The emission of the traditional energy chemical industry accounts for 20% of the total manmade VOC emission in China, of which coal chemical and petrochemical plants are one of the most important VOC emission sources....The emission of the traditional energy chemical industry accounts for 20% of the total manmade VOC emission in China, of which coal chemical and petrochemical plants are one of the most important VOC emission sources. VOC emission sources mainly include the leakage of oil refinery units and equipment, pipes and valves, respiration and leakage of various types of storage tanks, effusion of oils during loading and unloading, effusion of sewage treatment systems, all kinds of process tail gas, etc. In this paper, the current management status of VOC emission in China’s coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry are analyzed, which divides VOC management into intentional and fugitive emission. The Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) management method and technology for equipment, pipes and valves implemented in the United States are studied to propose self-inspection management methods and measures for VOC emissions in the energy chemical industry, providing strategies and recommendations for energy conservation, emission reduction and cleaner production in the traditional energy chemical industry.展开更多
The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to it...The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to its withdrawal from production.The principal difference between PQS and GxP rules from other quality systems is that the medicinal product,its safety and efficacy is put at the forefront.At the same time,PQS implies a process approach to all components that should be aimed at achieving the main goal—ensuring and guaranteeing the quality of the medicinal product for the end user(patient)—and should be based on the quality risk management system.An integral part of PQS,as well as the GxP rules adopted in the European Union and PIC/S,is a process for self-inspections and/or quality audits,which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PQS.This publication is dedicated to the definition of self-inspections(internal audits)as one of the PQS’s processes.The article defines the main standard stages and develops a model of a risk-based approach to the self-inspections’planning in relation to processes of the pharmaceutical quality system.展开更多
文摘The emission of the traditional energy chemical industry accounts for 20% of the total manmade VOC emission in China, of which coal chemical and petrochemical plants are one of the most important VOC emission sources. VOC emission sources mainly include the leakage of oil refinery units and equipment, pipes and valves, respiration and leakage of various types of storage tanks, effusion of oils during loading and unloading, effusion of sewage treatment systems, all kinds of process tail gas, etc. In this paper, the current management status of VOC emission in China’s coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry are analyzed, which divides VOC management into intentional and fugitive emission. The Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) management method and technology for equipment, pipes and valves implemented in the United States are studied to propose self-inspection management methods and measures for VOC emissions in the energy chemical industry, providing strategies and recommendations for energy conservation, emission reduction and cleaner production in the traditional energy chemical industry.
文摘The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to its withdrawal from production.The principal difference between PQS and GxP rules from other quality systems is that the medicinal product,its safety and efficacy is put at the forefront.At the same time,PQS implies a process approach to all components that should be aimed at achieving the main goal—ensuring and guaranteeing the quality of the medicinal product for the end user(patient)—and should be based on the quality risk management system.An integral part of PQS,as well as the GxP rules adopted in the European Union and PIC/S,is a process for self-inspections and/or quality audits,which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PQS.This publication is dedicated to the definition of self-inspections(internal audits)as one of the PQS’s processes.The article defines the main standard stages and develops a model of a risk-based approach to the self-inspections’planning in relation to processes of the pharmaceutical quality system.
