Preferences for oral-vs blood-based human immunodeficiency virus self-testing:A scoping review of the literature

BACKGROUND The evidence on preferences for oral-vs blood-based human immunodeficiency virus self-testing(HIVST)has been heterogenous and inconclusive.In addition,most evaluations have relied on hypothetical or stated use cases using discreet choice experiments rather than actual preferences among experienced users,which are more objective and critical for the understanding of product uptake.Direct head-to-head comparison of consumer preferences for oral-versus bloodbased HIVST is lacking.AIM To examine the existing literature on preferences for oral-vs blood-based HIVST,determine the factors that impact these preferences,and assess the potential implications for HIVST programs.METHODS Databases such as PubMed,Medline,Google Scholar,and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2011 to October 2022.Articles must address preferences for oral-vs blood-based HIVST.The study used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist to ensure the quality of the study.RESULTS The initial search revealed 2424 records,of which 8 studies were finally included in the scoping review.Pooled preference for blood-based HIVST was 48.8%(9%-78.6%),whereas pooled preference for oral HIVST was 59.8%(34.2%-91%)across all studies.However,for male-specific studies,the preference for blood-based HIVST(58%-65.6%)was higher than that for oral(34.2%-41%).The four studies that reported a higher preference for blood-based HIVST were in men.Participants considered blood-based HIVST to be more accurate and rapid,while those with a higher preference for oral HIVST did so because these were considered non-invasive and easy to use.CONCLUSION Consistently in the literature,men preferred blood-based HIVST over oral HIVST due to higher risk perception and desire for a test that provides higher accuracy coupled with rapidity,autonomy,privacy,and confidentiality,whereas those with a higher preference for oral HIVST did so because these were considered non-invasive and easy to use.Misinformation and distrust need to be addressed through promotional messaging to maximize the diversity of this new biomedical technology.

Acceptability and strategies for enhancing uptake of human immunodeficiency virus self-testing in Nigeria

BACKGROUND In 2019,the Nigerian Ministry of Health published the first operational guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus self-testing(HIVST)to improve access to human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)testing services among undertested populations in the country.Also,as part of the campaign to increase HIV testing services in Nigeria,the Nigerian Ministry of Health developed standard operating procedures for using HIVST kits.AIM To systematically review the acceptability and strategies for enhancing the uptake of HIVST in Nigeria.METHODS The systematic review was conducted and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Different databases were searched to get the necessary materials needed for this review.Standardized forms developed by the authors were used for data extraction to minimize the risk of bias and ensure that the articles used for the study were properly screened.Identified articles were first screened using the titles and their abstracts.The full papers were screened,and the similarities of the documents were determined.Qualitative,quantitative,and mixed-method studies were evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and Critical Appraisal Framework criteria.RESULTS All the publications reviewed were published between 2015 and 2022,with 33.3%published in 2021.Most(77.8%)of the studies were cross-sectional,43.3%were conducted in Lagos State,and 26.3%were conducted among young people.The study revealed a high level of acceptability of HIVST.Certain factors,such as gender,sexual activity,and previous testing experience,influence the acceptability of HIV self-testing,with some individuals more likely to opt-out.The cost of the kit was reported as the strongest factor for choosing HIVST services,and this ranged from 200 to 4000 Naira(approximately United States Dollar 0.55-11.07),with the majority willing to pay 500 Naira(approximately United States Dollar 1.38).Privately-owned,registered pharmacies,youthfriendly centres,supermarkets,and online stores were the most cited access locations for HIVST.The least influential attribute was the type of specimen needed for HIVST.Strategies addressing cost and preferred access points and diverse needs for social media promotion,local translation of product use instructions,and HIVST distribution led by key opinion leaders for key populations were found to significantly enhance HIVST uptake and linkage to care.CONCLUSION HIVST acceptability is generally high from an intention-to-use perspective.Targeted strategies are required to improve the acceptability of HIV self-testing,especially among males,sexually active individuals,and first-time testers.Identified and proposed uptake-enhancing strategies need to be investigated in controlled settings and among different populations and distribution models in Nigeria.

