Spatial structural analysis of main saddle for single tower spatial cable self-anchored suspension bridge

Based on the engineering background of the Jiangxinzhou Bridge in Nanjing, issues related to the spatial main saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge are studied. The refinement finite element model is established by the secondary development technology based on the platform of the general finite element program, and a reasonable load pattern is used in its spatial structural analysis, by which its path of force transference and stress distribution are obtained. Matched with the spatial main cable, the tangency point correction method is also discussed. The results show that the lateral wall stress of the saddle groove is higher than the stress within the wall due to the role of lateral forces in the finished bridge state; the horizontal volume force of the main cable can generate a gradient distributed vertical extrusion pressure on the saddle clamping device and the main saddle body; the geometric nonlinear effect of the self- anchored suspension bridge cable system in the construction process is significant, which can be reflected in the spatial tangent point position of the main cable with the main saddle changes a lot from free cable to finished cable.

Determination of reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges

A systematic and generic procedure for the determination of the reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges is proposed, the realization of which is mainly through adjustment of the hanger tensions. The initial hanger tensions are first obtained through an iterative analysis by combining the girder-tower-only finite element(FE) model with the analytical program for shape finding of the spatial cable system. These initial hanger tensions, together with the corresponding cable coordinates and internal forces, are then included into the FE model of the total bridge system, the nonlinear analysis of which involves the optimization technique. Calculations are repeated until the optimization algorithm converges to the most optimal hanger tensions(i.e. the desired reasonable finished bridge state). The "temperature rigid arm" is introduced to offset the unavoidable initial deformations of the girder and tower, which are due to the huge axial forces originated from the main cable. Moreover, by changing the stiffness coefficient K in the girder-tower-only FE model, the stiffness proportion of the main girder, the tower or the cable subsystem in the whole structural system could be adjusted according to the design intentions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined and demonstrated by one simple tutorial example and one self-anchored suspension bridge.

Test and numerical investigations on static and dynamic characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under vehicle loads

The present work is aimed at studying the mechanic properties of the extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under static and dynamic vehicle loads. Based on the field test using 12 heavy trucks and finite element simulations, the static deformations of different components, stress increments and distributions of the girder, as well as the vibration characteristics and damping ratio of the Hunan Road Bridge were analyzed, which is the widest self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. The dynamic responses were calculated using the Newmark-β integration method assisted by the simulation models of bridge and vehicles, the influences on the dynamic impact coefficient(DIC) brought by the vehicle parameters, girder width, eccentricity travel and deck flatness were also researched. The spatial effect of the girder is obvious due to the extra width, which performs as the stress increments distribute unevenly along the transverse direction, and the girder deflections and stress increments of the upper plate change as a "V" and "M" shape respectively under the symmetrical vehicle loads affected by the shear lag effect, cross slope and local effect of the wheels, the maximum of stress increments are located in the junctions with the inner webs. The obvious girder torsional deformation and the apparent unevenness of the hanger forces between the two cable planes under the eccentric vehicle loads, together with the mode shapes such as the girder transverse bending and torsion which appear relatively earlier, all reflect the weakened torsional rigidity of the extra-wide girder. The transverse displacements of towers are more obvious than the longitudinal ones. As for the influences on the DIC, the static effect of the heavier vehicles plays a major role when pass through with a higher speed and the changes of vehicle suspension stiffness generate greater impacts than the suspension damp. The values of DIC in the vehicle-running side during the eccentric travel, affected by the restricts from the static effects of the eccentric moving trucks, are significantly smaller than the vehicle-free side, the increase in the road roughness is the most sensitive one among the above influential factors. The results could provide references for the design, static and dynamic response analysis of the similar extra-wide suspension bridges.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data.The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present.Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data,which included deformations,detailed stresses,and vibration characteristics.The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep(S&C)were analyzed based on the measured data.The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state.The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models.The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete.Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation.The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy.The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant,as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction.General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling,respectively.The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant.Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model,which can consider the concrete material parameters,than with the CEB-FIP 90 model.Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C.The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant.The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.

