An improved arctangent algorithm based on phase-locked loop for heterodyne detection system

We present an ameliorated arctangent algorithm based on phase-locked loop for digital Doppler signal processing,utilized within the heterodyne detection system. We define the error gain factor given by the approximation of Taylor expansion by means of a comparison of the measured values and true values. Exact expressions are derived for the amplitude error of two in-phase & quadrature signals and the frequency error of the acousto-optic modulator. Numerical simulation results and experimental results make it clear that the dynamic instability of the intermediate frequency signals leads to cumulative errors, which will spiral upward. An improved arctangent algorithm for the heterodyne detection is proposed to eliminate the cumulative errors and harmonic components. Depending on the narrow-band filter, our experiments were performed to realize the detectable displacement of 20 nm at a detection distance of 20 m. The aim of this paper is the demonstration of the optimized arctangent algorithm as a powerful approach to the demodulation algorithm, which will advance the signal-to-noise ratio and measurement accuracy of the heterodyne detection system.

Performance Analysis of Temperature and Strain Simultaneous Measurement System Based on Heterodyne Detection of Brillouin Scattering

Microwave heterodyne detection can be used to measure the temperature and strain distribution along a fiber with high accuracy in a Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR） system. This method involves simultaneous measurement of Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering in fiber, and scanning of Brillouin spectrum to obtain the desired information. This paper presents a simultaneous measurement system of temperature and strain based on microwave detection and analyzed the system performances such as measurement accuracy, dynamic range, and spatial resolution theoretically. The analysis shows that the system can achieve a temperature resolution of 1°C and a strain resolution of 100 μs.

Advances in Phase Detection Technique of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing is an optical method based on evanescent wave.SPR biosensor can detect interaction of label-free biomolecules in real-time.With further development,it can become a research instrument in proteomics.SPR biosensor can be divided intensity measurement and phase measurement,and the latter possesses higher sensitivity than the former one.This paper attempts to summarize the SPR phase detection theory,discuss the major developments,compare the merits and deficiencies of various methods,and look forward to future prospects.

Simulation Analysis of Balance Detection Technique in Coherent Optical Receiver

This paper introduces the working principle of the balanced heterodyne detection system, establishes the corresponding mathematical model, deduces the signal to noise ratio (SNR) formula of the balanced heterodyne detection. By comparing balance heterodyne detection with general coherent detection with MATLAB numerical simulation, the superiority of balance heterodyne detection system is proved theoretically. Finally, the simulation models of ordinary heterodyne detection, balance detection and double balance detection system are built by OptiSystem. The simulation results are consistent with the conclusions derived from the mathematical analysis, which provides a new method for the research of weak laser detection technology.

SNR improvement in self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer using Golay pulse codes

The application of Golay pulse coding technique in spontaneous Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor based on self-heterodyne detection of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering is theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The enhancement of system signal to noise ratio(SNR) and reduction of temperature measurement error provided by coding are characterized. By using 16-bit Golay coding, SNR can be improved by about 2.77 d B, and temperature measurement error of the 100 m heated fiber is reduced from 1.4 °C to 0.5 °C with a spatial resolution of 13 m. The results are believed to be beneficial for the performance improvement of self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer.

基于近红外单元单光子雪崩二极管的相干测速实验分析

为分析死时间、暗计数等因素对单光子相干测速性能的影响,搭建了基于近红外单元单光子雪崩二极管探测器的外差相干测速实验系统,实验分析了探测器暗计数率和信号探测光子计数率对多普勒信息重建的影响,以及由探测器死时间决定的饱和计数率限制下的最优信号探测光子计数率。在1μs探测器死时间、1 ms采集时间下,分别对1.8 kHz、52.4 kHz和194.4 kHz探测器暗计数率影响下的光子到达时间序列进行快速傅里叶变换,从频谱数据中提取拍频信号。实验结果表明,随着光子计数率的增加,相干拍频信号频谱信噪比逐渐增大而后趋于平稳,当接近饱和计数率时,在相干拍频信号频谱低频区域和拍频频率两侧出现了谐波分量,谐波频率间距与光子计数率数值基本相等,受谐波影响较小的最优光子计数率约为单光子探测器饱和计数率的90%。研究结果可为全光纤单光子多普勒测速雷达技术的发展和应用提供参考。

