Approach to estimating non-point pollutant load removal rates based on water environmental capacity: a case study in Shenzhen

An innovative approach based on water environmental capacity for non-point source NPS pollution removal rate estimation was discussed by using both univariate and multivariate data analysis.Taking Shenzhen city as the study case a 67% to 74% NPS pollutant load removal rate can lead to meeting the chemical oxygen demand COD pollution control target for most watersheds.In contrast it is hardly to achieve the ammonia nitrogen NH4-N total phosphorus TP and biological oxygen demand BOD5 pollution control target by simply removing NPS pollutants. This highlights that the pollution control strategies should be taken according to different pollutant species and sources in different watersheds rather than one-size-fits-all .

IMPROVING MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE OF BRITTLE CERAMICS THROUGH HONING INCIDENTAL TENSILE STRESSES

The stress intensity factors and stress conditions of machining cracks are analyzed by fracture mechanics on the basis of honing characteristics and of brittle ceramic mechanical behavior.Because the honing incidental tensile stresses effectively decrease the critical grinding stresses and increase the stress intensity factors of machining cracks,the honing process can be carried out easily.The results show that honing can be an efficient machining method for brittle materials.

Nitrogen removal efficiency of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system treating high nitrate nitrogen organic pharmaceutical wastewater

The nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system was discussed in treating pharmaceutical wastewater with high nitrogen and refractory organic concentration. The results show that the granularity of fillings,pH,volume ratios of iron-carbon and gas-water,and HRT. have significant effects on the nitrogen removal efficiency of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system. The iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system has a good removal efficiency of pharmaceutical wastewater with high nitrogen and refractory organic concentration when the influent TN,NH4+-N,NO3--N and BOD5/CODCr are 823 mg/L,30 mg/L,793 mg/L and 0.1,respectively,at the granularity of iron and carbon 0.425 mm,pH 3,iron-carbon ratio 3,gas-water ratio 5,HRT 1.5 h,and the removal rates of TN,NH4+-N and NO3--N achieve 51.5%,70% and 50.94%,respectively.

On investigating the soda-lime shot blasting of AZ31 alloy:Effects on surface roughness,material removal rate,corrosion resistance,and bioactivity

In the present study,a novel method of surface finish improvement is proposed using shot blasting of soda lime(SBSL)beads on the Mg-AZ31 alloy.The effect of the soda blasting process parameters,such as blast pressure,stand-off distance,and blast duration,have been studied in-response of material removal rate(MRR)and surface roughness(SR)and corresponding statistical models have been obtained.The multi-objective optimization has also been performed to obtain parameters for maximum MRR and minimum SR.The corrosion behavior of the treated specimens has been performed to study their in-vitro biodegradability in simulated body fluid(SBF)for 1,3,7,10,15,and 21 days.The wettability study of the SBSL treated samples has been investigated using sessile drop methodology.Further,cell adhesion test has also been performed to study the biocompatibility characteristics of the SBSL treated samples using Huh7 liver cell lines.Based on obtained quantitative data as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis of treated samples,the SBSL treatment of the AZ31 alloy has been found highly useful in producing biocompatibility surfaces along with desirable morphological features.

Effect of mechanical anisotropy on material removal rate and surface quality during polishing CdZnTe wafers

The mechanical characters of CdZnTe crystal were investigated by nanoscratch tests, and the effects of mechanical anisotropy on the material removal rate and surface quality were studied by polishing tests. There is a peak of frictional coefficient at the early stage of scratch, and increasing the vertical force will result in the increase of peak value correspondingly. The fluctuation phenomenon of frictional coefficient is generated at high vertical force. The lateral forces show the apparent twofold and threefold symmetries on （110） and （111） planes, respectively. To obtain high surface quality, low polishing pressure and hard direction （〈 T10 〉 directions on （110） plane and 〈 112 〉 directions on （111） plane） should be selected, and to achieve high material removal rate, high polishing pressure and soft direction （〈001〉 directions on （110） plane and 〈 121 〉 directions on （111） plane） should be selected.

