On the Adaptability Range, Self-Selection, and Economic Nature of Biological Evolution

This article employs a combined approach of biology and economics to reveal that biological evolution has an economic nature, evolving towards improved energy efficiency. The orthodox Darwinian theory of evolution describes evolution as the random variation of organisms and their survival through natural selection. In fact, the natural environment itself is a constantly changing context, and the strategy to adapt to this change is to enhance behavioral capabilities, thereby expanding the range and dimensions of behavior. Therefore, the improvement of behavioral capabilities is an important aspect of evolution. The enhancement of behavioral capabilities expands the range of adaptation to the natural environment and increases the space for behavioral choices. Within this space of behavioral choices, some options are more effective and superior to others;thus, the ability to select is necessary to make the improved behavioral capabilities more beneficial to the organism itself. The birth and development of the brain serve the purpose of selection. By using the brain to make selections, at least the “better” behavior will be chosen between two alternatives. Once the better behavior yields better results, and the organism can associate these results with the corresponding behavior, it will persist in this behavior. The persistent repetition of a behavior over generations will form a habit. Habits passed down through generations constitute a new environment, causing the organism’s genes to activate or deactivate certain functions, ultimately leading to genetic changes that are beneficial to that habit. Since the brain’s selection represents the organism’s self-selection, it differs from random variation;it is also a rational selection, choosing behaviors that either obtain more energy or reduce energy consumption. Thus, this evolution possesses an economic nature.

Effect of cognitive behavior therapy combined with exercise intervention on the cognitive bias and coping styles of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients

BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common digestive system disease with a high incidence rate and is common in women.The cause of IBS remains unclear.Some studies have shown that mental and psychological diseases are independent risk factors for IBS.At present,the treatment of IBS is mainly symptomatic treatment.Clinically,doctors also use cognitive behavioral therapy to improve patients'cognitive ability to diseases and clinical symptoms.In recent years,exercise therapy has attracted more and more attention from scholars.Improving the symptoms of IBS patients through psychosomatic treatment strategy may be a good treatment method.AIM To explore the effects of an intervention of cognitive behavioral therapy combined with exercise(CBT+E)on the cognitive bias and coping styles of patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-D);and to provide a theoretical reference for the management of IBS.METHODS Sixty IBS-D patients and thirty healthy subjects were selected.The 60 IBS-D patients were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.The experimental group was treated with the CBT+E intervention,while the control group was treated with conventional drugs without any additional intervention.The cognitive bias and coping styles of the participants were evaluated at baseline and after 6 wk,12 wk and 24 wk using the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire(ATQ),Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale(DAS)and Pain Coping Style Questionnaire(CSQ)instruments,and the intervention effect was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 statistical software.RESULTS At baseline,the scores on the various scales showed that all subjects had cognitive bias and adverse coping styles.The IBS Symptom Severity Scale(IBSSSS)scores,ATQ total scores,DAS scores and CSQ scores of the two groups were not significantly different(P>0.05).Compared with baseline,after 6 wk of the CBT+E intervention,there were significant differences in the ATQ scores,the dependence and total scores on the DAS,and the catastrophization,distraction and prayer scores on the CSQ(P<0.05).After 12 wk,there were significant differences in the scores for perfectionism on the DAS and in the scores for reinterpretation,neglect and pain behavior on the CSQ in the experimental group(P<0.05).After 24 wk,there were significant differences in the vulnerability,dependence,perfectionism,and total scores on the DAS and in the catastrophization,distraction and prayer scores on the CSQ in the experimental group(P<0.01).The IBS-SSS scores were negatively correlated with the ATQ and DAS total scores(P<0.05)but were positively correlated with the CSQ total score(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Intervention consisting of CBT+E can correct the cognitive bias of IBS-D patients and eliminate their adverse coping conditions.CBT+E should be promoted for IBS and psychosomatic diseases.

Progressive current degradation and breakdown behavior in GaN LEDs under high reverse bias stress

The progressive current degradation and breakdown behaviors of GaN-based light emitting diodes under high reversebias stress are studied by combining the electrical, optical, and surface morphology characterizations. The current features a typical “soft breakdown” behavior, which is linearly correlated to an increase of the accumulative number of electroluminescence spots. The time-to-failure for each failure site approximately obeys a Weibull distribution with slopes of about 0.67 and 4.09 at the infant and wear-out periods, respectively. After breakdown, visible craters can be observed at the device surface as a result of transient electrostatic discharge. By performing focused ion beam cuts coupled with scan electron microscope, we observed a local current shunt path in the surface layer, caused by the rapid microstructure deterioration due to significant current heating effect, consistent well with the optical beam induced resistance change observations.

