Joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control with friction compensations

In order to investigate the joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control strategies and the influence of compensations for friction, an experimental study on the identification of friction parameters, friction compensation and the Cartesian impedance control are developed for the harmonic drive robot, by using the sensors available in the joint itself. Different from the conventional Cartesian impedance control schemes which are mostly based on the robot end force/torque information, five joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control schemes are considered, including the force-based schemes in Cartesian/joint space, the position-based schemes in Cartesian/joint space and the stiffness control. Four of them are verified by corresponding experiments with/without friction compensations. By comparison, it is found that the force-based impedance control strategy is more suitable than the position-based one for the robot based on joint torque feedback and the friction has even a positive effect on Cartesian impedance control stability.

Grey Relation between Nonlinear Characteristic and Dynamic Uncertainty of Rolling Bearing Friction Torque

The rolling bearing friction torque which is characterized by its uncertainty and nonlinearity affects heavily the dynamic performance of a system such as missiles, spacecrafts and radars, etc. It is difficult to use the classical statistical theory to evaluate the dynamic evaluation of the rolling bearing friction torque for the lack of prior information about both probability distribution and trends. For this reason, based on the information poor system theory and combined with the correlation dimension in chaos theory, the concepts about the mean of the dynamic fluctuant range （MDFR） and the grey relation are proposed to resolve the problem about evaluating the nonlinear characteristic and the dynamic uncertainty of the rolling bearing friction torque. Friction torque experiments are done for three types of the rolling bearings marked with HKTA, HKTB and HKTC separately; meantime, the correlation dimension and MDFR are calculated to describe the nonlinear characteristic and the dynamic uncertainty of the friction torque, respectively. And the experiments reveal that there is a certain grey relation between the nonlinear characteristic and the dynamic uncertainty of the rolling bearing friction torque, viz. MDFR will become the nonlinear increasing trend with the correlation dimension increasing. Under the condition of fewer characteristic data and the lack of prior information about both probability distribution and trends, the unitive evaluation for the nonlinear characteristic and the dynamic uncertainty of the rolling bearing friction torque is realized with the grey confidence level of 87.7%-96.3%.

Theoretical Model and Experimental Research on Friction and Torque Characteristics of Hydro-viscous Drive in Mixed Friction Stage

The hydro-viscous drive(HVD)has been widely used in fan transmission in vehicles,fans,and scraper conveyors for step-less speed regulation or soft starting.In the mixed friction stage,the contact,friction,and torque characteristics of friction pairs are very complex and change at any time.The characteristics of the frictional and hydrodynamic lubrication states were studied in order to calculate and predict the friction and torque characteristics of the friction pairs in the mixed friction stage.The fluid torque was calculated by applying the average shear stress model and the load-carrying capacity of asperity was determined on the basis of the fractal contact theory.In addition,the contact friction coefficient of the friction pairs was taken into consideration and measured by using the MM1000-Ⅲfriction and wear testing machine.The asperity friction torque and total torque in the mixed friction stage were obtained and finally,the test rig for the torque characteristics was set up.The results show that the contribution to the total torque is shared by the oil film and the asperity friction.The friction coefficient decreases sharply at first and then increases with a change in the relative rotational speed,following the Stribeck curve closely,and the contact frictional coefficient slowly decreases with increase in the pressure between the friction pairs.The torque between the friction pairs is provided by the asperity friction,and the torque due to the oil film reduces to zero.When the thickness of the oil film is small,a major contribution to the total torque is due to the asperity friction.The total torque also increases with the decrease in the film thickness ratio.Therefore,by theoretical analysis and experimental verification,the torque of the friction pairs in the mixed friction stage can be accurately calculated using the average shear stress model and asperity friction torque model.

Uncertainty analysis of atmospheric friction torque on the solid Earth

The wind stress acquired from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF）, National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） climate models and QSCAT satellite observations are analyzed by using frequency-wavenumber spectrum method. The spectrum of two climate models, i.e., ECMWF and NCEP, is similar for both 10 m wind data and model output wind stress data, which indicates that both the climate models capture the key feature of wind stress. While the QSCAT wind stress data shows the similar characteristics with the two climate models in both spectrum domain and the spatial distribution, but with a factor of approximately 1.25 times larger than that of climate models in energy. These differences show the uncertainty in the different wind stress products, which inevitably cause the atmospheric faction torque uncertainties on solid Earth with a 60% departure in annual amplitude, and furtherly affect the precise estimation of the Earth＇s rotation.

