Overview of Factors Affecting Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Cells and Cleaning Methods

Dust deposition on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) cells poses a significant challenge to their efficiency, especially in arid regions characterized by desert and semi-desert conditions. Despite the pronounced impact of dust accumulation, these regions offer optimal solar radiation and minimal cloud cover, making them ideal candidates for widespread PV cell deployment. Various surface cleaning methods exist, each employing distinct approaches. Choosing an appropriate cleaning method requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in both dust deposition on module surfaces and dust adhesion to PV cell surfaces. The mechanisms governing dust deposition and adhesion are complex and multifaceted, influenced by factors such as the nature and properties of the dust particles, environmental climatic conditions, characteristics of protective coatings, and the specific location of the PV installation. These factors exhibit regional variations, necessitating the implementation of diverse cleaning approaches tailored to the unique conditions of each location. The first part of this article explores the factors influencing dust deposition on PV cell surfaces, delving into the intricate interplay of environmental variables and particle characteristics. Subsequently, the second part addresses various cleaning methods, offering an analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages. By comprehensively examining the factors influencing dust accumulation and evaluating the effectiveness of different cleaning strategies, this article aims to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing efforts to optimize the performance and longevity of photovoltaic systems in diverse geographical contexts.

Effects of Househould Cleaning Methods on Carbendazim Residue in Apples

Carbendazim,belonging to fungicides,was commonly used for controlling crop diseases,resulting in frequent residues in fruits and vegetables.Washing was the initial step of household fruit processing for cleaning and reducing pollutant contents.However,the effect of washing on the removal of carbendazim in apples was not systemically studied.Thus,in this study,an analytical method was firstly established for the determination of carbendazim with great accuracy and precision through quick,simple,cheap,effective and safe(QuEChERS)method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection(UPLC-FLD).Then,the influencing factors were systematically researched to unveil their effects on the carbendazim residue in apples.The results indicated that water temperature,washing products and washing method could obviously affect the carbendazim content in apples.In addition,the best cleaning scheme for removal of carbendazim was soaking apples for 5 min in a cleaning solution,which was prepared by dissolving 8 g of commercial fruit washing soup with 500 ml of water at 45℃.Under this condition,the removal rate of carbendazim in the washing step reached 73.91%.This study will be helpful for providing guidance for household cleaning methods for controlling pesticide residues.

Evaluation methods of man-machine-environment system for clean and safe production in phosphorus mines: A case study

Phosphorus is an essential element in agricultural production and chemical industry. However, since the risk of casualties and economic loss by mining accidents, the application of clean and safe production in phosphorus mines encounters great challenges. For this purpose, a man-machine-environment system composed of evaluation indexes was established, and the grading standards of indexes were defined. Firstly, the measurements of 39 qualitative indexes were obtained through the survey data. According to the measured values of 31 quantitative indexes, the measurements of quantitative indexes were calculated by linear measurement function(LM) and other three functions. Then the singleindex measurement evaluation matrixes were established. Secondly, the entropy weight method was used to determine the weights of each index directly. The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was also applied to calculate the weights of index and index factor hierarchies after the established hierarchical model. The weights of system hierarchies were given by the grid-based fuzzy Borda method(GFB). The comprehensive weights were determined by the combination method of AHP and GFB(CAG). Furthermore, the multi-index comprehensive measurement evaluation vectors were obtained.Thirdly, the vectors were evaluated by the credible degree recognition(CDR) and the maximum membership(TMM)criteria. Based on the above functions, methods, and criteria, 16 combination evaluation methods were recommended.Finally, the clean and safe production grade of Kaiyang phosphate mine in China was evaluated. The results show that the LM-CAG-CDR is the most reasonable method, which can not only determine the clean and safe production grade of phosphorus mines, but also improve the development level of clean and safe mining of phosphorus mines for guidance.In addition, some beneficial suggestions and measures were also proposed to advance the clean and safe production grade of Kaiyang phosphorus mine.

VIRTUAL EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON CLEANING ELEMENT OF SUGARCANE HARVESTER

The laws of influence of different factors have been analyzed in order to enhance the working efficiency and fatigue life of the cleaning element in brush shape of the sugarcane harvester. Based on the principle of orthogonal experiment design, the virtual-orthogonal-experimental analysis for the cleaning element is carried out on the finite element analysis （FEA） software-ANSYS after analyzing the nonlinear structural behavior in the working procedure. The results are analyzed with the overall balancing method, and then the optimal combination is got, which is made up of different levels of different factors. Also the optimal combination of design parameters of the cleaning element received fiom the virtual experimental analysis is conducted an experiment to confirm that the virtual analysis model and results are right, and the effect of factors on the function of the cleaning element is obtained by more analysis and further optimizing.

