Self-Compassion Moderates the Effect of Contingent Self-Esteem on Well-Being:Evidence from Cross-Sectional Survey and Experiment

Contingent self-esteem captures the fragile nature of self-esteem and is often regarded as suboptimal to psychological functioning.Self-compassion is another important self-related concept assumed to promote mental health and well-being.However,research on the relation of self-compassion to contingent self-esteem is lacking.Two studies were conducted to explore the role of selfcompassion,either as a personal characteristic or an induced mindset,in influencing the effects of contingent self-esteem on well-being.Study 1 recruited 256 Chinese college students(30.4%male,mean age=21.72 years)who filled out measures of contingent self-esteem,self-compassion,and well-being.The results found that self-compassion moderated the effect of contingent self-esteem on well-being.In Study 2,a sample of 90 Chinese college students(34%male,mean age=18.39 years)were randomly assigned to either a control or self-compassion group.They completed baseline trait measures of contingent self-esteem,self-compassion,and self-esteem.Then,they were led to have a 12-min break(control group)or listen to a 12-min self-compassion audio(self-compassion group),followed by a social stress task and outcome measures.The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the brief self-compassion training and its moderating role in influencing the effects of contingent self-esteem on negative affects after the social stress task.This research provides implications that to equip with a self-compassionate mindset could lower the risk of the impairment of well-being associated with elements of contingent selfesteem,which involves a fragile sense of self-worth.It may also provide insights into the development of an“optimal selfesteem”and the improvement of well-being.

Adolescents’perceived stress of COVID-19 and self-compassion in Saudi Arabia:A cross-sectional study

Objectives Worldwide,the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted mental health challenges for adolescent populations.The current study aims to examine the levels of perceived stress of COVID-19 and self-compassion and their relationship among adolescents in Saudi Arabia.Methods This study employed a cross-sectional online survey of adolescents from secondary schools in Asir,Saudi Arabia.Instruments that we distributed online included the modified Perceived Stress Scale(PSS-10)and the Self-Compassion Scale(SCS),in addition to demographic and health-related questions.A total of 500 adolescents completed the survey.Results Adolescents in the study reported an average moderate perceived stress level of 18.6(SD=6.67)and an average moderate self-compassion level of 3.22(SD=0.53).A significant correlation is also found between the two variables(r=−0.460,P<0.001).This negative correlation indicates that lower levels of perceived stress are significantly correlated with higher levels of self-compassion.Conclusion The study results show that the perceived stress of COVID-19 is inversely correlated with self-compassion in Saudi adolescents.Further research is needed to explore how to enhance adolescents’self-compassion.School nurses’role should be given full play in this area.

Comparative study of self-compassion and sense of coherence in nurses of psychiatric hospitals

Objective:Nurses,due to the nature of their job,are subjected to various forms of stress and physical and psychological injuries.Self-compassion and a sense of coherence have attracted much attention in research in recent years as having high potential for improving the health and performance of people in the workplace.The present study aimed to compare self-compassion and the sense of coherence in nurses working in psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.Methods:The present study was a descriptive-comparative study of applied type conducted on 100 nurses of Shahid Beheshti Psychiatric Hospital in Kerman by the census method and 100 nurses of other hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences by the stratified random sampling method.The instruments included the self-compassion questionnaire and the sense of coherence questionnaire.Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software.Results:The results of the present study showed that self-compassion and sense of coherence were higher in psychiatric nurses(39.35±7.7 and 53.02±8.01)than among other nurses(36.03±5.81 and 49.76±6.30).There was a direct and moderate relationship between a sense of coherence and self-compassion(P-value<0.005).The higher the score of compassion for oneself,the higher was the score of sense of coherence.Furthermore,the sense of coherence had a direct and weak relationship with all dimensions of self-compassion,except for the extreme imitation dimension,which showed a direct and moderate relationship to other dimensions(P-value<0.001).Conclusions:Self-compassion and a sense of coherence,as a form of self-communication,increase nurses’satisfaction and reduce nurses’job stress and,as a result,job performance is improved.