Applicability of unique scarf joint configuration in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6:Analysis of torque,force,microstructure and mechanical properties

The present research introduces a unique concept of scarf joint technique in friction stir welding(FSW) of aluminum alloy AA 6061-T6 plates and an investigation on weld quality.A new joint configuration with two distinct scarf angles(75°and 60°) was considered in this study.The various aspects of welding were compared with contemporary simple square butt(SSB) joint configuration.Welding was carried out at a constant tool rotation speed(TRS),tool traverse speed(TTS) and tool tilt angle of 1100 rpm,2 mm/s and2°,respectively.The results are analyzed in terms of force and torque distribution,microstructure,macrostructure,and mechanical property perspective for different joint configurations.The study reveals the minimum amount of force and torque at 60°scarf angle joint configuration compared to that of square butt joint configuration.Macro study shows that all the joints were defect-free,and a prominent onion ring was present in the lower portion of the weld nugget(WN).Fine equiaxed grains with a minimum average grain size diameter of 6.82 μm were obtained in the WN of scarf joint configuration(SJC).The maximum ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and maximum average NZ hardness of 267 MPa and83.82 HV0.1were obtained in SJC3 at a scarf angle of 60°.It has been observed from the investigation that the joint efficiency increases from 72.5%(SSB) to 86%(SJC3) at a 60° scarf angle.This unique characteristic may lay an impetus on probable joint strength enhancement technique without increasing the production cost.

A Measuring Technique of Dynamic Torque on Continuous-drive Friction Welding

The dynamic torque of continuous drive friction welding is a key technique parameter in the friction welding process. A number of measuring methods of dynamic torque on continuous drive friction welding have been introduced in the paper, and a new method VCMM, (Voltage and Current of Major Moytor) for measuring dynamic torque through measuring the main motor's stator voltage and current of a continuous drive friction welding machine has been proposed. The VCMM method has such merits as convenience, accuracy, reliability, and high antijamming ability.

METHOD TO ELIMINATE THE INFLUENCE OF SERVO－MOTOR FRICTION TORQUEON ULTRA－LOW SPEED PERFORMANCE OFELEC

A nonlinear observer of friction torque is formulated for valve controlled servomotor system. The effect of the observer is studied with simulating method and its applied condition is analyzed. When the above observer is not suitable foe use, a simple PID controlling method with variable parameters is presented. The method has been proved to be effective by the experimental results.

An improved LuGre model for calculating static steering torque of rubber tracked chassis

Tire and rubber track interchangeable chassis combines the advantages of tire and rubber track,which can greatly improve the maneuverability of military construction machinery.However,there is almost no effective calculation model for the real-time static steering torque.When the relative sliding speed is greater than 0.01 m/s,the influence of friction heating can not be ignored.An improved LuGre model is established to calculate the static real-time steering torque of tire and rubber track interchangeable chassis.Firstly,the friction heating model between rubber and ground is established.Combined with the influence of temperature on the dynamic performance of rubber material,the influence of friction heating on the stiffness and friction coefficient of rubber track is analyzed,and the improved LuGre friction model is established.The steering torque of tire and rubber track interchangeable chassis is affected by rubber material properties,steering speed,pavement type,and ambient temperature.Compared with the original Lu Gre model,the improved LuGre model captures the change in friction torque during multiple in-situ turns due to frictional heating.The error with the experimental data is small,which verifies the effectiveness of the improved LuGre model.

Experimental Comparison Between PID Control and Friction Compensation Control for a Class of Nonlinear System with Friction

A point to? point positioning control of systems with highly nonlinear frictions is studied. In view of variable frictions caused by the changes of load torque, an experimental comparison was made between the valve? controlled hydraulic motor servo system with PID control and that with friction compensation control. Experimental results show that the gross steady errors are caused by frictions when the system is controlled by the conventional proportional control algorithm. Although the errors can be reduced by introducing the integral control, the limit cycle oscillation and the long setting time are caused. The positioning error for a constant load torque can be eliminated by using fixed friction compensation, but poor positioning accuracy is caused by the same fixed friction compensation when the load torques varies greatly. The dynamic friction compensation based on the error and change in error measurements can significantly improve the position precision in a broad range of the changes of load torque.

