How do the landslide and non-landslide sampling strategies impact landslide susceptibility assessment? d A catchment-scale case study from China

The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of the sampling strategy of landslide and non-landslide on the performance of landslide susceptibility assessment(LSA).The study area is the Feiyun catchment in Wenzhou City,Southeast China.Two types of landslides samples,combined with seven non-landslide sampling strategies,resulted in a total of 14 scenarios.The corresponding landslide susceptibility map(LSM)for each scenario was generated using the random forest model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and statistical indicators were calculated and used to assess the impact of the dataset sampling strategy.The results showed that higher accuracies were achieved when using the landslide core as positive samples,combined with non-landslide sampling from the very low zone or buffer zone.The results reveal the influence of landslide and non-landslide sampling strategies on the accuracy of LSA,which provides a reference for subsequent researchers aiming to obtain a more reasonable LSM.

Multivariate form of Hermite sampling series

In this paper,we establish a new multivariate Hermite sampling series involving samples from the function itself and its mixed and non-mixed partial derivatives of arbitrary order.This multivariate form of Hermite sampling will be valid for some classes of multivariate entire functions,satisfying certain growth conditions.We will show that many known results included in Commun Korean Math Soc,2002,17:731-740,Turk J Math,2017,41:387-403 and Filomat,2020,34:3339-3347 are special cases of our results.Moreover,we estimate the truncation error of this sampling based on localized sampling without decay assumption.Illustrative examples are also presented.

Modified DS np Chart Using Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling under Time Truncated Life Test

This study presents the design of a modified attributed control chart based on a double sampling(DS)np chart applied in combination with generalized multiple dependent state(GMDS)sampling to monitor the mean life of the product based on the time truncated life test employing theWeibull distribution.The control chart developed supports the examination of the mean lifespan variation for a particular product in the process of manufacturing.Three control limit levels are used:the warning control limit,inner control limit,and outer control limit.Together,they enhance the capability for variation detection.A genetic algorithm can be used for optimization during the in-control process,whereby the optimal parameters can be established for the proposed control chart.The control chart performance is assessed using the average run length,while the influence of the model parameters upon the control chart solution is assessed via sensitivity analysis based on an orthogonal experimental design withmultiple linear regression.A comparative study was conducted based on the out-of-control average run length,in which the developed control chart offered greater sensitivity in the detection of process shifts while making use of smaller samples on average than is the case for existing control charts.Finally,to exhibit the utility of the developed control chart,this paper presents its application using simulated data with parameters drawn from the real set of data.

Enhancing Deep Learning Semantics:The Diffusion Sampling and Label-Driven Co-Attention Approach

The advent of self-attention mechanisms within Transformer models has significantly propelled the advancement of deep learning algorithms,yielding outstanding achievements across diverse domains.Nonetheless,self-attention mechanisms falter when applied to datasets with intricate semantic content and extensive dependency structures.In response,this paper introduces a Diffusion Sampling and Label-Driven Co-attention Neural Network(DSLD),which adopts a diffusion sampling method to capture more comprehensive semantic information of the data.Additionally,themodel leverages the joint correlation information of labels and data to introduce the computation of text representation,correcting semantic representationbiases in thedata,andincreasing the accuracyof semantic representation.Ultimately,the model computes the corresponding classification results by synthesizing these rich data semantic representations.Experiments on seven benchmark datasets show that our proposed model achieves competitive results compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Recent advances in protein conformation sampling by combining machine learning with molecular simulation

The rapid advancement and broad application of machine learning(ML)have driven a groundbreaking revolution in computational biology.One of the most cutting-edge and important applications of ML is its integration with molecular simulations to improve the sampling efficiency of the vast conformational space of large biomolecules.This review focuses on recent studies that utilize ML-based techniques in the exploration of protein conformational landscape.We first highlight the recent development of ML-aided enhanced sampling methods,including heuristic algorithms and neural networks that are designed to refine the selection of reaction coordinates for the construction of bias potential,or facilitate the exploration of the unsampled region of the energy landscape.Further,we review the development of autoencoder based methods that combine molecular simulations and deep learning to expand the search for protein conformations.Lastly,we discuss the cutting-edge methodologies for the one-shot generation of protein conformations with precise Boltzmann weights.Collectively,this review demonstrates the promising potential of machine learning in revolutionizing our insight into the complex conformational ensembles of proteins.