Self-compassion and resilience mediate the relationship between childhood exposure to domestic violence and posttraumatic growth/stress disorder during COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that childhood exposure to domestic violence is a common factor in posttraumatic growth(PTG)and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD),but it is unclear whether PTG and PTSD share a common/different underlying mechanism.AIM To explore the common/different underlying mechanism of PTG and PTSD.METHODS Between February 12 and 17,2020,a nationwide cross-sectional online survey was conducted in China among 2038 university students,and a self-administered questionnaire was used for the data collection.The data included demographic characteristics,such as age,gender,and subjective social economic status,and childhood exposure to domestic violence scale that was selected from the Chinese version of revised Adverse Childhood Experiences Question,Self-compassion Scale,Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale,Posttraumatic Growth Inventory,and the Abbreviated PTSD Checklist-Civilian version.A structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses.RESULTS Exposure to domestic violence was significantly associated with PTG and PTSD via a 1-step indirect path of self-compassion(PTG:β=-0.023,95%CI:-0.44 to-0.007;PTSD:β=0.008,95%CI:0.002,0.014)and via a 2-step indirect path from self-compassion to resilience(PTG:β=-0.008,95%CI:-0.018 to-0.002;PTSD:β=0.013,95%CI:0.004-0.024).However,resilience did not mediate the relationship between exposure to domestic violence and PTG and PTSD.CONCLUSION PTG and PTSD are common results of childhood exposure to domestic violence,which may be influenced by self-compassion and resilience.

Self-Compassion and Empathy: Impact on Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress in Medical Training

Objective: To determine how self-compassion and empathy might influence the degree of burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction among medical students and residents. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of medical students and select residency programs at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. Respondents completed the Professional Quality of Life Scale (burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction), Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale, and the empathic concern and personal distress subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results: The response rate was 28.6%. 23.9% and 27.3% of medical trainees reported high levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress, respectively. Females reported greater empathy but lower self-compassion than males. Greater concern for others and oneself and lower personal distress predicted greater pleasure derived from professional work. Less concern for others and lower concern for oneself predicted greater burnout. Conclusions: Compassion for oneself and for others within their care appears to ameliorate burnout and can increase professional satisfaction. Initiatives to foster empathy and self-compassion may enhance individual well-being.

Unconditional Positive Self-Regard (UPSR) and Self-Compassion, the Internal Consistency and Convergent/Divergent Validity of Patterson &Joseph’s UPSR Scale

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to test the psychometric properties and validity of the unconditional positive self-regard scale (UPSR) and its two subscales developed by Patterson & Joseph (2006). It also aims to examine and compare the concepts of UPSR with self-compassion and its relation to mental well-being. Design: Correlation survey design validations of the UPSR scale (Patterson & Joseph, 2006). Methods: The validation was conducted using an undergraduate and postgraduate student opportunity sample, n = 179. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha and inter-item correlations. Convergent and divergent validity was explored in terms of correlations with self-compassion, depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) scales. Results: There was good internal consistency for both the UPSR scale and the self-regard subscale and somewhat questionable internal consistency for the conditionality subscale. Overall the scale appears to be relatively consistent, supporting the previous findings reported by Patterson & Joseph (2006). The results supported the hypothesis that UPSR is positively correlated with a measure of self-compassion and negatively correlated with measures of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7). Conclusions: The UPSR scale is a valid measure of the person-centred concept of unconditional positive self-regard. This supports the potential use of the UPSR scale for evaluating therapeutic change for client-centred practitioners through the use of this non-medicalized tool.

Determination and Evaluation of the Self-Compassion Levels of the Students Studying in the Sport Sciences Faculties of Universities

The present study has been conducted in order to determine the self-compassion levels of the students studying in various departments of the faculties of sports sciences and performing sports, and thus to find out whether certain variables such as their branch, department and families have an effect on their self-compassion levels. The ＂Self-compassion Scale＂ was used as the data collection tool in the study. In the present study, when the self-compassion levels of the students of the faculties of sports sciences were evaluated by various variables, it was found that the self-compassion levels of the students of Mugla University were significantly higher than those of the students of Ankara University, that the self-compassion levels of the students studying in the department of teaching were higher than those of the students studying in the department of coaching, and that the self-compassion levels of the students performing the branch of football were significantly higher than those of the students performing the branch of volleyball. When the students were compared based on the cities they live, it was found that the students living in the province of Mugla had significantly higher levels of self-compassion comparing to the students living in the province Ankara. Consequently, it was determined that the self-compassion levels of the students studying in various departments of the faculties of sports sciences were moderate, and that the differences in the province, department and the sports branch had an effect on the levels of self-compassion.