Pseudo-Random Coding Side-Lobe Suppression Method Based on CLEAN Algorithm

A pseudo-random coding side-lobe suppression method based on CLEAN algorithm is introduced.The CLEAN algorithm mainly processes pulse compression results of a pseudo-random coding,and estimates a target＇s distance by a method named interpolation method,so that we can get an ideal pulse compression result of the target,and then use the adjusted ideal pulse compression side-lobe to cut the actual pulse compression result,so as to achieve the remarkable performance of side-lobe suppression for large targets,and let the adjacent small targets appear.The computer simulations by MATLAB with this method analyze the effect of side-lobe suppression in an ideal or noisy environment.It is proved that this method can effectively solve the problem due to the side-lobe of pseudo-random coding being too high,and can enhance the radar＇s multi-target detection ability.

Application of Hole-cleaning Simulation for Drilling

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表面粗化处理及Ivoclean对唾液浸泡后氧化锆粘接性能的影响

目的:探讨两种不同表面粗化处理(砂纸打磨及喷砂)及Ivoclean对唾液浸泡后氧化锆粘接性能的影响。方法:将52个氧化锆瓷块随机分为两组,分别选用不同方法对瓷块表面进行粗化处理:120#水砂纸打磨粗化及喷砂粗化处理。处理后,扫描电镜观察其表面形态,X射线荧光光谱仪对陶瓷表面成分进行定性定量分析。将每组试样浸泡于人工唾液后,75%乙醇消毒清洁表面,根据是否配合Ivoclean分为两个亚组;将每组试样与自粘接树脂水门汀Rely X U200树脂水门汀粘接后,万能试验机测试剪切粘接强度,对界面破坏模式进行观察,并对结果进行2×2析因方差统计学分析。结果:四组的剪切粘接强度分别为:19.75±2.05 MPa(砂纸打磨+无Ivoclean)、27.46±2.02MPa(砂纸打磨+Ivoclean)、23.62±2.80MPa(喷砂+无Ivoclean)和29.81±2.61MPa(喷砂+Ivoclean)。析因方差分析结果显示:喷砂处理配合使用Ivoclean,所获得的剪切粘接强度明显高于其它各组(P<0.05)。相同消毒处理条件下,喷砂粗化组的效果均优于砂纸打磨粗化组(F=11.906,P<0.05);相同粗化条件下,乙醇消毒表面后配合Ivoclean使用可明显提升氧化锆的剪切粘接强度(F=84.191,P<0.05);表面粗化处理及清洁方式间无交互效应(F=1.005,P<0.05)。结论:表面粗化处理方式及表面清洁方式均是提高唾液浸泡后氧化锆与树脂水门汀间剪切粘接强度的相关影响因素,两者间无交互效应,喷砂处理配合使用Ivoclean可显著提升唾液浸泡后氧化锆的粘接性能。

基于OpenCL的MUSER CLEAN算法研究与实现

天文软件开发中迫切需要在单机环境下进行高性能数据处理工作,但由于机器配置不同,采用传统的多线程、CUDA(Compute Unified Device Architecture)+GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)等方式都存在明显的局限,不利于天文软件的快速移植和无缝运行.对明安图频谱射电日像仪(MingantU SpEctral Radioheliograph,MUSER)数据处理系统开发中所采用的OpenCL(Open Computing Language)技术进行介绍,并基于OpenCL实现Hgbom CLEAN算法.整体工作通过Python语言和PyOpenCL扩展包实现并行洁化处理.实验结果表明:基于OpenCL实现的CLEAN算法与基于CUDA实现的CLEAN算法具有大致相当的运行效率,同时也可以无需修改代码直接实现纯CPU(Central Processing Unit)环境下的高性能数据处理,解决了对CUDA+GPU环境依赖的问题,在保证MUSER数据处理系统洁化过程性能的基础上,提高了系统对硬件平台的适用性.该工作验证了OpenCL在科学数据处理中的可用性,可以预见:由于OpenCL所具有的异构环境下高性能计算特性,OpenCL将是未来天文高性能软件开发的首选技术.