Uptake of HIV Self-testing among Men Who have Sex with Men in Beijing, China： a Cross-sectional Study

Objective To examine HIV self-testing uptake and its determinates among men who have sex with men （MSM） in Beijing, China. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Beijing, China in 2016. Participants were users of a popular Chinese gay networking application and had an unknown or negative HIV status. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with HIV self-testing based on adjusted odds ratio （AOR） and 95% confidence interval （CI）. Results Among the 5,996 MSM included in the study, 2,383 （39.7%） reported to have used HIV self-testing kits. Willingness to use an HIV self-test kit in the future was expressed by 92% of the participants. High monthly income （AOR = 1.49; CI = 1.10-2.02; P = 0.010）, large number of male sex partners （≥2： AOR = 1.24; CI = 2.09-1.43; P = 0.002）, sexual activity with commercial male sex partners （〉 2： AOR = 1.94; CI = 1.34 -2.82; P = 0.001）, long-term drug use （AOR = 1.42; CI = 1.23-1.62; P 〈 0.001）, and long-term HIV voluntary counseling and testing （VCT） attendance （AOR = 3.62; CI = 3.11-4.22; P 〈 0.001） were all associated with increased odds of HIV self-testing uptake. Conclusion The nearly 40% rate of HIV self-testing uptake among MSM in our sample was high. In addition, an over 90% willingness to use kits in the future was encouraging. HIV self-testing could be an important solution to help China achieve the global target of having 90% of all people living with HIV diagnosed by 2020.

Robustness self-testing of states and measurements in the prepare-and-measure scenario with 3 → 1 random access code

Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(2018)].They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an N → 1(N ≥ 2) random access code(RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a 2 → 1 RAC.Since all N → 1 RACs with shared randomness are combinations of 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 RACs, the3 → 1 RAC is just as important as the 2 → 1 RAC.In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the3 → 1 RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario.The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.

Efficient self-testing system for quantum computations based on permutations

Verification in quantum computations is crucial since quantum systems are extremely vulnerable to the environment.However,verifying directly the output of a quantum computation is difficult since we know that efficiently simulating a large-scale quantum computation on a classical computer is usually thought to be impossible.To overcome this difficulty,we propose a self-testing system for quantum computations,which can be used to verify if a quantum computation is performed correctly by itself.Our basic idea is using some extra ancilla qubits to test the output of the computation.We design two kinds of permutation circuits into the original quantum circuit:one is applied on the ancilla qubits whose output indicates the testing information,the other is applied on all qubits(including ancilla qubits) which is aiming to uniformly permute the positions of all qubits.We show that both permutation circuits are easy to achieve.By this way,we prove that any quantum computation has an efficient self-testing system.In the end,we also discuss the relation between our self-testing system and interactive proof systems,and show that the two systems are equivalent if the verifier is allowed to have some quantum capacity.

Assessing the Acceptability and Willingness to Use HIV Self-Testing among Student Nurses in a Private Nursing College, Gauteng Province, South Africa

Globally, there is increasing evidence that HIV self-testing (HIVST) is commonly practiced among health care workers (HCWs). Although HIVST kits are available in South Africa, their distribution and use remain unregulated and its acceptability, undocumented. The aim of the study was to explore the acceptability of HIV self-testing among student nurses, examine their willingness to use self-testing, and evaluate their views on the implementation of a regulated HIV self-testing programme. This was a qualitative explorative study, and six focus group discussions were conducted with 67 student nurses recruited from a private nursing college, in Pretoria, South Africa. Thematic analysis and NVivo10 qualitative software were used for data analysis. The nurses perceived HIVST as an acceptable option for HIV testing and most were willing to self-test. Self-testing will provide confidential and accessible HIV testing services, reduce the stigma associated with the condition, and increase partner testing and disclosure. HIVST is more likely to be practised if self-testing kits are easily accessible and affordable, and there are strategies to educate people before the adoption of HIVST. The lack of pre- and post-test counselling, the risk of inaccurate test results, and lack of strategies for the confirmation of self-testing results were the main arguments against HIVST. The high acceptance of HIVST among nurses suggests that HIVST is a feasible option to increase the uptake of HIV-testing among HCWs. However, pre- and post-test counselling should be considered important components in the implementation of self-testing services. Educational and awareness campaigns should precede the roll-out of the self-testing programs.

Phase-Coding Self-Testing Quantum Random Number Generator

How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 （2014）140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite.

