Unequal Distribution of Innovation Efforts for Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Role of Funding Evaluation Criteria

Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases some seem far more neglected than others. In this research the aim is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the mechanisms that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to establish a comprehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. Criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential impact, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and economic impact;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term societal impact;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvement of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal impact is the primary rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furthermore, current application of evaluation criteria leads to a primary focus on short-term impact. Through current practice, the relatively most neglected diseases will remain so, and a long-term strategy is needed to resolve this.

Research funding and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine, 2019-2020

Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.

The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease

Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of disease for society.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study comparing estimates of disease-specific funding in 1996 with data on six measures of the burden of disease.

The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease

Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of disease for society.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study comparing estimates of disease-specific funding in 1996 with data on six measures of the burden of disease.The measures were total mortality,years of life lost,and number of hospital days in 1994 and incidence,prevalence,and disability-adjusted life-years(one disability-adjusted life-year is defined as the loss of one year of healthy life to disease)in 1990.With the use of these measures as explanatory variables in a regression analysis,predicted funding was calculated and compared with actual funding.

Aortic Dissection Research in China:Analysis of Studies Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China

Objective The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)has made great progress in promoting the development of aortic dissection research in recent years.This study aimed to examine the development and research status of aortic dissection research in China so as to provide references for future research.Methods The NSFC projects data from 2008 to 2019 were collected from the Internet-based Science Information System and other websites utilized as search engines.The publications and citations were retrieved by Google Scholar,and the impact factors were checked by the InCite Journal Citation Reports database.The investigator’s degree and department were identified from the institutional faculty profiles.Results A total of 250 grant funds totaling 124.3 million Yuan and resulting in 747 publications were analyzed.The funds in economically developed and densely populated areas were more than those in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas.There was no significant difference in the amount of funding per grant between different departments’investigators.However,the funding output ratios of the grants for cardiologists were higher than those for basic science investigators.The amount of funding for clinical researchers and basic scientific researchers in aortic dissection was also similar.Clinical researchers were better in terms of the funding output ratio.Conclusion These results suggest that the medical and scientific research level of aortic dissection in China has been greatly improved.However,there are still some problems that urgently need to be solved,such as the unreasonable regional allocation of medical and scientific research resources,and the slow transition from basic science to clinical practice.

Sri Lanka Gets Closer To IMF Funds After China Support

This October,International Monetary Fund(IMF)staff and the Sri Lankan authorities reached a stafflevel agreement on economic policies to conclude the first review of the 48-month Extended Fund Facility(EFF)-supported programme.Sri Lanka will have access to Special Drawing Right(SDR)254 million(about US$330 million)in financing once the review is approved by IMF Management and IMF Executive Board.

Making Sense of Anything thru Analytics: Employees Provident Fund (EPF)

Employees Provident Fund (EPF) has always been a hot topic, from the previous Government permitted “withdrawals” during the pandemic to the present Government disallowing further withdrawals (afraid it would lead to a financial crisis) and allowing emergency loans through an EPF collateral agreement. The latter used median studies to “contribute” MYR 500 to EPF members with less than RM 10,000 in their accounts. Baffled/bewildered by the current Government’s generosity and highlighted in this paper, I used Monte Carlo simulation, a method used by analysts when determining the size of a client’s portfolio to support their desired retirement lifestyle, to establish a reference-type table displaying ideal savings when reaching 50. The Government could use the table mentioned above to give more meaningful contributions to EPF members, apart from EPF active and inactive members, knowing where they stand concerning their current EPF savings.

Strategies for China’s Response to and Improvement of Third-Party Funding in International Investment Arbitration

China should prioritize the establishment and enhancement of a third-party funding system.It should actively refine the existing arbitration rules,addressing any loopholes in the current regulatory framework.Comprehensive measures should be implemented to regulate third-party funding,aligning with international trends.This is crucial not only to safeguard the foreign investment of the Chinese government and enterprises but also to position China as a globally influential arbitration center.

The Impact of Population Aging on the Expenditure of Medical Insurance Fund for Urban Workers in China

Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through analyzing the impact of the population aging,the income and accumulated balance of the medical insurance fund,and other related factors on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund,development status of the medical insurance fund for urban employees in China since 2003 was obtained.Stata 16.0 was used to perform multiple linear regression analysis on related factors to determine the correlation between population aging and the change in medical insurance expenditures.Results and Conclusion The factors that have a greater impact on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund are the amount of income from the medical insurance,followed by the number of people over the age of 65 in China and the urban retired employees participating in medical insurance.We should focus on the sustainable development of the urban employee medical insurance fund to deal with the threat of aging.