Research on a Monte Carlo global variance reduction method based on an automatic importance sampling method

Global variance reduction is a bottleneck in Monte Carlo shielding calculations.The global variance reduction problem requires that the statistical error of the entire space is uniform.This study proposed a grid-AIS method for the global variance reduction problem based on the AIS method,which was implemented in the Monte Carlo program MCShield.The proposed method was validated using the VENUS-Ⅲ international benchmark problem and a self-shielding calculation example.The results from the VENUS-Ⅲ benchmark problem showed that the grid-AIS method achieved a significant reduction in the variance of the statistical errors of the MESH grids,decreasing from 1.08×10^(-2) to 3.84×10^(-3),representing a 64.00% reduction.This demonstrates that the grid-AIS method is effective in addressing global issues.The results of the selfshielding calculation demonstrate that the grid-AIS method produced accurate computational results.Moreover,the grid-AIS method exhibited a computational efficiency approximately one order of magnitude higher than that of the AIS method and approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of the conventional Monte Carlo method.

FPSblo:A Blockchain Network Transmission Model Utilizing Farthest Point Sampling

Peer-to-peer(P2P)overlay networks provide message transmission capabilities for blockchain systems.Improving data transmission efficiency in P2P networks can greatly enhance the performance of blockchain systems.However,traditional blockchain P2P networks face a common challenge where there is often a mismatch between the upper-layer traffic requirements and the underlying physical network topology.This mismatch results in redundant data transmission and inefficient routing,severely constraining the scalability of blockchain systems.To address these pressing issues,we propose FPSblo,an efficient transmission method for blockchain networks.Our inspiration for FPSblo stems from the Farthest Point Sampling(FPS)algorithm,a well-established technique widely utilized in point cloud image processing.In this work,we analogize blockchain nodes to points in a point cloud image and select a representative set of nodes to prioritize message forwarding so that messages reach the network edge quickly and are evenly distributed.Moreover,we compare our model with the Kadcast transmission model,which is a classic improvement model for blockchain P2P transmission networks,the experimental findings show that the FPSblo model reduces 34.8%of transmission redundancy and reduces the overload rate by 37.6%.By conducting experimental analysis,the FPS-BT model enhances the transmission capabilities of the P2P network in blockchain.

Dynamic Economic Scheduling with Self-Adaptive Uncertainty in Distribution Network Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Traditional optimal scheduling methods are limited to accurate physical models and parameter settings, which aredifficult to adapt to the uncertainty of source and load, and there are problems such as the inability to make dynamicdecisions continuously. This paper proposed a dynamic economic scheduling method for distribution networksbased on deep reinforcement learning. Firstly, the economic scheduling model of the new energy distributionnetwork is established considering the action characteristics of micro-gas turbines, and the dynamic schedulingmodel based on deep reinforcement learning is constructed for the new energy distribution network system with ahigh proportion of new energy, and the Markov decision process of the model is defined. Secondly, Second, for thechanging characteristics of source-load uncertainty, agents are trained interactively with the distributed networkin a data-driven manner. Then, through the proximal policy optimization algorithm, agents adaptively learn thescheduling strategy and realize the dynamic scheduling decision of the new energy distribution network system.Finally, the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method are verified by an improved IEEE 33-node simulationsystem.

TCAS-PINN:Physics-informed neural networks with a novel temporal causality-based adaptive sampling method

Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have become an attractive machine learning framework for obtaining solutions to partial differential equations(PDEs).PINNs embed initial,boundary,and PDE constraints into the loss function.The performance of PINNs is generally affected by both training and sampling.Specifically,training methods focus on how to overcome the training difficulties caused by the special PDE residual loss of PINNs,and sampling methods are concerned with the location and distribution of the sampling points upon which evaluations of PDE residual loss are accomplished.However,a common problem among these original PINNs is that they omit special temporal information utilization during the training or sampling stages when dealing with an important PDE category,namely,time-dependent PDEs,where temporal information plays a key role in the algorithms used.There is one method,called Causal PINN,that considers temporal causality at the training level but not special temporal utilization at the sampling level.Incorporating temporal knowledge into sampling remains to be studied.To fill this gap,we propose a novel temporal causality-based adaptive sampling method that dynamically determines the sampling ratio according to both PDE residual and temporal causality.By designing a sampling ratio determined by both residual loss and temporal causality to control the number and location of sampled points in each temporal sub-domain,we provide a practical solution by incorporating temporal information into sampling.Numerical experiments of several nonlinear time-dependent PDEs,including the Cahn–Hilliard,Korteweg–de Vries,Allen–Cahn and wave equations,show that our proposed sampling method can improve the performance.We demonstrate that using such a relatively simple sampling method can improve prediction performance by up to two orders of magnitude compared with the results from other methods,especially when points are limited.