HIV Self-Testing Kits Uptake in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe, 2019-2020: A Secondary Data Analysis

Background: Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Self-Testing (HIVST) is a process where an individual who wants to know their HIV status collects a specimen, performs a test and interprets the result by themselves. HIVST data from the Zimbabwe AIDS and TB Program (ATP) directorate showed that between 2019-2020, only 31% of the target HIVST kits were distributed in the country. Mashonaland West Province was one of the least performing provinces in meeting targets for HIVST kits distribution. Gaps in the implementation of the HIVST in the province ultimately affect the nationwide scaleup of targeted testing, a key enabler in achieving HIV epidemic control. We analyzed HIVST trends in Mashonaland West Province to inform HIV testing services programming. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using HIVST secondary data obtained from the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) electronic database. We conducted regression analysis for trends using Epi Info 7.2 and tables, bar graphs, pie charts and linear graphs were used for data presentation. Results: A total of 31,070 clients accessed HIVST kits in Mashonaland West Province from 2019-2020. A slightly higher proportion (50.4% and 51.7%) of females as compared to males accessed HIVST kits in 2019 and 2020 respectively. Overall, an increase in the trend of HIVST kits uptake was recorded (males R2 = 0.3945, p-value = 0.003 and females R2 = 0.4739, p-value = 0.001). There was generally a decline in the trend of community-based distribution of HIVST kits from the third quarter of 2019 throughout 2020 (R2 = 0.2441, p-value = 0.006). Primary distribution of HIVST kits remained the dominant method of distribution, constituting more than half of the kits distributed in both 2019 (67%) and 2020 (86%). Conclusion: Mashonaland West Province was mainly utilising facility-based distribution model for HIVST over the community-based distribution model. We recommended training more community-based distribution agents to increase community distribution of HIVST kits.

An Adaptive Ramp Generator for ADC Built-in Self-Test

An adaptive ramp generator based on linear histogram was proposed for the built-in selftest (BIST) of analog to digital convertor (ADC) in CMOS image sensor. By comparing the generated ramp signal to a reference voltage and feeding back a calibration signal, the slope adjustment was implemented, and high linearity and precision of ramp slope were realized. By modulating the pulse width and reference voltage, sweep length varied from microsecond to second and signal swing could reach 3 V with 5.6 mW power consumption. The ramp was used as input to an ideal 10-bit single-slope ADC, and the corresponding DNL and INL were 0.032 LSB and 0.078 LSB, re-spectively.

Feasibility of a finger prick-based self-testing kit in first- and second-degree relatives of children with coeliac disease

AIM:To assess feasibility of a finger prick-based kit as method for self-testing of first and second-degree relatives of coeliac disease (CD) patients. METHODS:A total number of 379 subjects were invited to participate in this study,consisting of 197 first- degree and 182 second-degree relatives of CD patients. The self-testing kit (BiocardTM) was sent out with included instructions for use. Completed tests were sent back to the study coordinator for assessment. RESULTS:One hundred and ninety-six invited relatives carried out the BiocardTM test at home. Amongst these,70% were children. In 97% of the cases the test was performed correctly. Three tests revealed a positive result,all of which were later confirmed by serology and histology as coeliac disease.CONCLUSION:Our study indicates that BiocardTM test is a reliable,easy to use and well-accepted tool for home testing of first- and second-degree relatives of CD patients.

Multicenter evaluation of a simple and sensitive nucleic acid self-testing for SARS-CoV-2

A rapid and accurate COVID-19 diagnosis is a prerequisite for blocking the source of infection as soon as possible and taking the appropriate medical action.Herein,we developed GeneClick,a device for nucleic acid self-testing of SARS-CoV-2,consisting of three modules:a sampling kit,a microfluidic chip-based disposable cartridge,and an amplification reader.In addition,we evaluated the clinical performance of GeneClick using 2162 nasal swabs collected at three medical institutions,using three commercial RT-qPCR kits and an antigen self-test as references.Compared to RT-qPCR,the sensitivity and specificity of the GeneClick assay were 97.93%and 99.72%,respectively,with a kappa value of 0.979(P<0.01).Of the 2162 samples,2076 were also tested for SARS-CoV-2 antigens.Among the 314 positive samples identified by GeneClick assay,63 samples were undetected by antigen tests.Overall,the GeneClick nucleic acid self-test demonstrated higher accuracy than the antigen-based detection.Based on the additional features,including simple operation,affordable price,portable device,and reliability of smartphone APP-driven sampling and result reporting,GeneClick offers a powerful tool for field-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in primary healthcare institutions or at-home use.

