Computation of PoA for Selfish Node Detection and Resource Allocation Using Game Theory

The introduction of new technologies has increased communication network coverage and the number of associating nodes in dynamic communication networks(DCN).As the network has the characteristics like decentralized and dynamic,few nodes in the network may not associate with other nodes.These uncooperative nodes also known as selfish nodes corrupt the performance of the cooperative nodes.Namely,the nodes cause congestion,high delay,security concerns,and resource depletion.This study presents an effective selfish node detection method to address these problems.The Price of Anarchy(PoA)and the Price of Stability(PoS)in Game Theory with the Presence of Nash Equilibrium(NE)are discussed for the Selfish Node Detection.This is a novel experiment to detect selfish nodes in a network using PoA.Moreover,the least response dynamic-based Capacitated Selfish Resource Allocation(CSRA)game is introduced to improve resource usage among the nodes.The suggested strategy is simulated using the Solar Winds simulator,and the simulation results show that,when compared to earlier methods,the new scheme offers promising performance in terms of delivery rate,delay,and throughput.

Study of Hassan's Tragedy from Three Aspects in The Kite Runner

This paper analyzes a novel Kite Runner of Khaled Hosseini, published in 2003. It is the first novel of Hosseini which had been one of the bestselling in New York Times ranking list. It studies Hassan's tragedy from three aspects, including the social environment in Afghanistan, the loyalty of Hassan, and the selfishness of Amir. Besides, it also discusses the friendship and betrayal between two boys-Hassan and Amir. Finally, the terrible life of Hassan in Afghanistan is under investigated.

A Survey on Routing Algorithms for Opportunistic Mobile Social Networks

Opportunistic Mobile Social Networks(OMSNs)are kind of Delay Tolerant Networks(DTNs)that leverage characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs)and Social Networks,particularly the social features,to boost performance of routing algorithms.Users in OMSNs communicate to share and disseminate data to meet needs for variety of applications.Such networks have attracted tremendous attention lately due to the data transmission requirement from emerging applications such as IoT and smart city initiatives.Devices carried by human is the carrier of message transmission,so the social features of human can be used to improve the ability of data transmission.In this paper,we conduct a comparative survey on routing algorithms in OMSNs.We first analyze routing algorithms based on three social features.Since node selfishness is not really considered previously in aforementioned routing algorithms,but has significant impact on network performance,we treat node selfishness as another social feature,classify and elaborate routing algorithms based on incentive mechanism.To assess the impact of social features on routing algorithms,we conducted simulation for six routing algorithms and analyzed the simulation result.Finally,we conclude the paper with challenges on design of routing in OMSNs and point out some future research directions.

An Analysis of Dimmesdale's Characteristics

The Scarlet Letter is a tragedy itself.Dimmesdale,the number one hero in the tragedy,is doomed to be a tragic character.He commits adultery with Hester,which should be punished by law.But because of his cowardice and selfishness and Hester' protection,he escaped from the punishment of the law.Because he is selfish,cowardly,hypocitical,and lonely,he has hidden his sin for seven years.And because he is kind,he finally stands up actively and takes the responsibility,which belongs to him.At that time,he dies an honest true man.Through the analysis of Dimmesdale' s characteristics,we can know his inner world,and we will be more sympathetic to him.

Evolution and Human Activity

Socio-biology has become popular with Wilson and Dawkins.How to theorize human evolution and selfishness?One must recognize the frequent occurrence of war in human civilization.Hobbes and Spinoza were realist recognizing selfishness.Now,mankind faces both climate change and nuclear confrontation.The only remedy is intergovernmental coordination.But it is slow characterized by myopia and opportunism as well as egoism.Tocqueville stated that Napoleon“democratized”war arriving with 10 times as many soldiers as feudal kings,increasing human misery even more.Could human evolution come to an end?

概念隐喻在英语阅读教学中的运用研究

在阅读的过程中,读者往往需要激活与文章内容相应的感知和运动形象,但由于学生自身经历的局限,很多时候学生很难有相应的感知和运动形象。本文拟从概念隐喻的角度出发,以The Selfish Giant为例,培养学生从有限的形象引申,以理解抽象的阅读内容的能力,帮助学生从阅读中构建更多的感知和运动形象。

Selfish behavior detection of cooperative relay

A selfish behavior detection technique is investigated to assist secure cooperative trans- mission at the physical layer. The detection technique calculates the correlation ratio between signals received from the diversity branches to determine the relay＇ s behavior in amplify and forward coop- eration strategy. The correlation ratio is considerably reduced because the relay＇ s selfish behavior makes the correlation between the received signals in the diversity branch degraded. Simulation re- sults show that the proposed mechanism can effectively detect selfish nodes and performance will be improved significantly with the destination＇ s detection technique.