Removal Rate of Phosphorus by Different Constructed Wetland Substrates

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the removal rate of phosphorus by different constructed wetland substrates. [ Methed] Based on static experiments, we analyzed the removal rate and characteristics of phosphorus by different constructed wetland substrates like steel slag, cin- der slag, shale, boiler slag, soil and gravel. [ Result~ The maximum adsorption of phosphorus by various substrates showed as follows, steel slag 〉 cinder slag 〉 shale 〉 boiler slag 〉 soil 〉 gravel. When the initial concentration of phosphorus was 5 mg/L, the removal rate of phosphorus by the steel slag, cinder slag, shale, boiler slag, soil and gravel was 99.76%, 85.8%, 71.2%, 63.0%, 46.8% and 11.7% respectively. It is suggested that shale and boiler slag can be used as the substrate of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands; cinder slag can be chosen as a renewable sub- strate for intensifying phosphorus removal; steel slag could be used at the end of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands for treating TP in outflows. [Concluslon] The research could provide theoretical references for choosing a suitable substrate for constructed wetlands to remove phosphorus in future.

Dynamics of Nitrogen Transformation and Removal in a Pilot High Rate Pond

The transformation and removal of nitrogen was studied in a pilot high rate pond with a surface area of 10.2 m2 and water depth of 60 cm. The pilot unit received wastewater from an existing field scale primary facultative pond at the University of Dar es Salaam. Wastewater samples were collected from the influent and effluent of high rate pond and were analyzed for physical-chemical parameters in the laboratory and in situ. An appropriate model complexity was selected, from which a conceptual model was then developed to model various processes in the system using STELLA 6.0.1 software. The study demonstrated that dominant nitrogen transformation processes in HRP were nitrification and denitrification, which transformed 0.95 and 0.87 gN/m2·d, respectively. These were followed by mineralization (0.37 gN/m2·d), ammonia uptake by microorganisms (0.34 gN/m2·d), volatilization (0.30 gN/m2·d), sedimentation (0.24 gN/m2·d), and regeneration (0.15 gN/m2·d). Uptake of nitrate was not observed because of microorganisms preference for ammonia, which was abundant in the pond. The major nitrogen transformation mechanisms in high rate pond were denitrification, net sedimentation and volatilization, which accounted for 69.1%, 7.1% and 23.8% of the total permanent removal mechanisms of nitrogen in High Rate Pond.

Material Removal Rate Prediction of Electrical Discharge Machining Process Using Artificial Neural Network

This article presents an Artificial Neural Network （ANN） architecture to model the Electrical Discharge Machining （EDM） process. It is aimed to develop the ANN model using an input-output pattern of raw data collected from an experimental of EDM process, whereas several research objectives have been outlined such as experimenting machining material for selected gap current, identifying machining parameters for ANN variables and selecting appropriate size of data selection. The experimental data （input variables） of copper-electrode and steel-workpiece is based on a selected gap current where pulse on time, pulse off time and sparking frequency have been chosen at optimum value of Material Removal Rate （MRR）. In this paper, the result has significantly demonstrated that the ANN model is capable of predicting the MRR with low percentage prediction error when compared with the experimental result.

脱萼剂对“浙梨6号”果实品质与着果率的影响

针对“浙梨6号”因部分萼片宿存或残存、果顶尖凸等而影响果实品相问题,选择PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑3种脱萼剂,以清水为对照进行试验。结果表明:与对照相比,3种脱萼剂处理果实的脱萼率提高23.27~26.01百分点,果顶尖凸率降低24.55~26.44百分点,扁圆果占比、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量分别增加33.19~37.66百分点、37.9~57.1 g和0.68~0.94百分点,但果实偏斜度、全锈果率分别偏高0.54~0.74和18.36~19.23百分点,端正果率、着果率分别下降15.89~21.07和5.43~6.62百分点,差异达显著或极显著水平。上述3种脱萼剂分别选择4000、333.3、444.4 mg·L^(-1)和花序分离期进行喷施,在保证脱萼防凸效果的同时,可有效降低对着果率及果形端正度等的不利影响。