The Self-Compassionate Coping Measure (4 items): Psychometric features and relationships with depression and anxiety in adults

Self-compassion refers to a positive, kind attitude of a person toward oneself when confronted with difficulties. A self-compassionate coping style may buffer against the development of psychological problems. Aim was to introduce a new, 4-item measure for Self-compassion and to test its psychometric properties. In addition, its relationships with Neff’s Self Compassion Scale (SCS) and with the HADS depression and anxiety scales were studied, in an adult general population sample. The results showed that the SCCM had a high reliability, confirming internal validity. In addition, the SCCM was strongly related to all subscales and total score of the SCS, suggesting construct validity. Finally, also strong relationships were found with symptoms of depression and anxiety, suggesting criterion validity. The SCCM might therefore be considered a valuable and reliable tool in the study of self-compassion associated with mental-health problems, while it also might provide us with targets for intervention.

Psychological Factors Affecting the Family’s Satisfaction of Patients in an Intensive Care Unit: The Dominant Role of Self-Compassion and Resilience

Background: Family members of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients are subject to a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders. This psychological distress inevitably affects their perception of the quality of care that their relative receives. The aim of this study is to enlighten the effect of psychopathology, resilience, and self-compassion on the satisfaction of family members of ICU patients and examine the role of self-compassion and resilience as explaining variables of the psychopathology and satisfaction relation. Methods: One hundred and seventy-six family members participated in the study. Each participant completed the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90-R), the Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU) questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Mental Endurance Scale (CD-RISC), and the Self-Compassion scale (SCS). Analysis of variance and path analysis was applied in order to test the research hypotheses. Results: The patient’s age, patient’s gender, type of relation, and age of the family member did not have a statistically significant direct or interaction effect on the satisfaction of the family members. The psychopathology had a significant negative correlation with the total satisfaction of the family members. The self-compassion was found to have a significant direct effect on psychopathology and a significant indirect effect on satisfaction via resilience, while both resilience and self-compassion had significant direct or indirect effects on satisfaction. Self-compassion was found to eliminate the mediation role of resilience on psychopathology and the resilience and psychopathology effect on satisfaction. Conclusions: Self-compassion emerged as the most important personality characteristic concerning the satisfaction of family members of ICU patients. Our study indicates that interventions aiming to enhance self-compassion will help patients’ relatives cope with the particularly stressful experience of the intensive care unit.

Professional nurses’facilitation of self-care in intensive care units:A concept analysis

Objective:This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the concept of self-care in the intensive care unit and outline its defining attributes,antecedents,consequences and empirical referents.Methods:The literature was searched electronically using databases such as CINAHL,Medline,Psych INFO,ERIC,ScienceDirect,Amed,EBSCO(Health Source:Nursing and Academic Edition),Sage,Ujoogle and Google Scholar.Articles from 2013 to 2020 were searched to target recent and up-to-date information about the definitions,attributes,antecedents and consequences of the concept of self-care.Walker and Avant’s framework was utilised to analyse the concept of self-care.Results:The results of the concept analysis identified seven attributes,namely process,activity,capability,autonomous choice,education,self-control and interaction.The seven identified antecedents are self-motivation,participation,commitment,resources,religious and cultural beliefs,social,spiritual and professional support,and the availability of time.The consequences are the maintenance of health and wellbeing,autonomy,increased self-esteem,disease prevention,empowerment,increased social support and the ability to cope with stress.

中文版一般人际交往目标量表的信度与效度研究

目的对Crocker等人编制的人际交往目标量表进行修订,并检验修订量表的信效度。方法采用翻译后的人际交往目标量表对432名大学生进行施测。结果信度检验:修订后的总量表、自我形象目标、关爱他人目标维度的内部一致性系数分别为0.852、0.787、0.789,分半信度分别为0.770、0.783、0.745;效度检验:探索性因素分析产生的2个因子共解释38.54%的总方差;验证性因素分析结果显示,模型对于数据的拟合程度良,χ2/df=2.06,RMSEA=0.068,NFI=0.805,CFI=0.887,IFI=0.889,TLI=0.867。结论修订后的人际交往目标量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以在未来的相关领域研究中应用。

Evaluating the feasibility and preliminary effects of an online compassion training program for nursing students:A pilot randomized controlled trial