Chord length sampling correction analysis for dispersion fuel in Monte Carlo simulation

Dispersion fuels,knowned for their excellent safety performance,are widely used in advanced reactors,such as hightemperature gas-cooled reactors.Compared with deterministic methods,the Monte Carlo method has more advantages in the geometric modeling of stochastic media.The explicit modeling method has high computational accuracy and high computational cost.The chord length sampling(CLS)method can improve computational efficiency by sampling the chord length during neutron transport using the matrix chord length?s probability density function.This study shows that the excluded-volume effect in realistic stochastic media can introduce certain deviations into the CLS.A chord length correction approach is proposed to obtain the chord length correction factor by developing the Particle code based on equivalent transmission probability.Through numerical analysis against reference solutions from explicit modeling in the RMC code,it was demonstrated that CLS with the proposed correction method provides good accuracy for addressing the excludedvolume effect in realistic infinite stochastic media.

Wideband spectrum sensing using step-sampling based on the multipath nyquist folding receiver

Wideband spectrum sensing with a high-speed analog-digital converter(ADC) presents a challenge for practical systems.The Nyquist folding receiver(NYFR) is a promising scheme for achieving cost-effective real-time spectrum sensing,which is subject to the complexity of processing the modulated outputs.In this case,a multipath NYFR architecture with a step-sampling rate for the different paths is proposed.The different numbers of digital channels for each path are designed based on the Chinese remainder theorem(CRT).Then,the detectable frequency range is divided into multiple frequency grids,and the Nyquist zone(NZ) of the input can be obtained by sensing these grids.Thus,high-precision parameter estimation is performed by utilizing the NYFR characteristics.Compared with the existing methods,the scheme proposed in this paper overcomes the challenge of NZ estimation,information damage,many computations,low accuracy,and high false alarm probability.Comparative simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in this paper.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue sampling induced pancreatic duct leak resolved by the placement of a pancreatic stent:A case report

BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal leaks complicated by endoscopic ultrasonography-guided tissue sampling(EUS-TS)can manifest as acute pancreatitis.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old man presented with persistent abdominal pain and weight loss.Diagnosis:Laboratory findings revealed elevated carbohydrate antigen 19-9(5920 U/mL)and carcinoembryonic antigen(23.7 ng/mL)levels.Magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas revealed an approximately 3 cm ill-defined space-occupying lesion in the inferior aspect of the head,with severe encasement of the superior mesenteric artery.Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was confirmed after pathological examination of specimens obtained by EUS-TS using the fanning method.Interventions and outcomes:The following day,the patient experienced severe abdominal pain with high amylase(265 U/L)and lipase(1173 U/L)levels.Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed edematous wall thickening of the second portion of the duodenum with adjacent fluid collections and a suspicious leak from either the distal common bile duct or the main pancreatic duct in the head.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed dye leakage in the head of the main pancreatic duct.Therefore,a 5F 7 cm linear plastic stent was deployed into the pancreatic duct to divert the pancreatic juice.The patient’s abdominal pain improved immediately after pancreatic stent insertion,and amylase and lipase levels normalized within a week.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was then initiated.CONCLUSION Using the fanning method in EUS-TS can inadvertently cause damage to the pancreatic duct and may lead to clinically significant pancreatitis.Placing a pancreatic stent may immediately resolve acute pancreatitis and shorten the waiting time for curative therapy.When using the fanning method during EUSTS,ductal structures should be excluded to prevent pancreatic ductal leakage.