Seismic Behavior Analysis of Steel Tower of Self-anchored Suspension Bridge

Self-anchored suspension bridge is composed of tower and its foundation, stiffened beam, main cable, sling, side pier and its foundation, auxiliary pier and its foundation. The performance and importance of the components of the bridge are different. The main tower of self-anchored suspension bridge is a very important component. Once the injury and damage occur under earthquake, it is not only difficult to inspect and repair, let alone replace. This paper calculates the seismic performance of self-anchored suspen-sion bridge steel tower based on the application of Wuhan Gutian Bridge steel tower.

Study of Vertical Seismic Response of Concrete Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges

Based on the variational prineiple of incomplete generalized potential energy with large deflection, the vertical nonlinear vibrational differential equation of self-anchored suspension bridge is presented by taking the effect of coupling of flexural and axial action into consideration. The linear vertical equation is obtained by omitting the nonlinear term, and the pseudo excitation method(PEM). Taking the self-anchored concrete suspension bridge over Lanqi Songhua river for an example, the expected peak responses of main beam, towers and cables are calculated. And the seismic spatial effects on vertical seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges are discussed.

基于逆可靠度法的大跨悬索桥主缆安全系数评估

提出了一种基于逆可靠度法的大跨悬索桥主缆安全系数评估方法。该方法通过给定结构的目标可靠度指标反求主缆安全系数，计算出的主缆安全系数既考虑了结构参数中不确定因素的影响，又满足了预先给定的主缆可靠度水平。运用该方法评估了主跨跨径范围为2000--5000m的悬索桥主缆安全系数。结果表明，参数的不确定性对悬索桥主缆安全系数会产生较大影响，忽略参数不确定性的影响会导致过高地估计主缆安全系数。

索夹对自锚悬索桥成桥状态影响分析

基于有限单元法(FEMC)比较分析了索夹对自锚悬索桥成桥状态的影响.索夹能够提高中跨主缆的成桥线形,在维持索长不变的情况下,各吊杆的成桥索力会有所增大,若使各吊杆均达到设计成桥索力值,则需增大各吊杆的无应力长度值.基于计入索夹影响的FEMC模型分别讨论了索夹长度、截面面积和惯性矩等参数对结构成桥状态的影响,并且建立了根据索夹长度比和面积比计算得到的主缆中跨跨中控制点成桥高程提升量和吊杆索力平均增量值的简化计算公式.经工程实例验证,提出的索夹模型计算结果与结构实际变形接近.

基于实测数据的润扬大桥悬索桥全寿命评估随机温度场模拟

为了得到桥梁全寿命评估的温度数据,提出了一种基于实测数据的钢箱梁桥随机温度场模拟方法.首先,采用最小二乘估计和假设检验,对润扬大桥悬索桥扁平钢箱梁为期5年的实测温度和温差进行了统计分析;然后,提出了一种复杂统计模式下样本序列模拟的数值逆变换抽样方法,并建立了扁平钢箱梁的全寿命评估随机温度场.研究结果表明:扁平钢箱梁实测温度服从2个正态分布的加权和,实测温差则服从1个Weibull分布和1个正态分布的加权和;利用数值逆变换抽样方法模拟得到的样本的概率密度函数与目标概率密度函数吻合良好;模拟温度场能准确描述扁平钢箱梁的温度特性.因此,该数值逆变换抽样方法能够准确模拟大跨悬索桥扁平钢箱梁全寿命期的随机温度场.