基于AlGaN/GaN HEMT外差探测器的太赫兹线阵列矢量探测系统

为了研究AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管(High-Electron-Mobility Transistor,HEMT)外差探测器应用于太赫兹来波方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计领域的可行性及量化性能指标,基于AlGaN/GaN HEMT 243GHz外差探测器搭建了太赫兹波线阵列矢量探测系统,实现了太赫兹连续波的相位分布和来波方向的测量。该系统的核心器件为准光-波导耦合的太赫兹外差探测器线阵列组件,阵元平均噪声等效功率(Noise-Equivalent-Power,NEP)为-123.89dBm/Hz。通过测试,表明该系统相位解析稳定度优于0.6°,线阵列组件法线(阵列芯片的垂线)方向左右11°以内的太赫兹来波方向的检测误差小于0.25°。讨论了存在误差的原因及可能的解决方案,为后续基于AlGaN/GaN HEMT面阵列的太赫兹相控阵雷达及定向通信系统的研制提供了基础。

基于硬件同步的四态离散调制连续变量量子密钥分发

在连续变量量子密钥分发系统中,同步技术是确保通信双方时钟和数据一致的关键技术.本文通过巧妙设计发送端和接收端仪器的硬件时序,采用时域差拍探测方式和峰值采集技术,实验实现了可硬件同步的四态离散调制连续变量量子密钥分发.通信双方在设计好的硬件同步时序下可实现时钟的恢复和数据的自动对齐,无需借助软件算法实现数据的对齐.本文采用了加拿大滑铁卢大学Norbert Lütkenhaus研究组提出的针对连续变量离散调制协议的安全密钥速率计算方法.该方法需计算出接收端所测各种平移热态的一阶矩和二阶(非中心)矩,以此为约束条件结合凸优化算法可计算出安全密钥速率.计算过程中无需假设信道为线性信道,无需额外噪声的估算.密钥分发系统重复频率为10 MHz,传输距离为25 km,平均安全密钥比特率为24 kbit/s.本文提出的硬件同步方法无需过采样和软件帧同步,减小了系统的复杂度和计算量,在一定程度上降低了系统所需的成本、功耗和体积,有效地增强了连续变量量子密钥分发的实用性.

基于SOA光纤环形激光器的分布式声传感系统

为了降低传统分布式声学传感器(DAS)系统复杂度并提高信噪比(SNR),提出了一种基于半导体光放大器的光纤环形激光器(SOA-FRL)的DAS系统。该系统用SOA-FRL取代了传统的DAS系统中的窄线宽激光器和脉冲调制器,实现了高稳定的光脉冲输出;采用双脉冲外差探测方法,实现了精确的声信号探测和声源定位。实验结果表明:在频率为1 kHz、幅值为1.14 rad的声信号作用下,所提系统的解调SNR高达38.25 dB,空间分辨率为12 m。

激光外差探测阵列互相关相干累积法

针对粗糙目标导致本振光与信号光波前失配这一技术难题,提出一种基于序列移位与互相关的用于检测微弱外差信号的相干累积法。该方法利用阵列探测器的阵列信号进行互相关运算,将外差信号频谱幅值作为目标函数,快速准确地估计最佳序列偏移量和计算相位调整量,搭建了一套基于高速摄像机阵列探测器的光外差探测系统。仿真分析和实验结果表明,该方法应用于主动光外差探测领域时对相位补偿的精确度更高,信号处理时间可提高到毫秒量级。

Heterodyne detection enhanced by quantum correlation

Heterodyne detectors as phase-insensitive(PI) devices have found important applications in precision measurements such as space-based gravitational-wave(GW) observation.However, the output signal of a PI heterodyne detector is supposed to suffer from signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) degradation due to image band vacuum and imperfect quantum efficiency.Here, we show that the SNR degradation can be overcome when the image band vacuum is quantum correlated with the input signal.We calculate the noise figure of the detector and prove the feasibility of heterodyne detection with enhanced noise performance through quantum correlation.This work should be of great interest to ongoing space-borne GW signal searching experiments.