最大熵与MP-CLEAN方法对扩展源图像重建的比较

在射电综合成像领域,通常需要用退卷积的方法补全频域稀疏的采样。由于扩展源的频域信息更为丰富,要补全这些信息相对于点源来说更难,因此扩展源的图像重建是射电综合成像领域的一大难点。为了探索射电干涉扩展源图像重建方法的特点,将最大熵与一种加速的CLEAN方法(文中称之为Multi-Point CLEAN,MP-CLEAN)对扩展源的干涉阵模拟数据的图像重建进行了比较。通过比较,发现对于同样的观测数据,两种方法都能较好地重建图像,但MP-CLEAN方法的旁瓣祛除效果与重建效果优于最大熵方法,而且在模拟数据重建中MP-CLEAN方法的总体速度比最大熵快3倍以上。最后,在讨论部分通过研究两种方法中参数的选择对重建结果的影响,发现最大熵方法比MP-CLEAN方法对参数选择的依赖性弱,这表明最大熵方法有更好的鲁棒性。

A hybrid decision support system with golden cut and bipolar q‑ROFSs for evaluating the risk‑based strategic priorities of fintech lending for clean energy projects

In the last decade,the risk evaluation and the investment decision are among the most prominent issues of efficient project management.Especially,the innovative financial sources could have some specific risk appetite due to the increasing return of invest-ment.Hence,it is important to uncover the risk factors of fintech investments and investigate the possible impacts with an integrated approach to the strategic priorities of fintech lending.Accordingly,this study aims to analyze a unique risk set and the stra-tegic priorities of fintech lending for clean energy projects.The most important contri-butions to the literature can be listed as to construct an impact-direction map of risk-based strategic priorities for fintech lending in clean energy projects and to measure the possible influences by using a hybrid decision making system with golden cut and bipolar q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets.The extension of multi stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis(M-SWARA)is applied for weighting the risk factors of fintech lending.The extension of elimination and choice translating reality(ELECTRE)is employed for con-structing and ranking the risk-based strategic priorities for clean energy projects.In this process,data is obtained with the evaluation of three different decision makers.The main superiority of the proposed model by comparing with the previous models in the literature is that significant improvements are made to the classical SWARA method so that a new technique is created with the name of M-SWARA.Hence,the causality analysis between the criteria can also be performed in this proposed model.The find-ings demonstrate that security is the most critical risk factor for fintech lending system.Moreover,volume is found as the most critical risk-based strategy for fintech lending.In this context,fintech companies need to take some precautions to effectively manage the security risk.For this purpose,the main risks to information technologies need to be clearly identified.Next,control steps should be put for these risks to be managed properly.Furthermore,it has been determined that the most appropriate strategy to increase the success of the fintech lending system is to increase the number of financi-ers integrated into the system.Within this framework,the platform should be secure and profitable to persuade financiers.

化学药品中的遗传毒性杂质的质量控制

药品中微量水平的遗传毒性物质具有引发肿瘤甚至癌症的风险,并且该致癌风险可能与剂量没有相关性。因此,目前各国监管机构要求对药品中遗传毒性杂质进行严格控制。本综述通过查阅国内外相关文献、指导原则,从监管机构对药品中遗传毒性杂质的监管策略、遗传毒性杂质来源、检测方法及清除策略4个方面进行了系统的总结综述。该综述为药品中遗传毒性杂质的控制/清除、检测提供了参考和依据。

基于超疏水、超亲水自清洁涂层的研究及其多功能应用

固体材料因其表面积聚的灰尘、污垢、油脂等污染物而受到污染,进而导致材料的失效和故障等问题。通过涂覆超亲水、超疏水的特殊润湿性自清洁涂层是解决这些问题的有效方法。从固体表面润湿性理论出发,阐述了理论润湿模型、润湿性参数以及润滑行为;介绍了超疏水性、超亲水性自清洁功能的工作原理。同时,介绍了国内外关于超疏水、超亲水自清洁涂层的相关制备方法及其优缺点,以及涂层在光伏发电、防冰防霜、金属防腐领域的多功能应用。最后指出,存在对涂层稳定性、抗脱落性等综合性能的评估不足,缺乏对适用环境因素的考量等问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望。

SOME ANALYTIC PROBLEMS FOR CLEAN FUEL PRODUCTION

Sulfur contents olefins, aromatics, octane number and cetane number are very important indicators of clean fuel. The analytical methods of these indicators proposed by Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) were introduced in this article. These methods possess the advantages of fast, convenient and precise, and have been used in R&D work and production process control as well.