Research on Accounting Issues of the Pension Insurance Fund for Urban Employees

Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.

优化地方政府投资基金运作的路径与思考

政府投资基金是落实宏观经济政策的重要手段、支持产业发展的有力方式、破解企业融资瓶颈的有效渠道。我国政府投资基金从初步探索、快速发展转向高质量发展。但在运营方面仍存在诸多不足,政策导向和盈利导向之间存在矛盾,市场化运作受决策程序、产业发展方向制约,资本逐利影响了产业政策落实,基金投资与市场主体争利问题突出等。本文分析了济宁市政府投资基金运作的困境压力,提出优化政府投资基金运作需要进一步明确支持方向、完善投后管理和赋能机制、强化基金投资运作过程管理等。济宁市政府投资基金优化运营,重点应加大基金注入,完善基金制度体系,围绕项目、突出平台、强化联动,提升基金投放质效。

临床试验对医保基金支出的影响研究——基于某肿瘤医院化疗组DRG的实证分析

目的 探讨临床试验对医保支付的客观影响,为DRG支付方式改革的持续推进提供参考。方法 搜集某肿瘤医院2022年3月15日—2023年3月14日出院的RE1化疗组资料,对超支付限额病例的现状进行描述,并对其影响因素进行logistic回归分析。结果 DRG病例10 971例,其中临床试验组病例占5.42%。临床试验组和非临床实验组超DRG支付限额占比分别为7.56%和25.26%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。logistic回归分析结果显示,患者进入临床试验,其超支付标准的风险程度降低89.2%,是否靶向治疗、是否静脉置管、住院日、是否免疫治疗、是否多学科会诊、性别依次是病例超支的风险因素。结论 临床试验有助于医院维持医保基金的结余平衡。医院要做好主动管理,为支付制度的完善打好基础。区分联合治疗将是化疗组DRG分组细化的方向。

医院科研投入的变化趋势及相关性分析

目的 探讨随着时间的推移,医院对科研的兴趣程度的变化趋势以及经费投入的情况,并分析相关性,为医院科研活动的规划和发展提供参考。方法 采用数据分析的方法,包括折线图、饼图和散点图等可视化工具,对潍坊医学院附属医院2018—2022年的科研活动数据进行分析和比较。结果 2018—2022年科研活动数据分析中,医院对科研的投入呈逐年增长趋势。2018—2022年,立项经费从(25.437±13.075)万元增长至(44.618±25.999)万元,而经费合计从(38.453±15.591)万元上升到(68.143±29.157)万元。在所有的经费分配中,校级项目占据了主导地位,其在总经费中的占比达到了52.6%。进一步的统计学分析显示,立项经费与经费合计之间的相关系数高达0.86,证实两者之间存在正相关性。结论 医院对科研的重视程度逐渐增加,从而导致科研项目的经费投入逐年增加,课题数量也逐年增加。校级项目在经费分配中占据了主导地位。立项经费与经费合计之间存在强正相关关系。因此,在制订经费预算时,需要考虑项目的研究内容和需求,以确保合理的经费分配。

残疾人托养照护筹资体系与政策的责任边界

托养照护是重度残疾人长期而迫切的现实需要。近年来,我国残疾人托养照护制度逐步建立,初步形成了财政投入为主、多项政策配合的筹资体系,重点保障了困难重度残疾人基本生活照护。现行政策与残疾人自主生活愿望和未来托付关切尚有较大差距,促进发展功能发挥不足,家庭自费和保险付费很少,服务系统处于松散配合的分割运行状态。从责任边界视角看,需要基于残疾人家庭照护能力、收入水平及需求层级,厘清各方职责与配合关系,强化保险和信托作用,建立以残疾人为主体、回应多层级目标的托养照护制度。

市场情绪与基金投资策略:迎合还是修正?