A Novel Sensor for Detecting the Vibration

The micro-cantilever beam with a twin long period optic fiber grating sensitive to the strain and the vibration is designed to use as the sensor head.The micro-displacement of wavelength caused by strain or vibration is amplified in the system.Special cladding material is used to eliminate the interference brougth about the temperature.The designing structure is enabled to detect the micro-information.

Experimental study of balanced optical homodyne and heterodyne detection by controlling sideband modulation

We experimentally study optical homodyne and heterodyne detections with the same setup, which is flexible to manipulate the signal sideband modulation. When the modulation only generates a single signal sideband, the light field measurement by mixing the single sideband at ω0 ±? with a strong local oscillator at the carrier frequency ω0on a beam splitter becomes balanced heterodyne detection. When two signal sidebands at ω0 ±? are generated and the relative phase of the two sidebands is locked, this measurement corresponds to optical balanced homodyne detection. With this setup, we may confirm directly that the signal-to-noise ratio with heterodyne detection is two-fold worse than that with homodyne detection. This work will have important applications in quantum state measurement and quantum information.

Φ-OTDR系统的数字信号处理及应用

相位敏感光时域反射(Φ-OTDR)传感系统具有高动态响应、高灵敏等特点,在大型工程结构健康监测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。而Φ-OTDR系统仪器化水平和工程应用很大程度上取决于数字信号处理(DSP)技术。本文对比分析了近年来Φ-OTDR系统在信号的量化、解调、抑噪以及模式识别上主要的数字信号处理方法和技术,并通过架空输电线路状态监测、埋地电缆外破预警两个应用实例,阐述了工程应用中数字信号处理与行业背景知识相结合的重要性和方法,并对Φ-OTDR系统中数字信号处理方法的发展现状和趋势进行了总结与展望。

基于ITD-MFCC与卷积神经网络的核电电气设备异音检测技术

针对核电设备小样本异音数据集无法训练出高效预测模型难题,提出一种基于ITD-MFCC和卷积神经网络的电气设备异音检测方法。首先,利用固有时间尺度分解(Intrinsic Time-scale Decomposition,ITD)强化信号特征,增强特征辨识度;然后,利用梅尔频率倒谱系数(Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients,MFCC)提取与人耳听觉特性关联的时频特征,进一步增强异音特征辨识度;最后,融合所提取特征指标,并利用卷积神经网络对融合特征进行训练,建立异响与数据特征映射关系,实现异音检测。试验结果表明:所设计的模型在小样本数据中准确率达到97.63%,相比于现有的支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)和BP神经网络模型准确率分别提升10.43%和12.86%。

表征稳频半导体激光器频率特性的方法

对稳频半导体激光器的频率进行在线实时监测的需求量和迫切性一直在不断增长。特别是近几年发展起来的连续波激光雷达通常以单频半导体激光器为种子源,并通过相干检测方式获得雷达信号的频率,从而获得目标物的距离信息,这就使得种子光源的频率精度直接与测距精度密切相关,因此,对光源的频率稳定性的表征也提出了新的要求:更关注短期(在相干时间内,亚微秒~数毫秒)的频率变化模式,对长时段内(数分钟~24 h)的绝对频率高精度监测的需求减弱;同时要求频率监测系统具有在线实时监测能力。针对这些需求,基于延时自外差原理,提出了一种表征稳频激光器的频率变化的方法,经过严谨的原理推导和算法编程,使得监测系统不仅结构简单,还实现了在线实时监测功能,并测量了一台利用氰化氢(H13C14N)气体吸收谱线基于边频锁定技术的稳频分布反馈式半导体激光器(DFB-LD)频率变化曲线。测量结果是:在10 ms内稳频激光器的最大频率变化约为25 MHz,并且清楚地观察到激光器的频率变化不是单向的漂移模式。为了进一步验证该方法的精度,采用主流的飞秒光频梳拍频法离线测量了同一台稳频DFB-LD的频率变化,实验结果是:在50 min内频率变化约为30 MHz。两种测量方法的测量结果均在相同的MHz量级,证明了该方法是一个快速可靠的光频率分析手段,可应用于实时调节稳频激光器的伺服回路系统。