Parallel Software-Based Self-Testing with Bounded Model Checking for Kilo-Core Networks-on-Chip

Online testing is critical to ensuring reliable operations of the next generation of supercomputers based on a kilo-core network-on-chip(NoC)interconnection fabric.We present a parallel software-based self-testing(SBST)solution that makes use of the bounded model checking(BMC)technique to generate test sequences and parallel packets.In this method,the parallel SBST with BMC derives the leading sequence for each router’s internal function and detects all functionally-testable faults related to the function.A Monte-Carlo simulation algorithm is then used to search for the approximately optimum configuration of the parallel packets,which guarantees the test quality and minimizes the test cost.Finally,a multi-threading technology is used to ensure that the Monte-Carlo simulation can reach the approximately optimum configuration in a large random space and reduce the generating time of the parallel test.Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a high fault coverage with a reduced test overhead.Moreover,by performing online testing in the functional mode with SBST,it effectively avoids the over-testing problem caused by functionally untestable turns in kilo-core NoCs.

一种基于分压电路的绑定后TSV测试方法

对硅通孔(Through Silicon Via,TSV)进行绑定后测试可以有效地提升三维集成电路的性能和良率。现有的测试方法虽然对于开路和桥接故障的测试能力较高,但是对于泄漏故障的测试效果较差,并且所需的总测试时间较长。对此,提出了一种基于分压电路的TSV绑定后测试方法。该方法设计了一种分压电路,进行泄漏故障测试时可以形成一条无分支的电流路径,有效提高了对泄漏故障的测试能力。此外,该方法测试开路故障和泄漏故障时的电流路径不会相互干扰,可以同时测试相邻TSV的开路故障和泄漏故障。实验结果表明,该方法可以测试10 kΩ以下的弱泄漏故障,并且在工艺偏差下依然能够保持较高的测试能力。相比同类测试方法,该方法所需面积开销更小,所需总测试时间更少。

预应力CFRP布加固混凝土梁受弯试验

目的 研究不同加固方法下预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的受弯性能,解决桥梁加固缺陷的问题。方法 制作了5根试验梁,其中一根为对比梁,不做任何加固处理,其余4根分别采用不同的锚固方式、不同的初始张拉力及不同的加固位置进行加固,通过控制变量,进行加载试验,分析其受弯性能的差异。结果 经加固后的试验梁承载能力与刚度明显增加,与对比梁相比,极限荷载分别提升了25%、22.06%、30.78%及36.76%;各试验梁达到屈服荷载时,经加固的试验梁挠度均小于对比梁产生的挠度,且模腔自锁式锚具锚固的试验梁挠度小于穿孔式自锁锚具锚固的试验梁挠度,相同锚固方法下初始张拉力较大的试验梁挠度要小于初始张拉力较小的试验梁挠度。结论 使用预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁能够有效提高混凝土梁的抗弯性能,提升效果与加固位置、锚固方式及初始张拉力大小有关。

大规模芯片内嵌存储器的BIST测试方法研究

随着大规模芯片的块存储器(block random access memory,BRAM)数量不断增多,常见的存储器内建自测试(memory build-in-self test,Mbist)方法存在故障覆盖率低、灵活性差等问题。为此,提出了一种新的基于可编程有限状态机的Mbist方法,通过3个计数器驱动的可编程Mbist控制模块和算法模块集成8种测试算法,提高故障覆盖率和灵活性。采用Verilog语言设计了所提出的Mbist电路,通过Modelsim对1 Kbit×36的BRAM进行仿真并在自动化测试系统上进行了实际测试。实验结果表明,该方法对BRAM进行测试能够准确定位故障位置,故障的检测率提高了15.625%,测试效率提高了26.1%,灵活性差的问题也得到了很大改善。