Methodology for the assessment of the friction torque of ball slewing bearings considering preload scatter

This manuscript presents an innovative methodology for the assessment of the friction torque of ball slewing bearings.The methodology aims to overcome the limitations of state-of-the-art approaches,especially when the friction torque is conditioned by the preload of the balls.To this end,the authors propose to simulate the preload scatter when solving the load distribution problem,prior to the friction torque calculation.This preload scatter allows to simulate a progressive transition of the balls from a four-point contact state to a two-point contact one.By implementing this capability into an analytical model,the authors achieve a successful correlation with experimental results.Nonetheless,depending on the stiffness of the structures to which the bearing is assembled,it is demonstrated that the rigid ring assumption can lead to inaccurate friction torque results when a tilting moment is applied.The methodology described in this research work is meant to have a practical application.Therefore,the manuscript provides guidelines about how to use and tune the analytical model to get a reliable friction torque prediction tool.

Study on Mt control method of friction welding

A new type control method in friction welding is suggested in this pa- per,that is compositive control method of friction torque and friction time,it called Mt control method for short.The principle of Mt control method and its feature are concisely explained.

Effect of Friction on Dynamic Response of A Power Split Transmission System

The tooth surface friction stiffness and friction torque coefficient equations of cylindrical gear are derived.On the basis of factors such as time varying friction coefficient and mesh stiffness,support stiffness,torsional stiffness and comprehensive error,the dynamic equations of the gear trains with bending torsional coupling are established.Using the Fourier series method,the total response of the system is obtained,and the influence of friction on it is analyzed.The results show that when the spur gear enters the meshing,the frictional amplitude of the tooth surface is larger than that of the gear when it is withdrawn from engagement,and the meshing force fluctuates greatly.The frictional force and dynamic meshing force of the herringbone gear tooth surface are relatively stable,and the fluctuation amplitude is much smaller than that of the spur gear.The amplitude of the bearing vibration is not affected by the friction,but the friction has a certain influence on the bearing force of the output shaft.The first order natural frequency of the split stage and the power confluence stage has a large influence on the vibration of the bearing force.In general,the natural frequency of the power confluence stage has a large proportion of influence.

Thermo-mechanical interaction between aluminum alloy and tools with different profiles during friction stir welding

The influence of the tool profiles on the thermo-mechanical interaction between AA6061-T6 workpiece and tool during friction stir welding was investigated. A customized experimental setup was employed to measure the feature points temperature and tool spindle torque in the process of FSW. Microstructure and tensile properties of stir zone (SZ) were characterized. Results indicate that the shoulder and pin geometries were responsible for the heat generation, tool torque variation at the plunging stage as well as the cross section contour of SZ, respectively. Finer grains in SZ resulted from flutes on shoulder and grooves on pin. Flat faces on the pin resulted in inhomogeneous grain size. Weld with higher 0.2% yield strength of 173 MPa was obtained by using the cylindrical pin tool while higher elongation weld of 32.0% was produced with triflat threaded pin tool.

Material properties of friction stir spot welded joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys

Mechanical properties and material mixing patterns of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys were investigated.Two aluminum alloys typically used in automotive applications,5052-H32 and 6061-T6,were selected.During the experiment,the process parameters including the z-axis force and torque histories were measured as a function of the tool displacement.The mechanical properties were investigated by microhardness measurements of the joint,and the material mixing in the stir zone was investigated by EPMA.The experimental results illustrate different process parameter histories,material mixing in the stir zone and material properties including microhardness distributions for FSSW joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys,likely due to different mechanical behaviors of the selected aluminum alloys in the FSSW process temperature range.

精密轴系低温动态摩擦力矩波动分析及优化策略

精密轴系作为机械设备旋转支承核心,其动态摩擦力矩及平稳性直接影响整机功耗及运转精度,尤其在低温环境下,由于温度对润滑油黏度、零件尺寸和配合关系的影响,精密轴系更易出现动态摩擦力矩异常波动。针对某精密轴系低温环境下批次性动态摩擦力矩异常波动现象进行了主因素分析,通过ADAMS平台建立仿真模型,分析了引导间隙、兜孔间隙对保持架动态特性的影响。结合拆解数据,指出兜孔间隙不合理引发的兜孔磨损是造成精密轴系动态摩擦力矩异常波动的原因,通过数理统计对保持架参数进行优化,兜孔间隙与引导间隙之比为0.70~0.85时,该精密轴系低温下运转稳定。