负离子除尘技术在隧道中的应用与数值模拟研究

以武隆隧道为例,采用便携式负离子发生器进行现场测试,验证了负离子的消耗与除尘的有效性。对武隆隧道中应用负离子净化系统的除尘效果进行了数值模拟。结果表明:隧道内的电场以电极为中心呈环形分布且向外不断扩展;随着粉尘颗粒粒径的增大,荷电量增大,在电场力的作用下粉尘颗粒越容易发生偏移运动;在作用时间为600 s时,对2.5μm与10μm粉尘的除尘率分别为63.57%与99.00%;增大工作电压可以有效提高除尘率。

熔石英元件磁性复合流体抛光去除特性研究

基于磁性复合流体(Magnetic Compound Fluid,MCF)抛光技术开展了熔石英元件抛光工艺研究,对比了传统MCF和超声辅助MCF(以下简称UMCF)抛光对熔石英材料去除特性的影响,探究了不同抛光时间下MCF和UMCF抛光对熔石英材料去除量/去除率和表面粗糙度的影响,并构建了与抛光应力和抛光时间有关的材料去除率模型。研究结果表明,相较于传统MCF,UMCF在提高材料去除率和降低表面粗糙度方面均有优势。两种抛光方式下材料去除机制均为弹塑性去除,UMCF抛光获得的表面粗糙度相比于MCF抛光优化了68.88%。由于流体动压力和超声振动压力的联合作用,UMCF抛光材料去除率最高可达5.74×10^(-3)mm^(3)/min,相比于MCF抛光提升了4.04倍。MCF和UMCF抛光材料去除率与抛光应力和抛光时间均呈现幂函数相关性,且在UMCF抛光中抛光应力对去除率的影响权重大于MCF抛光。

污泥厌氧稳定化流程中肠道病毒的去除与归趋

根据对典型肠道病毒的生物性研究,选取诺如病毒、腺病毒、轮状病毒作为研究对象,以安徽某污泥厂作为研究地点,污泥厂采用的是离心浓缩-水解-厌氧消化-机械脱水-太阳能干化技术,旨在评估不同污泥处理工艺对这些病毒去除效果的影响。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对污泥处理各阶段的病毒含量进行定量分析。研究表明,污泥厌氧消化是诺如病毒和腺病毒的去除效率最高的单元,其对数去除率分别为0.68 lg和0.61 lg,太阳能干化单元是轮状病毒的去除效率最高的单元,其对数去除率为0.73 lg。该污泥处理流程对诺如病毒、腺病毒、轮状病毒总量的去除分别达到了98.7%,97.6%,98.4%,但由于进泥中病毒总量较高,最终污泥处置进入环境中含量为1.52×10^(4) copies/g DW,5.17×10^(4) copies/g DW,7.92×10^(3) copies/g DW。

量子防垢技术在油田加热炉的防垢应用研究

加热炉是油田生产运行中的重要设备,结垢不仅会造成加热炉频繁清洗,增加检修成本,而且影响换热效率,减少使用寿命,甚至造成加热炉烧损,导致停产或停输。采用新型管道外置安装量子环防垢器防垢技术,释放有针对性的振动波改变水中钙镁离子的振动特性,减少加热炉在温升过程中CaCO_(3)的结晶和沉积,防垢率可以达到80%以上。量子环防垢器防垢技术对于减少加热炉清洗,提高加热炉炉效和使用效率有着积极的意义,可在油田结垢严重区块推广应用。

塞斯纳172飞机发动机机匣脉冲激光清洗工艺研究

针对航空发动机机匣表面除漆需求,采用纳秒脉冲激光开展了塞斯纳172飞机发动机机匣表面漆层的激光清洗研究。通过对机匣除漆区域的表面形貌及粗糙度进行分析,探究了激光能量密度与扫描速度对机匣表面漆层清洗效果的影响规律,确定了机匣激光除漆最佳工艺参数,并对机匣除漆后的表面质量、显微硬度及粗糙度进行综合评估。结果表明,能量密度和扫描速度均显著影响机匣除漆质量,能量密度18.33 J/cm^(2)、扫描速度1600 mm/s时,可实现除漆率98.7%,表面粗糙度S_(a)为2.48μm,机匣本身未损伤,表面显微硬度提升1.9%,满足机匣表面除漆质量要求。研究结果为发动机机匣激光除漆提供了理论与技术支持。