Heterogeneous individuals’behavioral biases model and numerical simulation

A model of the relationships between individual cognitive biases and individual decision-making based on the analysis of cognitive biases of bonded rationality individual,has been established in this paper by introducing a set of new variables called overconfidence coefficient and attribution bias coefficient to the sentiment model. The irrational expectation and irrational risk aversion as two inseparable aspects of bonded rationality are expressed in an unified model,and a method of measuring individual cognitive biases is proposed,which overcomes the shortcomings of traditional normative models that can not describe the differences of behaviors among heterogeneous individuals. As a result,numerical simulations show that individual cognitive risk is a positive interaction with overconfidence coefficient,and a negative interaction with attribution bias coefficient.

Status Quo Bias-A Research on Its Applications and the Correlating Mechanism

After several former studies on the cognitive heuristics and correlating economical influences,the explanatory effectiveness of Status Quo Bias perspective is explained by multiple empirical scenarios.Hence,this essay will focus on three applications in which the Status Quo Bias perspective,correlating models,and research methods would provide insightful opinions.After reviewing the former attempts on the original model and early researchers’empirical examination on the Status Quo Bias,this essay will concentrate on Status Quo Bias and technology resistance among the public sector employees,Status Quo Bias and medical insurance outcomes,Status Quo Bias and shoppers’mobile website purchasing resistance respectively.For each application,research methodology will be explained and be integrated into the Status Quo Bias perspective through the research question.Through researching on these applications’methodology and main studies,discussing cognitive biases existing in the empirical scenarios,the present study could approach to the efficiency of the explanation from Status Quo Bias perspective.

The Intersection of Privacy by Design and Behavioral Economics: Nudging Users towards Privacy-Friendly Choices

This paper conducts a comprehensive review of existing research on Privacy by Design (PbD) and behavioral economics, explores the intersection of Privacy by Design (PbD) and behavioral economics, and how designers can leverage “nudges” to encourage users towards privacy-friendly choices. We analyze the limitations of rational choice in the context of privacy decision-making and identify key opportunities for integrating behavioral economics into PbD. We propose a user-centered design framework for integrating behavioral economics into PbD, which includes strategies for simplifying complex choices, making privacy visible, providing feedback and control, and testing and iterating. Our analysis highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of user behavior and decision-making in the context of privacy, and demonstrates the potential of behavioral economics to inform the design of more effective PbD solutions.

Misperception and pro-environmental behaviors of the Chinese public toward air pollution

This study analyzes the misperceptions of the Chinese public about air pollution levels and other potential predictors of participation in pro-environmental behaviors based on the 2013 Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS).In this paper,misperception is defined as the difference between subjective perceptions of air pollution and measurements through objective monitoring.We find that pessimistic respondents are more likely to participate in pro-environmental behaviors.The media use and evaluation of the environmental performance of the local government significantly stimulate pro-environmental participation.The results reveal that knowledge and concern about the environment can mitigate the negative effect of optimistic bias on pro-environmental behaviors.In regions where environmental information is widely available,environmental pessimists are especially more likely to participate in such activities.This finding suggests that the government should provide not only accurate information about environmental pollution but also relevant education to enhance the environmental awareness of the public and stimulate pro-environmental participation.

Effect of substrate bias on microstructure and tribological performance of GLC films using hybrid HIPIMS technique

The Cr-doped hydrogen-GLC films were prepared by a hybrid magnetron sputtering system composed of a direct current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) source of carbon and a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) source of Cr with reactive gas of C2H2.The hydrogen-free GLC and Cr-doped GLC films were also prepared for comparison.The influence of substrate bias on the Cr-doped hydrogen-GLC films was investigated.With the increase of substrate bias from 100 V to 250 V,the re-sputtering of weak bonding sp2 firstly occurred and induced an increased sp3 bonding.However,the following sp3 to sp2 transformation resulted in a decreased sp3 bonding.The change trends of surface roughness and friction coefficient with the increased bias voltages were the same as those of sp3 bond.The lowest surface roughness and lowest friction coefficient corresponded to the highest sp3 with the Cr-GLC-H films at the bias voltage of-100 V.