量子外差精密测量及微弱信号感知技术综述

单光子探测技术和激光外差探测技术是探测微弱光信号的重要手段,通过微弱光信号提取目标多维信息是目前激光感知的重要领域。但是在实际应用中背景噪声以及信号光的退相干,会严重影响单光子探测技术以及外差探测技术对于目标多维信息的感知。在探测微弱光信号时的这些问题通过传统方案很难被有效的解决。量子外差精密测量方法是在单光子探测的基础上结合外差探测的一种新测量方法,可以解决单光子探测探测灵敏度受背景噪声限制的缺点。并且量子外差对本振光强度要求极低,可以有效降低大阵列外差探测对于本振强度的要求。文中进一步总结并分析了量子外差精密测量方法的研究动态。通过现有研究成果的梳理和分析有助于深入理解和把握目前量子外差精密测量方法的研究现状和问题,为量子外差精密测量方法未来发展奠定基础。

基于双鉴相器相位解调的光纤干涉型局放超声传感方法

光纤外差干涉传感输出信号频率为百兆赫兹量级,传统软件解调方法采样设备成本高、数据量大、实时性差,制约了该技术在局部放电超声传感的广泛应用。该文提出了一种基于双鉴相器协同工作的相位硬件解调方法,降低了系统采样率、减少了采集数据量、实现了实时解调,相比传统微分-交叉相乘软件解调方法快1124倍。分析了低频载波幅值和采样精度对测量结果的影响,实现了0.005°的相位最低检测下限。搭建光纤超声传感平台,开展了对比试验,结果表明,该文所提相位解调方法线性拟合度达到0.999,信噪比较传统微分-交叉相乘解调方法高15 dB,检测下限拓展58%,为局部放电超声传感提供了一种高信噪比、低检测下限、实时检测的相位解调方法。

趋势项对激光测振结果影响的实验研究

针对激光测振系统研制中,相位解调结果出现趋势项导致测量结果偏差大的问题开展了研究。在1550 nm全光纤激光多普勒测振系统研制中,采用马赫-泽德干涉仪结构搭建了外差探测光路,产生携带物体运动信息的激光多普勒信号,采用相位解调法进行信号解调,并采用最小二乘法消除相位解调结果的趋势项。实验结果表明:通过消除趋势项,高频振动的测量结果准确度得到了明显提升,在1~10 kHz振动频率范围内,加速度最大测量误差由1.79%降低至-0.15%。

基于光学偏振控制的散粒噪声极限微振动光学测量方法

物体微振动信号测量在磁场、建筑、生物成像及航空航天等方面具有重要的应用价值。但是,物体微振动产生的弱反射光不仅极其微弱,易受到探测距离、雨雾气等环境因素的干扰,而且低频振动的振动形式多变,易受到经典噪声影响,难以实现极端微弱反射光条件下的振动信号测量。针对以上问题,文中采用光学偏振控制方法,对信号光与本振光的偏振性进行控制,以减少光学噪声的干扰;采用平衡外差探测,将低频直流信号转变为高频交流信号,避免信号被噪声湮没的同时,克服了光电流共模噪声的影响。在赫兹(~10 Hz)频段,探测器的噪声水平达到了散粒噪声极限,并实现了阿瓦量级反射光条件下的微振动信号测量,测得的物体微振动振幅为11.44 nm,A类标准不确定度为0.25 nm,合成不确定度为0.34 nm,测量精度为±0.75 nm。该方案不仅为微弱多普勒频率测量、振动检测等测量领域的研究提供了实验支持,在弱反光、长距离、雨雾天气等复杂测量环境也具有广阔的应用前景。