Air-condition process for scalable fabrication of CdS/ZnS 1D/2D heterojunctions toward efficient and stable photocatalytic hydrogen production

We report the scalable fabrication of CdS/ZnS 1D/2D heterojunctions under ambient air conditions(i.e.,room temperature and atmospheric pressure)in which ZnS nanoparticles are anchored on the surface of CdS nanosheets.The as-formed heterojunctions exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic H_(2) evolution rate of 14.02 mmol h^(-1) g^(-1) when irradiated with visible light,which is~10 and 85 times higher than those of pristine CdS nanosheets and CdS nanoparticles,respectively,and superior to most of the CdS-based photocatalysts reported to date.Furthermore,they provide robust photocatalytic performance with demonstratable stability over 58 h,indicating their potential for practical applications.The formation of 1D/2D heterojunctions not only provides improved exposed active sites that respond to illumination but also provides a rapid pathway to generate photogenerated carriers for efficient separation and transfer through the matrix of single-crystalline CdS nanosheets.In addition,first-principles simulations demonstrate that the existence of rich Zn vacancies increases the energy level of the ZnS valence band maximum to construct type-II and Z-scheme mixed heterojunctions,which plays a critical role in suppressing the recombination of carriers with limited photocorrosion of CdS to enhance photocatalytic behavior.

DISPLACEMENT CONTROL AND KINETIC ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONER

A novel variable displacement compressor (VDC) for automotive air conditioner (AAC) is introduced, which inherits the advantages of common wobble plate type VDC. It has fewer parts and makes less noise, and instead of pneumatic valve the displacement is controlled by electronic control valve. In order to know the control mechanism well and get a good control effect, a mathematical model for the variable displacement mechanism is developed according to the geometrical and kinematical information of the compressor. Using the model, the effect of relevant parameters on variable displace control is estimated. It is helpful to make the optimum decision in the flow control of AAC. As the novel displacement control device, the structure and control rule of electronic control valve is introduced. It can get better effect than the conventional pneumatic valves. And by using this new electronic control device, the optimum systemic control of AAC is available.

A Study on the Reduction of the Aerodynamic Drag and Noise Generated By the Roof Air Conditioner of High-Speed Trains

In order to investigate how the aerodynamic drag and noise produced by the roof air conditioner of a high-speed train can be reduced,the related unsteady flow in the near-field was computed using the method of large eddy simulation.In this way,the aerodynamic source for noise generation has initially been determined.Then,the far-field aerodynamic noise has been computed in the framework of the Lighthill’s acoustics analogy theory.The propulsion height and flow-guide angle of the roof air conditioner were set as the design variables.According to the computational results,a lower propulsion height or flow-guide angle is beneficial in terms of aerodynamic drag and noise mitigation.However,compared to the design scheme with propulsion height of 0mm,the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the configuration with propulsion height of 190mm and flow-guide angle of 30°is slightly larger,while the aerodynamic noise is obviously reduced.Thus,from the viewpoint of the aerodynamic drag and noise,the design scheme with propulsion height of 190 mm and flow-guide angle of 30°is the optimal configuration in the range of conditions examined in the present work.

A PROSPECTIVE HYDROGEN STORAGE ALLOY PAIR FOR BUS AIR CONDITIONERS

ＡＰＲＯＳＰＥＣＴＩＶＥＨＹＤＲＯＧＥＮＳＴＯＲＡＧＥＡＬＬＯＹＰＡＩＲＦＯＲＢＵＳＡＩＲＣＯＮＤＩＴＩＯＮＥＲＳ①ＷａｎｇＸｉｎｈｕａａｎｄＣｈｅｎＣｈａｎｇｐｉｎＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎｇ，...

Girth welding system for vortex type refrigeration compressor of air conditioner

According to the requirements of welding process for vortex type compressor of air conditioner manufactured in product line, a special girth welding machine with PLC as control core was developed, which had both upright and 45 ° incline service positions. And some key technologies were researched, such as structural design of machine body, reliable conduction of rotary weldments and quality control of welding process and so on. The experimental results showed that this machine could satisfy the requirements of welding quality and girth welding technology, results also proved the machine was a high-effwiency and low-cost automatic welding device.