悬索桥吊索压力注入密封防腐蚀技术

介绍了国内外悬索桥主缆与吊索的主流防护技术,通过研究一种新型的密封防腐技术和与之相配套的材料体系,解决了目前桥梁工程领域对于悬索桥吊索及吊索锚杯结构的长效防腐技术难题。

Study on seismic response control of a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge with elastic-plastic steel damper

Elastic-plastic steel damper(EPSD) is a new device controlling seismic responses.The mechanical principle of EPSD was presented and a comparison was conducted between the theoretical formulas and finite element(FE) simulation of damper units.The verified force-displacement hysteretic curve of the damper system was obtained with reference to tests.The Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge(NJB) was subsequently taken as the case to investigate the seismic response control effect of EPSDs on single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges.A 3-dimensional FE model of the bridge was established in ANSYS and the dynamic and static analyses of the bridge were conducted,the control effect of EPSDs under different seismic waves was further investigated through nonlinear time-history analysis based on the validated model.Results showed that both the simplified theoretical and FE simulation methods can preferable reflect the mechanical performance of EPSD,and that seismic responses of NJB with EPSDs are better than those with elastic connection device or fluid viscous damper.However,the control effect of EPSDs is influenced by seismic wave characteristics.

Calculation method on shape finding of self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables

Based on the spatial model,a reliable and accurate calculation method on the shape finding of self anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was studiedin this paper.On the principle that the shape of the main cables between hangers is catenary,the iteration method of calculating the shapes of the spatial main cables under the load of hanger forces was deduced.The reasonable position of the saddle was determined according to the shape and the theoretical joint point of the main cables.The shapes of the main cables at completed cable stage werecalculated based on the unchanging principle of the zero-stress lengths of the main cables.By using a numerical method combining with the finite element method,one self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was analyzed.The zero-stress length of the main cables,the position of the saddle,and the pre-offsetting of the saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge were given.The reasonable shapes of the main cables at bridge completion stage and completed cable stage were presented.The results show that the shape-finding calculation method is effective and reliable.

Limit span of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension cooperation system bridge based on strength

The limit span of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge is deduced.The relations among the geometrical parameters,loads and material characteristics are also analyzed.Based on the material strength and commonly used materials,the limit spans of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridges with concrete girder or steel girder under vertical static load are discussed in detail.The corresponding upper limit spans and the effect of the factors on the span are given.The results indicate that increasing rise-span ratio,height-span ratio and cable-stayed segment length or reducing the second dead load could increase the cooperation system span.

Self-anchored catalysts for substrate-free synthesis of metal-encapsulated carbon nano-onions and study of their magnetic properties

We demonstrate the synthesis of a novel self-anchored catalyst structure containing a Fe-Ni alloy nanosheet generated by phase separation for the substrate-free synthesis of carbon nanostructures. Fast Fourier transform analysis was carried out in order to investigate both the phase and structural evolution of the alloy nanosheet during reduction and chemical vapor deposition （CVD） growth. y-Fe-Ni （Feo.64Nio.36） and a-Fe-Ni （kamacite） phases were formed and separated on the NiFe204 nanosheet catalyst precursor during H2 reduction, forming selfanchored mono-dispersed y-Fe-Ni nanocrystals on a a-Fe-Ni matrix. The Fe-Ni alloy nanosheet serves both as a catalyst for growing metal-encapsulated carbon nano-onions （CNOs）, and as a support for anchoring these preformed nano- particles, yielding mono-dispersed catalyst nanoparticles with no requirement of additional substrates for the CVD growth. This synthesis is capable of mitigating the coalescence and Ostwald ripening without the assistance of an additional substrate. This structure allows for the growth of uniform-sized CNOs despite the aggregation, crumbling, and stacking of the alloy sheet. This study provides a promising design for novel catalyst structures by phase separation towards the substrate-free synthesis of carbon nanostructures in large scale. Finally, the ferromagnetic Feo.64Ni0.36@#CNOs particles demonstrate their application in both magnetic storage and water purification, as a non-toxic water treatment material.