Objectives:This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an online compassion training program for nursing students and preliminarily investigate its effects on mindfulness,self-compassion,and stress reduction.Methods:This study employed a randomized controlled trial design.Second-year students from a nursing college in Guangzhou,China,were recruited as research participants in August 2023.The intervention group participated in an 8-week online compassion training program via the WeChat platform,comprising three stages:mindfulness(weeks 1e2),self-compassion(weeks 3e5),and compassion for others(weeks 6 e8).Each stage included four activities:psychoeducation,mindfulness practice,weekly diary,and emotional support.Program feasibility was assessed through recruitment and retention rates,program engagement,and participant acceptability.Program effectiveness was measured with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale,Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form,and Perceived Stress Scale.Results:A total of 28 students completed the study(13 in the intervention group,15 in the control group).The recruitment rate was 36.46%,with a high retention rate of 93.3%.Participants demonstrated high engagement:69.2%accessed learning materials every 1e2 days,93.3%practiced mindfulness at least weekly,with an average of 4.69 diary entries submitted per person and 23.30 WeChat interactions with instructors.Regarding acceptability,all participants expressed satisfaction with the program,with 92.4%finding it“very helpful”or“extremely helpful.”In terms of intervention effects,the intervention group showed a significant increase in mindfulness levels from pre-intervention(51.54±10.93)to postintervention(62.46±13.58)(P<0.05),while no significant change was observed in the control group.Although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in post-intervention self-compassion and perceived stress levels,the intervention group showed positive trends:selfcompassion levels increased(35.85±8.60 vs.40.85±5.54),and perceived stress levels slightly decreased(44.77±8.65 vs.42.00±5.77).Conclusions:This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of an online compassion training program for nursing students and suggested its potential effectiveness in enhancing mindfulness,self-compassion,and stress reduction.Despite limitations such as small sample size and lack of long-term follow-up,preliminary evidence indicates promising prospects for integrating such training into nursing education.Further research is warranted to confirm thesefindings and assess the sustained impact of this approach on nursing education and practice.

重复经颅磁刺激及怜悯护理辅导对精神分裂症自我怜悯能力影响

目的重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)是精神病患者的非药物治疗手段之一,团体怜悯护理辅导近年来也逐渐应用于精神病患者护理,rTMS结合怜悯护理辅导在精神疾病的应用鲜见报道。本研究探讨rTMS结合怜悯护理辅导对精神分裂症患者自我怜悯能力的影响。方法选取2017-01-06-2017-12-30梅州市第三人民医院精神科住院的80例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,根据护理方式的不同分为研究组与对照组,各40例。研究组完成36例,在药物治疗和临床护理的基础上,给予rTMS治疗和rTMS常规护理,并进行团体怜悯护理辅导;对照组完成37例,实施单纯药物治疗和临床护理。干预前和干预6周末分别评定中文修订版自我怜悯量表(Chinese version of revised self-compassion scale,SCS-C)以及阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative symptom scales,PANSS),采用双因素重复测量的方差分析进行组间比较和干预前后比较。结果干预前,SCS-C自我评判、自我友善、孤立感、普遍人性感、过度沉溺、正念因子分和自我怜悯总分,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义,均P>0.05。干预6周后,研究组SCS-C总分为(86.9±12.8)分,高于干预前的(77.8±12.1)分,F=9.06,P=0.003;也高于对照组的(79.2±11.9)分,F=7.08,P=0.010。研究组SCS-C的自我评判、自我友善和普遍人性感3个因子分高于干预前,也高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义,均P<0.05。干预前,PANSS总分、阳性症状因子分和阴性症状因子分,两组间比较差异无统计学意义,均P>0.05。干预6周后,研究组PANSS总分为(26.7±11.3)分,低于干预前的(57.6±13.5)分,F=22.33,P<0.001;也低于对照组的(34.3±10.6)分,F=8.76,P=0.004。研究组阳性症状因子分为(8.6±2.6)分,低于干预前的(18.4±4.1)分,F=26.29,P<0.001;也低于对照组的(10.4±2.3)分,F=21.13,P<0.001。研究组阴性症状因子分为(9.1±2.8)分,低于干预前的(19.4±4.3)分,F=26.11,P<0.001;也低于对照组的(11.4±2.9)分,F=18.71,P<0.001。结论 rTMS结合团体怜悯护理辅导,能显著改善精神分裂症患者的病情,有效提高患者的自我怜悯水平。