数模联动的多特征工件加工能耗预测方法研究

在实际切削加工过程中材料去除率是不断变化的,现有将其视为恒量的能耗建模方法难以实现能耗准确预测。为了提高切削过程能耗预测精度,提出了一种基于材料去除率的数模联动加工能耗预测方法。首先,基于切削过程刀具与工件的接触关系分析了切入、完全切入和切出阶段材料去除率变化规律,并对相应的加工能耗特性进行了分析;其次,提出了数据驱动的刀具切入,切出阶段加工能耗预测方法,以及模型驱动的完全切入阶段加工能耗预测方法,实现加工过程能耗准确预测;最后,利用实验案例验证了所提模型及方法的有效性,为今后研究能耗预测精度奠定了基础。

反季节龙眼不同发育时期果实脱落响应差异与果实呼吸耗氧量的关系

反季节龙眼在果实发育过程中落果现象非常严重。前期的研究表明,果实中碳水化合物水平的下降与果实脱落密切相关。为了进一步了解不同发育时期果实的碳水化合物代谢变化与脱落差异的关系,以反季节储良龙眼为试材,果穗从树上剪下后迅速插入清水中并去除叶片诱发果实脱落,通过测定胁迫处理下3个发育时期果实落果率、呼吸耗氧量、果柄分离力变化,检测不同光强对3个时期果实呼吸的影响,发现不同发育时期龙眼果实对脱落的敏感性不同。饥饿胁迫迅速启动了各发育时期果实的脱落响应,但3个时期果实脱落响应差异较大,幼果期果实对饥饿胁迫的响应较中期和后期延后2 d,果实发育中期和后期脱落响应更剧烈;幼果期果实呼吸耗氧量较低,而果实发育中期和后期呼吸耗氧量较高;随着光强的增加,仅幼果期果实呼吸作用未造成氧气的下降,还出现了氧气的释放。幼果期果柄分离力下降也较果实发育中期和后期缓慢。因此,本研究结果表明,在胁迫条件下果实呼吸作用与果实脱落密切相关,果实呼吸强度越强;在饥饿胁迫条件下果柄分离力下降越快,果实脱落越快。龙眼幼果期可通过果皮进行光合作用部分代偿呼吸对碳水化合物的消耗。幼果期饥饿胁迫下落果慢的主要原因是低的呼吸消耗和具有一定的光合能力,因此,龙眼幼果是一个部分自养的器官。

12种水生植物对农田退水氮磷的去除效果

【目的】探究不同水生植物对农田退水氮磷污染物的去除效果,为利用水生植物修复和防治水体污染提供科学依据。【方法】采用水培试验测定12种水生植物茎叶和根的生物量、氮磷含量、氮磷吸收量以及对水体氮磷的去除率,运用筛选指标的平均隶属函数值对12种水生植物去除氮磷能力进行聚类分析。【结果】挺水植物中,水葱、芦苇、香蒲净增生物量较高;芦苇氮吸收量最高达到201.22 mg·m^(-2),香蒲磷吸收量最高达到26.64 mg·m^(-2);芦苇对氨氮、硝氮、总氮、总磷去除率最高,分别达到98.56%、78.93%、80.22%、81.36%。浮水植物中,凤眼莲净增生物量最高;凤眼莲氮吸收量最高达到156.14 mg·m^(-2),睡莲磷吸收量最高达到23.48 mg·m^(-2);凤眼莲对氨氮、硝氮、总氮、总磷去除率最高,分别达到95.63%、76.01%、71.66%、80.58%。沉水植物中,狐尾藻净增生物量最高;狐尾藻氮吸收量最高达到230.75 mg·m^(-2),苦草磷吸收量最高达到26.11 mg·m^(-2);狐尾藻对氨氮、总氮去除率最高,分别达到97.94%、84.93%;苦草对硝氮、总磷去除率最高,分别达到76.32%、79.09%。芦苇、水葱、睡莲主要通过根吸收累积氮磷,其他9种水生植物主要通过茎叶吸收氮磷从而增加生物量去除水体氮磷。水体氮磷去除率与植物氮磷吸收量呈极显著正相关。芦苇、香蒲、狐尾藻为高效净化植物,苦草、水葱、凤眼莲、睡莲、千屈菜为较高效净化植物。【结论】挺水植物芦苇、香蒲、水葱、千屈菜,浮水植物睡莲和沉水植物狐尾藻、苦草对宁夏引黄灌区农田退水氮磷污染物去除效果较好。