具有自检错功能的FPGA芯片配置方法设计及验证

SRAM型FPGA由于其较低的生产成本,可重复编程的灵活性,近年来在数字信号处理等领域越来越发挥出举足轻重的作用。但由于SRAM掉电后数据丢失的特性,SRAM型FPGA必须搭配外部储存对芯片进行配置。而在配置过程中,因为FPGA芯片工艺的复杂以及外界环境的干扰,难免导致配置信号在传输过程中出现错误。为了规避这种错误,提出一种基于CRC校验和回读技术来实现具有自动检错重配功能的FPGA配置方法。经过了功能验证、FPGA原型验证,在达到设计目的的同时,相较传统方法节约了60%的资源,并减少了近一半的配置时间。

基于新型BIST的LUT测试方法研究

针对FPGA内部的LUT资源覆盖测试,提出一种新型BIST的测试方法。通过改进的LFSR实现了全地址的伪随机向量输入,利用构造的黄金模块电路与被测模块进行输出比较,实现对被测模块功能的快速测试,并在Vivado 2018.3中完成了仿真测试。通过ATE测试平台,加载设计的BIST测试向量,验证结果与仿真完全一致,仅2次配置即可实现LUT的100%覆盖率测试。此外,还构建了LUT故障注入模拟电路,人为控制被测模块的输入故障,通过新型BIST的测试方法有效诊断出被测模块功能异常,实现了准确识别。以上结果表明,该方法不仅降低了测试配置次数,而且能够准确识别LUT功能故障,适用于大规模量产测试。

可兼容四种March系列算法的PMBIST电路设计

存储器是系统级芯片(System on chip,SoC)中最重要的组成部分之一,也是最容易出现故障的部件。存储器故障可能会导致整个SoC失效,对存储器进行充分的测试和验证是至关重要的。目前,主流的存储器测试方法是采用存储器内建自测试(Memory build-in-self test,MBIST)技术,传统的可测性技术采用单一的测试算法进行测试,为了满足不同类型存储器的测试需求以及不同工艺制造阶段的测试强度,需要使用不同类型的测试算法进行测试。结合存储器常见的故障模型以及多种测试算法,设计了具有较高灵活性和可扩展性的可编程存储器内建自测试(Programmable memory built-in-self test,PMBIST)电路,可兼容四种不同的March系列算法进行存储器内建自测试,采用寄存器传输语言(Reigster transfer language,RTL)级代码的编写方式,针对静态随机存储器(Static random-access memory,SRAM)采用不同March系列测试算法进行仿真,并以常用的March C+算法为例进行说明。仿真结果表明,所设计的PMBIST电路可对四种不同的March算法进行测试,满足不同类型存储器的内建自测试需求。

基于共享总线结构的存储器内建自测试电路

随着片上系统处理的数据增多,数据存储器测试逻辑相应增加,在保证测试功能的同时减小测试电路面积是当下急需解决的问题。基于共享总线结构的存储器内建自测试(MBIST)电路,通过将多个存储器引脚信号进行复用的方式,对存储器进行层次化设计,将物理存储器拼接组成逻辑存储器模块,再整合多个逻辑存储器成为一个大的存储器集模块,MBIST控制器针对存储器集进行MBIST,从而减少测试逻辑数量以达到减小测试电路占用面积的目的。通过实验证明,该结构可以满足MBIST相关需求,相较于针对单颗存储器测试的传统MBIST电路面积减小了21.44%。该方案具有良好的实用性,可以为相关存储器测试设计提供参考。

一种用于信息处理微系统DDR互连故障的自测试算法

为解决信息处理微系统中双倍速率同步动态随机存储器(Double Data Rate,DDR)复杂互连故障的检出效率和测试成本问题,通过分析DDR典型互连故障模式,将单个存储器件的自动测试设备(Auto Test Equipment,ATE)测试算法与板级系统的系统级测试(System Level Test,SLT)模式相结合,提出面向DDR类存储器的测试算法和实现技术途径。并基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)器件实现微系统内DDR互连故障的自测试,完成了典型算法的仿真模拟和实物测试验证。相较于使用ATE测试机台的存储器测试或通过用户层测试软件的测试方案,本文所采用的FPGA嵌入特定自测试算法方案可以实现典型DDR互连故障的高效覆盖,测试效率和测试成本均得到明显改善。