Comprehensive Optimal Control on Seismic Response of a Single-Tower Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge

Earthquake may cause severe damage to all kinds of bridge such as the falling down of the girder; therefore,effective measures should be employed to control the seismic displacement. In this paper,the method of comprehensive optimal control,com-bined with analytic hierarchy process,is employed to investigate the seismic response control of the Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge,which is a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge （SSSB）. Also,3-dimensional nonlinear seismic response analyses are con-ducted. Three types of practical connection measures for seismic response control of SSSB are investigated,and the optimal pa-rameters of the connection devices are achieved by this method. Results show that both the elastic connection devices and the damp-ers with rational parameters can reduce the seismic displacement of the bridge effectively,but the elastic connection devices will in-crease the seismic force of the tower. When all factors are consid-ered,the optimal measure is by using the elastic connection devices and the dampers together. These results can provide references for seismic response control of SSSBs.

地锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥竖弯振动基频计算公式

为方便计算地锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥的竖向自振频率,以三跨连续支承协作体系为研究对象,在计入主塔刚度的影响下,应用能量法推导了该体系的竖向弯曲振动频率公式,并提出了主塔抗弯刚度影响系数的计算式;最后对本文所推导的公式的有效性进行了验证。研究表明:该协作体系的竖向弯曲振动基频略高于同等跨径布置的地锚式悬索桥的竖弯弯曲频率,其原因在于斜拉索对该体系刚度的贡献;本文所推导的竖弯基频计算值与数值计算误差能满足概念设计阶段的要求;该公式可用于该体系的初步概念设计中选择合理的结构计算参数。

桥梁架设中大型结构递进式柔性顶推技术

以柳州市双拥大桥钢梁的架设为背景,阐述大型钢箱梁多点递进式柔性顶推技术。主要介绍钢箱梁结构形式的顶推施工方案及主要辅助设施和设备,并对顶推施工技术、纠偏技术及质量控制措施进行阐述。经顶推受力分析,多点递进柔性技术能够满足钢箱梁的架设。该技术解决了采用缆索吊方案中缆索吊机无法安装在单主缆上吊升钢箱梁的施工难题,并具有施工机械设备投入少,拼装平台施工有效地降低了安全风险等特点,对类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。

双塔单跨悬索桥构件协作受力特性

基于双塔单跨自锚式悬索桥构件协作受力的特性，引入吊杆力相等、等效膜张力等假定，用力学方法推导了该桥型在中跨均布荷载作用时主缆荷载分担比t、主梁跨中挠度fb和主缆跨中挠度厂。的计算公式。假定主梁压缩量和吊杆伸长量为0对公式进行了简化。通过改变结构参数，建立了多个桥梁模型，并将各模型下公式计算结果与有限元计算结果进行对比，验证了计算公式的正确性。通过参数分析讨论了缆梁等代刚度比kcb、塔梁抗弯刚度比ktb、吊杆主梁等代刚度比ksb、主缆矢跨比kf、边跨与中跨跨径比η／这5项结构参数对t的影响。研究结果表明：t计算误差为-6．00％～8．73％，fb计算误差为-16．02％～11．609／6％，fc计算误差为-12．74％～12．46％，且这3项的计算误差大部分都在士4％以内；t值均随5项结构参数的增大而增大，其中参数kcb、kf、ksb影响更明显，当ksb较小时t变化很大，但当吊杆达到较大刚度后t变化极小；研究表明该解析法简便可信，对工程设计具有一定实用性。

Experimental research on the multilayer compartmental particle damper and its application methods on long-period bridge structures

Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of installation, longer durability and insensitivity to extreme temperatures. To introduce particle damping technology to long-period structure seismic control, a novel multilayer compartmental particle damper (MCPD) was proposed, and a 1/20 scale test model of a typical long-period self-anchored suspension bridge with a single tower was designed and fabricated. The model was subjected to a series of shaking table tests with and without the MCPD. The results showed that the seismic responses of the flexible or semi-flexible bridge towers of long-period bridges influence the seismic responses of the main beam. The MCPD can be conveniently installed on the main beam and bridge tower and can effectively reduce the longitudinal peak displacement and the root mean square acceleration of the main beam and tower. In addition, no particle accumulation was observed during the tests. A well-designed MCPD can achieve significant damping for long-period structures under seismic excitations of different intensities. These results indicate that the application of MCPDs for seismic control of single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges and other long-period structures is viable.