基于G-SMOTE和Biased-SVM的内部威胁用户检测

针对目前内部威胁用户检测召回率低及数据类别不平衡的问题,提出一种基于Geometric SMOTE(G-SMOTE)和Biased-SVM的内部威胁用户检测方法.该方法对用户行为进行特征提取,利用G-SMOTE算法在每个威胁用户样本中心定义一个几何区域用于生成威胁用户样本,保证了训练集中的正常用户、威胁用户的类别平衡;使用Biased-SVM算法设置不同的惩罚因子影响类别权重,提高了模型对于威胁用户的关注.将该方法在CERT 4.2数据集上进行实验,与SMOTE-RF、SVM算法相比,召回率R分别提高了5.7%和25.1%,F_(1)值分别提高了2.1%和14%.结果表明,该方法明显提高了威胁用户检测的召回率,有效地改善了内部威胁用户检测中类别不平衡的问题.

The Influence of Social Desirability on Self-Reported Sexual Behavior in HIV Survey in Rural Ethiopia

Objective: It is in order to examine associations between social desirability (SD) and self-reports of abstinence among youths in rural Ethiopia. Methods: Youths of ages 15-24 (114 participants) were administered questionnaire to assess HIV knowledge and primary abstinence and a modified Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale to assess SD bias. The relationships between SD groups (dichotomized into high and low) and abstinence by various characteristics were assessed by using Fisher’s exact p-values. Results: The odds of individuals reporting abstinence were 13.2 times greater in the high SD group compared to the low SD group (p-value 0.002) when adjusted for education, gender, age group, and HIV knowledge. The differences in abstinence between the high and low SD score groups were also examined for selected variables. Conclusions: Individuals who exhibited more SD bias were more likely to report primary abstinence. SD bias should be considered when conducting self-reported surveys to measure the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs.

Study on English teachers＇ bias towards students of different genders

More and more scholars and researchers at home and abroad have gradually realized that teachers, especially English teachers, hold different attitudes and carry out different behaviors towards students of different genders during the teaching. There are many factors affecting the teachers＇ prejudiced attitudes and behaviors, such as teachers＇ stereotype, differences between male and female students, gender role expectation, etc. Teachers＇ bias attitudes and behaviors affect students＇ studies and development. Solutions are put forward to decline the influence of the teachers＇ prejudice on students＇ study and development.

An Empirical Test of Optimism Bias in Capital Budgeting Decisions

Behavioral finance is a field that is scrutinizing the adequacy of traditional financial theories using insights from the disciplines of psychology and sociology. Many studies within its realm test the stock market behaviors, and behavioral phenomena are still to be tested in the area of corporate finance. This study aims to contribute to the behavioral corporate finance literature by a research in one of the psychological phenomena affecting the decision makers＇ abilities to reach conclusions rationally. In this study, it is aimed to investigate one of the biases, namely, the optimism bias in corporate capital budgeting decisions. Optimism in decision making can be associated with estimating lower costs and higher revenues. Thus, by assessing the forecasts of decision makers, the existence of optimism in their decisions is tried to be seen. This study aims at contributing to the literature in that it is conducted in an emerging country like Turkey.

REVIEW Behavioral Operations Management: A Review of the Field

Behavioral operations management(BOM)is one of the new areas in operations management.In the past 12 years,the field has made huge progress and researchers have become interested in this new perspective to solving operational problems.BOM is now one of the major subfields of operations management.In this paper,we examine and categorize areas of BOM based on the mainstream literature.Key areas include behavioral issues in new product development and project management,quality management,production management,inventory management,service operations,and forecasting.Studies in each area are divided into three subcategories,including OM context,individual attributes,heuristics,and biases,and individual differences.In OM context category,feedback and reward,training,work monitoring,teamwork and group decision making,goal setting,task assignment,and flexibility are among the main topics.In individual attributes,heuristics,and biases category,sunk cost effect and escalation of commitment,endowment effect,overprecision bias,planning fallacy,pullto-center effect,anchoring and insufficient adjustment,and misperceptions of feedback are mainly discussed.In individual differences,analytic thinking and system thinking are mainly studied.New areas for research are suggested in each related section and are summarized in future directions and conclusion sections.In contexts such as new product development,project management,and inventory management,a shift to finding solution to performance improvement is beneficial instead of focusing on heuristics and biases and considering them as a deficiency in human decision making.Regarding individual differences category,a shift toward attributes other than cognitive abilities,such as global processing,creative thinking,and design thinking are recommended.