无润滑电磁轴承保护轴承跌落过程摩擦发热分析

为在设计阶段预测电磁轴承保护轴承的寿命,计算跌落过程中保护轴承的发热功率非常重要。很多场合下保护轴承无润滑或只有固体润滑,因此选择局部法,重点分析球与滚道之间的滚动弹性滞后、球自旋、差动滑动等机制引起的发热,推导了差动滑动发热功率解析公式。开展实际电磁轴承高速电机无制动自由跌落实验,实测轴心轨迹和保护轴承冲击力,利用实验数据计算了保护轴承发热功率,并与实测转子动能变化率对比。研究发现,在确定了保护轴承安装预紧力情况下,局部法计算的保护轴承发热功率与转子动能变化率在量级上相当,证明了理论计算可行性;球自旋发热最多,其次是球与滚道差动滑动发热,两者之和占总发热的主要部分,球与滚道弹性滞后发热较少。

多锥形摩擦副接合过程摩擦转矩特性研究

多锥形摩擦副是新型湿式离合器的关键部件,具有体积小、转矩传递性能好等优点.针对多锥形摩擦副的特殊构型,考虑油膜承载力、微凸体接触以及摩擦元件温升等因素,建立了接合过程中摩擦转矩的多物理场耦合数学模型并进行数值求解.计算得到的摩擦转矩与试验数据相比误差小于10%,仿真模型具有较高的准确性.基于该模型对不同加载压力和相对转速下的摩擦转矩特性进行了研究.此外,采用Box-Behnken Design试验设计,通过响应面分析得到锥面数量、锥形角度、锥形高度等锥形参数对摩擦转矩的影响规律.结果表明:摩擦转矩与加载压力呈正相关关系,当加载压力从0.1 MPa增加到0.2 MPa时,摩擦转矩峰值增大了102.2%;减小锥形角度的同时增大锥形数量可更有效地提高摩擦副的转矩传递能力,缩短同步时间.研究结果可为新型多锥形摩擦副的优化设计提供参考依据.

轮毂轴承单元摩擦力矩计算及动力学联合分析软件

为缩短轮毂轴承单元摩擦力矩及动力学分析计算时间,提高轮毂轴承单元设计开发效率,以第三代轮毂轴承单元为研究对象,采用MATLAB GUI软件平台开发了轮毂轴承单元摩擦力矩及动力学联合分析软件,可对轮毂轴承单元滚动摩擦力矩、滑动摩擦力矩、密封件摩擦力矩、因拖曳损失导致的摩擦力矩进行计算,还开发了与ADAMS软件的二次接口,能进一步对轮毂轴承单元的运转过程进行动力学分析,计算结果可在软件界面中直接输出。某轮毂轴承单元的启动摩擦力矩和运转摩擦力矩的试验结果表明,软件计算值与测量值误差较小,可满足工程应用需求;通过动力学分析优化设计的轮毂轴承单元通过了耐久性试验验证。

无源多通道星载光纤滑环可靠性设计与试验

目前关于光纤滑环(FORJ)在空间应用领域的文献较少,设计了一种无源多通道星载FORJ,首先分析了该设备在空间环境中运行时可能面临的问题及挑战,然后基于成熟的技术方案进行了针对性的可靠性设计,最后对设计的星载FORJ进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,所提的无源多通道星载FORJ达到了空间应用要求。

高压大排量径向柱塞泵定子运动规律分析

为改善高压大排量径向柱塞泵定子-滑靴副摩擦状况,实现泵的精确变量,提出定子圆周方向非固定安装结构。通过滑靴柱塞组件力学特性分析,建立单个滑靴滑动摩擦力矩和11个滑靴摩擦合力矩,求解得到定子角速度变化曲线。结果表明,定子在滑靴滑动摩擦力矩作用下能够运动,且排油区滑靴摩擦力矩大于吸油区滑靴摩擦力矩。径向柱塞泵正常工作后,定子角速度稳定在89.5~90.6 rad/s,呈周期变化,对定子运动起阻碍作用的滑靴个数为4、5交替变换。为高压大排量径向柱塞泵滑靴副设计、提高泵的性能提供一定参考。