基金投资策略选择是学术界、监管者和市场参与者共同关注的焦点.本文根据行为资产定价理论将基金投资策略量化为组合收益的市场情绪敏感度,首次在微观层面对其按照市场状态分类界定为迎合情绪策略与修正情绪策略,通过理论模型和实证检验探究基金的投资策略选择对其流量、风险和经理努力程度产生的系统影响,从行为委托代理视角剖析基金业绩的影响机制.研究发现:基金采取迎合策略时,对投资者特别是个体投资者更有吸引力,但会对投资者利益造成隐性侵害,表现为基金未来的风险增大、收益降低,且基金经理在无需付出更多努力的情况下可获得更高报酬.进一步分析表明,基金经理为取悦投资者的消极放任行为是其业绩表现不佳的重要原因;基金采取修正策略时,产生的系列影响则完全相反.本研究为中小投资者的投资实践、基金治理与监管,及解释基金市场异象提供了新的思路与启示.

存款保险与总损失吸收能力监管协调研究——基于存款保险基金计入TLAC的视角

总损失吸收能力(TLAC)监管要求的实施,对全球大型银行经营行为产生了重要影响。存款保险基金计入是TLAC监管框架中的重要制度安排,对全球系统重要性银行(G-SIBs)实现TLAC达标、完善恢复与处置计划和提升风险处置效率具有重要意义。本文研究了全球大型银行的TLAC达标策略,测算了存款保险基金计入对中资G-SIBs带来的TLAC提升效应,并分析了存款保险基金计入对G-SIBs恢复与处置计划的潜在影响。本文研究结果表明,在G-SIBs实现TLAC达标过程中,分子策略和分母策略在不同阶段均发挥了重要作用。存款保险基金计入有利于推动中资G-SIBs实现TLAC达标,强化其在中资G-SIBs风险处置中的关键作用,降低中资G-SIBs在资本和流动性恢复阶段的资金成本,提升处置效率。当前,我国需要从确立存款保险基金处置地位、完善存款保险基金后备融资机制和丰富处置工具等方面入手,完善配套机制,促进中资G-SIBs实现TLAC达标。

香港第三方资助仲裁制度及其对《仲裁法》修订的启示

香港《2017年仲裁及调解(第三方资助)(修订)条例》的颁布为第三方资助仲裁的合法化扫除了障碍,《第三方资助仲裁实务守则》则详细规定了出资第三方所需遵从的常规和标准。对于第三方资助仲裁,香港地区依循的是轻度规管的路线。从内容上来看,相关规定较为全面,更好地保护了受资助方的利益,保障了第三方资助仲裁的健康发展,有利于提高香港地区作为国际仲裁中心的竞争力。与此同时,立法者也为第三方资助仲裁的未来发展预留了充分的空间。这些都对中国内地具有借鉴与启示作用。鉴于已出现第三方资助仲裁的实践,在《仲裁法》的修订中应当借鉴香港地区分阶段规管的思路,在立法上明确承认其合法地位,日后通过司法解释和仲裁规则对其予以具体化和制度化。

“一体两翼六驱动”发展型资助育人模式探析

党的十九大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视学生资助工作。党的十九大报告明确提出要“健全学生资助制度”。新时代学生资助工作的重点应由单纯的经济保障转变为经济保障与育人发展相结合,使育人功能成为学生资助工作的价值引领。聚焦当前时期学生资助工作,通过“一体两翼六驱动”探索发展型资助育人模式。

2023年度日本政府地震调查研究的主要经费申请概算

根据日本地震防灾对策特别措施法,日本地震调查研究推进总部于2022年8月底,对日本政府各相关行政机构2023年度用于地震调查研究的主要经费申请概算,进行了汇总和调整并对外公布。2023年度,日本政府用于地震调查研究的相关经费总概算额为100亿日元,相比较2022年度的64亿日元,增长了56%,这些经费主要分配于文部科学省、经济产业省、国土交通省及总务省等下属部门,但经费并不包括日本公立行政法人等的运维补助费用。

高校发展型资助育人赋能乡村振兴:内在逻辑与实践路径

随着我国经济社会的快速发展,教育在国家事业建设中扮演着越发重要的基础工程角色。通过教育手段帮助贫困地区和贫困家庭摆脱贫困是落实习近平总书记关于教育扶贫重要论述的重要举措,高校需要积极参与发展型资助育人工作,为受助学生提供全方位的支持和帮助,提升资助工作的精准度,充分发挥物质保障的功能,注重培养学生诚实守信、感恩意识和自立自强,为受助学生提供丰富的实践平台,激发成长活力和成才动力,打破贫困家庭的教育障碍,为乡村振兴做出积极贡献。