Design and Experimentation of Multi-Rod Grain Sampling Machine

In order to enhance grain sampling efficiency, in this work a truss type multi-rod grain sampling machine is designed and tested. The sampling machine primarily consists of truss support mechanism, main carriage mechanism, auxiliary carriage mechanism, sampling rods, and a PLC controller. The movement of the main carriage on the truss, the auxiliary carriage on the main carriage, and the vertical movement of the sampling rods on the auxiliary carriage are controlled through PLC programming. The sampling machine accurately controls the position of the sampling rods, enabling random sampling with six rods to ensure comprehensive and random sampling. Additionally, sampling experiments were conducted, and the results showed that the multi-rod grain sampling machine simultaneously samples with six rods, achieving a sampling frequency of 38 times per hour. The round trip time for the sampling rods is 33 seconds per cycle, and the sampling length direction reaches 18 m. This study provides valuable insights for the design of multi-rod grain sampling machines.

Selective sampling with Gromov–Hausdorff metric:Efficient dense-shape correspondence via Confidence-based sample consensus

Background Functional mapping, despite its proven efficiency, suffers from a “chicken or egg” scenario, in that, poor spatial features lead to inadequate spectral alignment and vice versa during training, often resulting in slow convergence, high computational costs, and learning failures, particularly when small datasets are used. Methods A novel method is presented for dense-shape correspondence, whereby the spatial information transformed by neural networks is combined with the projections onto spectral maps to overcome the “chicken or egg” challenge by selectively sampling only points with high confidence in their alignment. These points then contribute to the alignment and spectral loss terms, boosting training, and accelerating convergence by a factor of five. To ensure full unsupervised learning, the Gromov–Hausdorff distance metric was used to select the points with the maximal alignment score displaying most confidence. Results The effectiveness of the proposed approach was demonstrated on several benchmark datasets, whereby results were reported as superior to those of spectral and spatial-based methods. Conclusions The proposed method provides a promising new approach to dense-shape correspondence, addressing the key challenges in the field and offering significant advantages over the current methods, including faster convergence, improved accuracy, and reduced computational costs.

Underdetermined direction of arrival estimation with nonuniform linear motion sampling based on a small unmanned aerial vehicle platform

Uniform linear array(ULA)radars are widely used in the collision-avoidance radar systems of small unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).In practice,a ULA's multi-target direction of arrival(DOA)estimation performance suffers from significant performance degradation owing to the limited number of physical elements.To improve the underdetermined DOA estimation performance of a ULA radar mounted on a small UAV platform,we propose a nonuniform linear motion sampling underdetermined DOA estimation method.Using the motion of the UAV platform,the echo signal is sampled at different positions.Then,according to the concept of difference co-array,a virtual ULA with multiple array elements and a large aperture is synthesized to increase the degrees of freedom(DOFs).Through position analysis of the original and motion arrays,we propose a nonuniform linear motion sampling method based on ULA for determining the optimal DOFs.Under the condition of no increase in the aperture of the physical array,the proposed method obtains a high DOF with fewer sampling runs and greatly improves the underdetermined DOA estimation performance of ULA.The results of numerical simulations conducted herein verify the superior performance of the proposed method.

Research on Adaptive Cluster Sampling Method Based on PPS

This paper introduces the principle of PPS-based adaptive cluster sampling method and its modified HH estimator and HT estimator calculation method. It compares PPS-based adaptive cluster sampling method with SRS sampling and SRS-based adaptive group. The difference between the group sampling and the advantages and scope of the PPS adaptive cluster sampling method are analyzed. According to the case analysis, the relevant conclusions are drawn: 1) The adaptive cluster sampling method is more accurate than the SRS sampling;2) SRS adaptive The HT estimator of the cluster sampling is more stable than the HH estimator;3) The two estimators of the PPS adaptive cluster sampling method have little difference in the estimation of the population mean, but the HT estimator variance is smaller and more suitable;4) PPS The HH estimator of adaptive cluster sampling is the same as the HH estimator of SRS adaptive cluster sampling, but the variance is larger and unstable.