高含泥人工砂不同清洗方式对混凝土性能影响研究

依托于滇中引水工程,研究了清水清洗和六偏磷酸钠清洗高含泥人工砂对MB值和混凝土性能的影响,对比了不同方式的技术经济性。结果表明:与清水清洗相比,采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗,MB值下降更明显,同时可避免石粉大量流失,混凝土的力学性能和变形性能更佳。具体而言,采用清水清洗人工砂,MB值从1.4 g/kg下降至0.85 g/kg,石粉含量从21.8%降低至10.3%。采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗人工砂,MB值从1.4 g/kg下降至0.45 g/kg,石粉含量从21.8%降低至16.8%;保持混凝土拌和物状态相同的条件下,采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗人工砂,混凝土用水量下降了40 kg/m^(3),28 d龄期混凝土抗压强度、劈拉强度和极限拉伸值分别提高11.7%、23.1%和24.1%,60 d龄期混凝土干缩率降低106×10^(-6),混凝土原材料成本降低了23.3元/m^(3)。

光催化技术在纺织领域的研究及应用进展

太阳能光催化技术因环保、低成本的特点备受研究者青睐,将光催化技术应用于纺织领域的研究已取得一定的成果。半导体光催化剂在光辐照下吸收光子能量并激发出具有强氧化还原能力的活性自由基,以此分解有机污染物。综述光催化材料的常用载体以及其在纺织品上的负载方法,归纳其赋予纺织品的特殊功能。研究表明,光催化材料处理纺织印染废水具有很好的应用前景;经过光催化剂整理的织物可获得自清洁、抗菌以及防紫外线的功能,减少纺织品的洗涤次数,有效保护人体皮肤健康;将光催化剂负载于纤维或织物上有效提升其可回收利用性。

基于离散元法的弹齿式秸秆清理装置建模与仿真

针对现有免耕播种机秸秆清理装置作业效果不佳的问题,设计一种弹齿式秸秆清理装置。利用离散元法建立弹齿式秸秆清理装置清秸作业仿真模型,进行仿真试验,确定装置的最佳参数组合,以期为秸秆清理装置优化设计提供参考。

液压管路海绵弹丸清洗工艺研究与验证

液压管路的清洁度极大制约着整个液压系统的油液污染度,传统的管路液压油洗方式存在效率低、污染大且对管接头有损伤等问题。将海绵弹丸清洗技术作为替代工艺技术,通过进行弹丸发射压力试验、弹丸类型配比试验、清洗次数试验及验证,形成用于航天装备液压管路海绵弹丸清洗的工艺方法,实现了航天装备液压管路的高效率、低成本、绿色清洗。

PDCA-SDCA双循环管理法对手术间清洁质量与质量控制指标的影响

目的:探讨PDCA-SDCA双循环管理法用于手术间清洁质量管理的效果。方法:应用PDCA-SDCA双循环管理模式,对地面湿式清洁、拖地、擦拭物体表面、医疗废物处置等手术室清洁各项操作和检测进行标准化质量控制,维持实施效果。结果:实施1个月后,手术室空气菌落合格率为90.00%,手表面菌落合格率为88.33%,物体表面菌落合格率为88.33%,与实施前比较,均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实施6个月后,手术室空气菌落合格率为95.00%,手表面菌落合格率为98.33%,物体表面菌落合格率为100.00%,环境卫生检测合格率较实施后仍有所上升,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实施1个月后保洁员拖地、物体表面擦拭、医疗废物处置、含氯消毒液配制各项作业考核评分高于实施前(P<0.05),且实施6个月后,保洁员各项作业考核评分与实施1个月后评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实施6个月后清洁环节缺陷发生率(4.65%)与实施前(27.78%)、实施1个月后(15.00%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:PDCA-SDCA双循环管理法用于手术室管理中,能改善手术室环境卫生质量,提高保洁员清洁作业质量,减少手术室清洁环节缺陷发生率。

新建超超临界二次再热机组锅炉低温EDTA化学清洗

采用低温EDTA法对新建超超临界二次再热机组锅炉进行化学清洗,简要介绍了清洗范围及工艺流程,详细描述了小型试验及酸洗过程的要点,列举了监视指标及化验数据,给出了质量检查及效果评定,结果表明,该方法具有工艺简单、清洗效果好、废液量少等优点。

微咸水条件下微压过滤冲洗池的水头损失试验与预测模型

为探究进水流量、矿化度、滤网孔径对微灌用微压过滤冲洗池水头损失的影响,开展微压过滤冲洗池运行特性的物理模型试验,建立了微压过滤冲洗池在微咸水条件下的水头损失预测模型。结果表明,在方差分析中仅流量对微压过滤冲洗池的水头损失影响显著,确定的影响因素排序由大到小为进水流量、矿化度、滤网孔径;该模型的决定系数R^(2)为0.955,均方根误差为0.0523,平均相对误差为3.20%。建立的模型可准确预测微咸水条件下的水头损失,研究成果可为泵前过滤设备的实际应用提供技术支撑。