Forecast of Consumption and Emission of HFC-134a Used in the Mobile Air-conditioner Sector in China

HFC-134a 是在中国在活动空调机部门使用的 CFC-12 的最重要的选择。HFC-134a 的消费在最近的年里很快一直在增加。它在部门成为大多数消费 HFC。当基础线年，未来消费和排放 HFC-134a 总计，选择 2005 通过一种联合情形的分析被估计：1 ) 由 non-HFC-134a 的代替相配， 2 ) 在满足的好实践， 3 ) 技术提升，并且 4 ) 在 HFC-134a 排出物的控制上的政府政策。分析证明那 HFC-134a 消费和排出物愿望继续在下一 10 年里增加。当估计的排放数量将到达 16,065 t 和 30,186 t 时，投射 HFC-134a 消费将分别地在 2010 和 2015 接近 20,150 t 和 34,875 t (即， 21 科山 2-eq 和 39 科山 2-eq 排出物) 相应地。与 business-as-usual 情形相比，在 2010 和 2015 的期望的排放减小将在 6.7 科山 2-eq 和 13.0 科山 2-eq 之间变化。引证胡， J. ， D。苍白， C. 李，等， 2010：在中国在活动空调机部门使用的 HFC-134a 的消费和排放预报。副词。Clim。变化物件， 1， doi：10.3724/SP .J.1248.2010.00020。

Influence of Surrounding Structures upon the Aerodynamic and Acoustic Performance of the Outdoor Unit of a Split Air-Conditioner

DC-inverter split air-conditioner is widely used in Chinese homes as a result of its high-efficiency and energy-saving. Recently, the researches on its outdoor unit have focused on the influence of surrounding structures upon the aerodynamic and acoustic performance, however they are only limited to the influence of a few parameters on the performance, and practical design of the unit requires more detailed parametric analysis. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics（CFD） and computational aerodynamic acoustics（CAA） simulation based on FLUENT solver is used to study the influence of surrounding structures upon the aforementioned properties of the unit. The flow rate and sound pressure level are predicted for different rotating speed, and agree well with the experimental results. The parametric influence of three main surrounding structures（i.e. the heat sink, the bell-mouth type shroud and the outlet grille） upon the aerodynamic performance of the unit is analyzed thoroughly. The results demonstrate that the tip vortex plays a major role in the flow fields near the blade tip and has a great effect on the flow field of the unit. The inlet ring＇s size and throat＇s depth of the bell-mouth type shroud, and the through-flow area and configuration of upwind and downwind sections of the outlet grille are the most important factors that affect the aerodynamic performance of the unit. Furthermore, two improved schemes against the existing prototype of the unit are developed, which both can significantly increase the flow rate more than 6 %（i.e. 100 m3·h～（-1）） at given rotating speeds. The inevitable increase of flow noise level when flow rate is increased and the advantage of keeping a lower rotating speed are also discussed. The presented work could be a useful guideline in designing the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the split air-conditioner in engineering practice.

Optimal Scheduling of Air Conditioners for Energy Efficiency

Energy saving is one of the most important research hotspots, by which operational expenditure and CO2 emission can be reduced. Optimal cooling capacity scheduling in addition to temperature control can improve energy efficiency. The main contribution of this work is modeling the telecommunication building for the fabric cooling load to schedule the operation of air conditioners. The time series data of the fabric cooling load of the building envelope is taken by simulation by using Energy Plus, Building Control Virtual Test Bed （BCVTB）, and Matlab. This pre-computed data and other internal thermal loads are used for scheduling in air conditioners. Energy savings obtained for the whole year are about 4% to 6% by simulation and the field study, respectively.

Quality Testing of Air Conditioner Condensate and Its Potential in Water Conservation