A method of reconstructing 3D model from 2D geological cross-section based on self-adaptive spatial sampling:A case study of Cretaceous McMurray reservoirs in a block of Canada

An orthogonal 2D training image is constructed from the geological analysis results of well logs and sedimentary facies;the 2 D probabilities in three directions are obtained through linear pooling method and then aggregated by the logarithmic linear pooling to determine the 3 D multi-point pattern probabilities at the unknown points,to realize the reconstruction of a 3 D model from 2D cross-section.To solve the problems of reducing pattern variability in the 2 D training image and increasing sampling uncertainty,an adaptive spatial sampling method is introduced,and an iterative simulation strategy is adopted,in which sample points from the region with higher reliability of the previous simulation results are extracted to be additional condition points in the following simulation to improve the pattern probability sampling stability.The comparison of lateral accretion layer conceptual models shows that the reconstructing algorithm using self-adaptive spatial sampling can improve the accuracy of pattern sampling and rationality of spatial structure characteristics,and accurately reflect the morphology and distribution pattern of the lateral accretion layer.Application of the method in reconstructing the meandering river reservoir of the Cretaceous McMurray Formation in Canada shows that the new method can accurately reproduce the shape,spatial distribution pattern and development features of complex lateral accretion layers in the meandering river reservoir under tide effect.The test by sparse wells shows that the simulation accuracy is above 85%,and the coincidence rate of interpretation and prediction results of newly drilled horizontal wells is up to 80%.

Study on Self-adaptive Systematic Double Sampling method for Self-similar Network Traffic

This paper proposes anew variation of systematic sampling, called Self-Adaptive Systematic Double Sampling(SSDS). This algorithm can fully consider the self-similar and heavy-tailed distribution characteristics of network traffic and estimate Hurst parameter correctly.The experiments on real Internet traces indicate,compared with traditional sampling methods,the new method advances the accuracy and practicability of the sampling measuring system obviously,and can achieve simplicity,adaptability and controllability of resource consumption.

Active Kriging-Based Adaptive Importance Sampling for Reliability and Sensitivity Analyses of Stator Blade Regulator

The reliability and sensitivity analyses of stator blade regulator usually involve complex characteristics like highnonlinearity,multi-failure regions,and small failure probability,which brings in unacceptable computing efficiency and accuracy of the current analysismethods.In this case,by fitting the implicit limit state function(LSF)with active Kriging(AK)model and reducing candidate sample poolwith adaptive importance sampling(AIS),a novel AK-AIS method is proposed.Herein,theAKmodel andMarkov chainMonte Carlo(MCMC)are first established to identify the most probable failure region(s)(MPFRs),and the adaptive kernel density estimation(AKDE)importance sampling function is constructed to select the candidate samples.With the best samples sequentially attained in the reduced candidate samples and employed to update the Kriging-fitted LSF,the failure probability and sensitivity indices are acquired at a lower cost.The proposed method is verified by twomulti-failure numerical examples,and then applied to the reliability and sensitivity analyses of a typical stator blade regulator.Withmethods comparison,the proposed AK-AIS is proven to hold the computing advantages on accuracy and efficiency in complex reliability and sensitivity analysis problems.

Designing Adaptive Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan for Accelerated Life Tests

A novel adaptive multiple dependent state sampling plan(AMDSSP)was designed to inspect products from a continuous manufacturing process under the accelerated life test(ALT)using both double sampling plan(DSP)and multiple dependent state sampling plan(MDSSP)concepts.Under accelerated conditions,the lifetime of a product follows the Weibull distribution with a known shape parameter,while the scale parameter can be determined using the acceleration factor(AF).The Arrhenius model is used to estimate AF when the damaging process is temperature-sensitive.An economic design of the proposed sampling plan was also considered for the ALT.A genetic algorithm with nonlinear optimization was used to estimate optimal plan parameters to minimize the average sample number(ASN)and total cost of inspection(TC)under both producer’s and consumer’s risks.Numerical results are presented to support the AMDSSP for the ALT,while performance comparisons between the AMDSSP,the MDSSP and a single sampling plan(SSP)for the ALT are discussed.Results indicated that the AMDSSP was more flexible and efficient for ASN and TC than the MDSSP and SSP plans under accelerated conditions.The AMDSSP also had a higher operating characteristic(OC)curve than both the existing sampling plans.Two real datasets of electronic devices for the ALT at high temperatures demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of the proposed sampling plan.