成就动机着手,同时为求职建立明确的行动目标,提高了学生的职业抱负,从而提高就业能力。本研究所提出的就业能力影响机制为高校有效开展职业指导工作提供了参考途径。

互联网使用对农村女性非农就业的影响

基于中国家庭追踪调查2020年数据,利用二元Probit模型,分析了互联网使用对农村女性非农就业的影响及其作用机制,并进行异质性分析。研究结果表明:第一,互联网使用显著提升了农村女性非农自雇和非农受雇的概率;第二,通过互联网进行学习仅能够促进农村女性的非农受雇,而通过互联网进行社交对农村女性的非农自雇和非农受雇均有促进作用;第三,互联网使用对中东部地区农村女性的非农自雇促进作用更突出,对西部地区农村女性的非农受雇促进作用更大;同时相较于农村高学历女性,农村低学历女性更能在使用互联网中获益。基于此,提出了政府应完善乡村互联网基础设施建设,加强对农村女性互联网使用的技能培训,提升农村女性就业机会等政策建议。

高职院校学生自主创业现状问题及对策探析

近年来,高职院校学生针对就业难的问题,在国家的倡导和鼓励下选择自主创业。本文从高职院校学生自主创业的意义、现状及面临的问题分析,从而提出改进高职院校学生自主创业现状的具体措施。

学历污名与高职生学业自我妨碍:有调节的中介效应

为探究感知到的学历污名对高职生学业自我妨碍的影响及其心理机制,采用问卷法对753名高职生进行调查,通过相关分析、差异检验、有调节的中介效应检验等统计学方法进行数据分析。研究发现:(1)学历污名对高职生的学业自我妨碍具有直接的影响,学历污名越严重,产生的学业自我妨碍行为越多;(2)感知可雇佣性在其中起到部分中介作用;(3)教师支持能够对中介模型的直接路径和前半段路径进行调节,削弱学历污名对感知可雇佣性和学业自我妨碍的影响强度。

高职学生自主创业培养模式探析-以广州城市职业学院“广州纵梦创业团队”为例

高职院校培养学生自主创业能力对推进"大众创业,万众创新"十分重要,但目前高职学生在自主培养方面存在自主创业氛围不浓、创业教育实践教学体系不完善、缺乏培养学生的创业精神和自主创业师资缺乏等问题。广州城市职业学院构建了"造氛围、开课程、重实践、给政策"的学生自主创业培养模式,培养了"广州纵梦创业团队"等成功的学生自主创业典范。

高职学生就业意向实证研究--基于社会认同度和自我感知就业能力视角

高职学生就业意向研究,对就业指导工作有重要意义。通过构建应届毕业生就业意向模型,分析社会认同度、自我感知就业能力对就业意向的影响。从云南省六所高职院校2020届应届毕业生中采集了503个有效样本,运用结构方程模型进行了实证分析。研究结论显示:社会认同直接或通过自我感知就业能力对就业意向产生影响;基本就业技能显著正向影响心理资本,心理资本显著正向影响社会资本。

农民工自我雇佣的收入效应及其异质性研究

基于2018年流动人口动态监测调查数据分析了农民工从事自我雇佣的收入效应及其异质性特征。研究发现:自我雇佣与机会型自雇对农民工收入产生了显著的促进效应,但生存型自雇却明显抑制了农民工的收入提升。机会型自雇对农民工收入的影响呈“线性上升型”趋势,且总体无显著差异。而自我雇佣与生存型自雇在低分位点上对农民工收入产生了显著的抑制效应,但随着分位点的提高,对农民工收入的影响亦表现出“线性上升型”趋势,两者整体呈“正U型”发展趋势并表现出明显的两极分化现象。自我雇佣、机会型自雇以及生存型自雇对层次较高的产业、东中部区域、男性、年龄相对较小及受教育水平较高的农民工产生了更加明显的收入促进效应。研究为完善促进农民工更充分、更高质量就业的公共政策提供了有益借鉴。

延迟退休背景下自雇型就业的健康效应与作用机制分析——来自CHARLS中老年劳动者的经验证据

目的:自雇型就业是未来中老年劳动力的主要就业方式,研究自雇型中老年劳动者的健康效应对延迟退休政策颁布和实施极具现实意义。方法:利用中国健康与养老调查数据,基于中介效应模型系统考察自雇型就业对于中老年劳动者健康影响效应以及作用机制。结论:受雇相对于自雇而言存在“健康庇护”现象,社会经济变量在中老年自雇型就业者健康影响渠道中发挥绝对性作用,睡眠时间、社交活动以及个人收入对身体功能障碍水平有显著性影响,尤其是对高龄和农业领域的中老年劳动者影响更为显著。建议:未来着力点在于完善个人健康行为、构建积极的老龄就业法律、公共服务体系和社会保障体系以及通过第三方健康支持保证群体身体健康,以期延迟中国人口红利消失速度,提升渐进式延迟法定退休年龄政策实施效果。