A major part of world is facing water shortages today. While the world’s population has grown to more than 7.75 billion, the quantity of sweet water has remained the same. The ever increasing use of water by such a large population has resulted in pollution of many water sources. The developing world where a large fraction of total world population is located faces water scarcity in a more severe manner than the developed world. The developed world has managed to control human population and preserve natural water resources more effectively. As a result of this and also due to stabilized population, they face lesser problems for water availability. Indian population stands at 1.386 billion as nowadays. The erratic monsoon rains over last few years have resulted in floods and subsequent water shortages in summer months in major part of the country. A similar situation is faced by many Asian and African countries. The means of recycling and using every possible source of water are always welcome in these countries. Since many of these countries lie in tropical or semitropical zone, the average relative humidity is more than 50% for most of the year. Changing life styles in these countries and spread of information technology based sectors have resulted in a growth spurt in air conditioning facilities. An air conditioner draws heat from surrounding air and cools the premises to desired temperature. During this process, a large amount of moisture in the atmosphere gets condensed and is drained out. There are no efforts made to recover this water in India and neighbouring countries. We have undertaken studies to check the quality of this water and see the feasibility of its use in a decentralized but effective manner. The results show that this water condensate from air conditioners is highly pure, substantial and available almost round the year. This can help in recovering millions of litres of good quality water daily. This water would find uses in industries, laboratories, households and farming. It would also create good business opportunities.

Water, land, and energy use efficiencies and financial evaluation of air conditioner cooled greenhouses based on field experiments

High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m^(2) for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m^(2) in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.

Guangdong Rowa Air Conditioner Co, Ltd.

THE COMPANYGuangdong Rowa Air Conditioner Company Limited, a subsidiary of Great Wall Cybertech Limited, is a leading air conditioner manufacturer in the People’s Republic of China. It was formerly the Guangdong Sanning Air-Conditioner Co., Ltd.

Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in the US

This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.

Effect of air-conditioner exposure on semen quality

Aim: To investigate the effect of air-conditioner exposure on semen quality. Methods: The data came from the healthy male volunteers, aged 22 to 30 years, who went to centers for maternity and children health for premarital physical examination in Shanghai, Henan, Zhejiang and Hebei from December 1998 to February 2000. The sampling size is 304. Results: Among the subjects, 90 (29.6 %) had air-conditioner at home and the rest did not. X2-test and multiple logistic regression analyses showed that, the difference between the exposure and control groups was statistically significant in semen volume, sperm density and proportion of sperm with normal morphology. The three indexes were lower in the exposure group. Conclusion: Air-conditioner exposure possibly influences the semen quality.

Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.

Experimental Study of the Controlling Characteristics of Inverter-Driven Multi-type Air Conditioner

The controlling algorithm was studied for the inverter-driven multi-type air conditioner using electronic expansion valve(EEV) in outdoor unit. The performance of inverter-driven air conditioner with two different units was investigated by varying the outdoor ambient temperature and compressor speed. Based on the test results, the effect of EEV opening on the indoor unit exit superheat was discussed. For the specified outdoor ambient temperature scope and the EEV opening, the superheats of indoor units decrease with the outdoor ambient temperature rising. Improper distribution of refrigerant into each indoor unit will causes excessive superheat difference between two indoor units. Suggestions were then given for the controlling of the superheat.

Jirong Air Conditioners

Various kinds of cabinet air conditioners,roof top air conditioners, cool-water set of air conditioners, and air treatment apparatuses,produced by Guangdong Jirong Air Conditioner Equipment Corporation, using world namebrand compressors, blower fans, computers,and control devices and other materials imported from abroad, are widely used in industrial and civil projects. The quality of the products is reliable, with low noise, easy operation, and high precision for control. Their main quotas for specifications are up to the international advanced standards. The output of Jirong cabinet and roof-top air conditioners is the leader in the country. The variety of cabinet conditioners includes water-cool and air-coon ones

Environmental Benefits for Phase-Out HCFC-22 in the Residential Air-Conditioner Sector in China

中国是 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC ) 的最大的制片人和消费者，并且 HCFC-22 的生产占超过 80% 所有 HCFC。这份报纸专注于居住空调机工业并且分析在中国加速 HCFC-22 的逐步淘汰的环境好处。根据基线的比较和 HCFC-22 的逐步淘汰情形，将直接作为一种致冷的选择用 HC-290 (丙烷) 减少温室效应，并且间接地在电消费由于减小减少温室气体的排放的调查结果表演。HC-290 和 HFC-410A 的二种情形的比较致冷的选择证明 HC-290 致冷的愿望的使用比 HFC-410A 生产显著地更高的环境好处致冷。引证苍白， T. ， Y。Dou， L. 王，等， 2011：为在在中国的居住空调机部门的逐步淘汰 HCFC-22 的环境好处。副词。Clim。变化物件， 2 (2 ) ， doi：10.3724/SP .J.1248.2011.00086。