移动终端接入对涉农信息搜索行为偏误的影响研究

随着信息技术深度发展和终端设备成本持续下降,农村居民经历了从传统互联网到移动互联网的“直接过渡”,这一社会现象是加剧还是缓解了城乡数字鸿沟?本文从一个全新的视角参与讨论,考察移动终端接入如何影响涉农信息搜索的行为偏误。研究发现,移动终端接入会对涉农信息搜索行为偏误产生正负两种影响,且表现出一定的异质性规律:若是信息素养较弱的主体或信息密度较小的客体,影响为负;若是信息素养较强的主体或信息密度较大的客体,影响为正。进一步的机理研究还为利用城镇化、土地流转、教育培训等途径缓解数字鸿沟提供了新的证据。

双参保守复混沌系统的构建及偏置增压控制

基于经典保守混沌系统的结构,构造了一个双参数保守混沌系统,能够产生复杂动力学现象。通过理论分析和多种数值仿真方法,研究了系统结构参数和外力参数对混沌性、保守性、平衡状态和稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着参数的变化,系统相体积保持守恒,呈现混沌、周期运动等现象,并证明了参数对平衡状态的影响。此外,通过虚实分离的方法构造了复系统,并研究了其动力学特性,发现实混沌系统所构造的复系统中,同样具有混沌性和保守性,且具有大参数范围混沌现象。设计了控制器,使系统产生偏置增压现象,并可对信号极性进行控制。最后,设计了系统电路并进行了仿真,结果与理论相符,证明了混沌系统的物理可行性。

认知偏差理论研究的现状与展望

投资者在不确定条件下决策时,会出现非理性的认知偏差。按照认知偏差产生的时间把其分成3类:决策前信息处理时的偏差、决策时的偏差以及、决策后结果分析时的偏差。通过分析表明,现有的认知偏差理论缺乏公认的,权威的分类和命名标准。将认知偏差发展成一个完善的体系和认知偏差的本土化分析是将来的研究方向。

高等学校学生评教行为偏差研究--基于南京仙林大学城若干大学的分析

学生评教是高校教学质量保障体系的重要组成部分。目前,学生在评教过程中存在评教行为偏差,主要表现为引致评教、恶意评教、随意评教和放弃评教。其直接原因在于高校在学生评教管理中的若干强制规定和院系对学生评教的不当引导;根本原因则是由学生评教定位偏差以及学生评教运作无关学生利益造成的。因此,高校需要科学定位学生评教,极力完善学生评教的制度设计,构建学生评教和学生利益紧密关联的基点,以便促成教师根据学生评教改进教学和服务学生、满足学生学习需要这一根本目的的实现。

非理性的市场与投资:行为金融理论述评

传统金融理论与实证研究的结果存在着差异 ,引发人们对传统金融理论一系列假设的思考 ,导致行为金融理论的出现。行为金融是研究人们如何解释信息和采取行动的科学 ,它的研究表明投资者并不都是象数量模型中描述的那样以一种理性的、可预知的、无偏见的方式作出投资决策。行为金融理论是一个全新的金融学领域 ,本文综合已有的文献 ,总结行为金融理论研究的最新进展。

过度自信 展望理论与处置效应

建立了过度自信心理的展望价值模型,并以此模型为基础,研究了行为偏差现象“处置效应”的形成机理和原因。研究结论表明:投资者的过度自信心理和展望价值最大化选择准则可以有效解释行为偏差现象“处置效应”的产生机理。并利用这一研究结论有效地解释了中国股票市场上“处置效应”比国外市场更加严重的事实。

投资者心理与套利的有限性

以投资者的投资心理为基础,运用投资者的过度自信和自我归因偏差心理模型研究了套利的有限性和投资心理给套利者造成的套利风险。模型的结果表明,投资者的过度自信和自我归因偏差心理会限制套利者的套利行为。最后,利用这一研究结论解释了我国证券市场上所谓的“基金黑幕”现象。