多孔异构材料对实验室废水中COD的吸附作用研究

本文以钙基蒙脱土、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十二烷胺、正硅酸乙酯为原料制备蒙脱土多孔异构材料,用蒙脱土多孔异构材料作为吸附剂进行实验室废水中COD有机物吸附去除实验,考察不同条件下所合成的蒙脱土多孔异构材料对实验室废水中COD的去除率,并通过智能水质检测仪、热重分析仪等仪器量化分析蒙脱土多孔异构材料的COD去除率。实验结果表明,有机土/十二胺/正硅酸乙酯的摩尔比为1∶24∶160时,合成的蒙脱土多孔异构材料对废水的吸附作用最大。最佳吸附条件为蒙脱土多孔异构材料用量为30g·L^(-1)、吸附混合液pH值为5.0、污水COD浓度为300mg·L^(-1)、吸附时间为150min,该条件下COD的去除率达到45%;蒙脱土多孔异构材料对废水中COD吸附降解性能稳定,可多次使用。

BZ19-6低渗透储层反凝析污染及解除方法实验研究

BZ19-6凝析气田储量大、地露压差小、储层高温高压且低孔低渗,生产作业过程中极易产生反凝析污染。评价反凝析污染程度,采用合适的污染解除措施,对改善BZ19-6凝析气田反凝析污染具有重要意义。利用复配凝析气开展长岩心衰竭实验,模拟反凝析油污染,测试不同衰竭压力点对应的气相渗透率并评价反凝析污染程度;同时开展了注活性剂(TC281)、注甲醇、注甲醇+活性剂3组解除反凝析污染实验,及注甲醇+活性剂1组解除反凝析+水锁综合液相污染实验。实验结果表明:注活性剂(TC281)、注甲醇、注甲醇+活性剂3种方案对解除反凝析污染均有一定效果,注甲醇+活性剂1组解除反凝析污染效果最好,渗透率恢复率达84%;注甲醇解除反凝析污染渗透率恢复率为81%;注活性剂1组解除反凝析渗透率恢复率为54%;注甲醇+活性剂1组解除反凝析+水锁综合液相污染,渗透率恢复率达到80%。实验为BZ19-6凝析气田解除反凝析污染提供了方案指导。

复合菌剂的构建及其在沼液废水处理中的应用

通过摇瓶试验,对比研究了7株功能菌株对城市有机废弃物厌氧发酵沼液废水处理效果,并将其中4株效果较好的菌株进行复合菌剂构建,同时考察了复合菌剂最适吸附载体。结果表明:裂解亚氯酸假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chloritidismutans)对沼液氨氮(NH3-N)去除率最高,达85.1%,帚石南棒杆菌(Corynebacterium callunae)和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus Meyer and Gottheil)对化学需氧量(COD)的去除率较高,分别为82.7%和76.1%,总磷(TP)去除率最高的是产气克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella aerogenes),为30.5%;4株优势菌组成的复合菌剂对沼液中氨氮的去除率达87.5%,COD去除率达86.4%,总磷的去除率达63.2%,极大地提升了处理能力;秸秆粉+玉米粉+硅藻土更适合做复合菌剂载体,有效活菌数最高,达到了2.91×108 CFU/g。