Energy Metabolism and Allocation in Selfish Immune System and Brain: A Beneficial Role of Insulin Resistance in Aging

There is relatively limited knowledge concerning our understanding of how our immune system and brain take most of the available energy in a selfish manner to compensate for their own needs on priority in high energy demanding situations. The main objective of this review is to understand the energy allocation to immune system and brain in infections and/or fight or flight situations. The immune system and brain behave in a selfish manner as they allocate themselves majority of the total available energy. Insulin resistance (IR) is used as a tool for energy allocation by these systems. The immune system is activated as a response to stress and infection. Similarly, the brain gets activated as a response to any external environmental impulse, anxiety, and/or mental factor. These situations need to be dealt in a way to minimize their adverse health effects. The immune system and the brain in such situations need enormous energy for activation which is derived from the energy quota otherwise allocated to other organs. This maximum flux of energy towards these systems is achieved by making rest of the organs less responsive to insulin, a condition known as IR. As immune system and brain do not depend upon insulin for uptake of glucose, these systems are benefited from IR. IR is indicated as a beneficial role ensuring maximum energy allocation to these systems for improving health and well-being.

Utility-Based Node Cooperation Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, due to the energy and resource constraints, nodes may be unwilling to forward packets for their neighbors. This can render severe deteriorations in the network performance and malfunctions of the system. To tackle such selfish behaviors and enhance the cooperation among sensors, based on reputation and energy consumption of each node, we present a utility function to punish the malicious nodes and encourage cooperation among nodes. Specifically, we firstly give a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium solution for the two nodes. Then we extend the model to multi-nodes scenario. With the unity function, each sensor’s reputation is evaluated according to its degree of cooperation. The extensive simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the mechanism, in that the cooperative behaviors are encouraged, which can ensure the normal functioning of the network system.

Classification of Selfish and Regular Nodes Based on Reputation Values in MANET Using Adaptive Decision Boundary

A MANET is a cooperative network in which each node has dual responsibilities of forwarding and routing thus node strength is a major factor because a lesser number of nodes reduces network performance. The existing reputation based methods have limitation due to their stricter punishment strategy because they isolate nodes from network participation having lesser reputation value and thus reduce the total strength of nodes in a network. In this paper we have proposed a mathematical model for the classification of nodes in MANETs using adaptive decision boundary. This model classifies nodes in two classes: selfish and regular node as well as it assigns the grade to individual nodes. The grade is computed by counting how many passes are required to classify a node and it is used to define the punishment strategy as well as enhances the reputation definition of traditional reputation based mechanisms. Our work provides the extent of noncooperation that a network can allow depending on the current strength of nodes for the given scenario and thus includes selfish nodes in network participation with warning messages. We have taken a leader node for reputation calculation and classification which saves energy of other nodes as energy is a major challenge of MANET. The leader node finally sends the warning message to low grade nodes and broadcasts the classification list in the MANET that is considered in the routing activity.

The Main Characters' effect on the Tragical Ending of Tess D'Urbervilles in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Undoubtedly,Tess of the D'Urbervilles,the masterpiece of Thomas Hardy,is a precious diamond shining in the worldliterature.Through Tess' s short and miserable life,the main characters Alec,Angel,her parents and even herself directly lead toher tragical ending.This thesis will analyze those people's characters detailedly and systematically.Meanwhile,it will explain howthey influence and change Tess greatly.Tess' s destiny is thoroughly changed when she accidentally meets Alec.He owns Tess byunlawful sexual intercourse due to his man's selfish desire.Later,when Tess tells Angel her experience with Alec and her baby,hetotally collapsed,disappointed,distressed and his open-minded behavior disappears.The angel is so man-centered that he consid-ers his dignity and advantages in the first position.Her parents are incapable,ignorant and vainglorious and simple-minded.Tess' shonesty,sincerity and dignity also lead to her tragedy.When she has no way to take care of her family,she doesn't choose to con-tact Angel but go back to Alec's bosom because she thinks that Angel has decided to terminate their relationship.Since all abovementioned,people are social animal and always receive their surrounding's impact on them whether actively or subjectively.Dur-ing Tess' s short and desperate life,the people she has recognized or contacted with are limited.Those main characters,Alec,An-gel,Tess' s parents and herself directly lead to her tragical destiny.

Efficient Selfish Attack Detection in Cognitive Radio Network

The main intention of developing cognitive radio technology is to solve the spectrum deficiency problem by allocating the spectrum dynamically to the unlicensed clients. An important aim of any wireless network is to secure communication. It is to help the unlicensed clients to utilize the maximum available licensed bandwidth, and the cognitive network is designed for opportunistic communication technology. Selfish attacks cause serious security problem because they significantly deteriorate the performance of a cognitive network. In this paper, the selfish attacks have been identified using cooperative neighboring cognitive radio ad hoc network (COOPON). A novel technique has been proposed as ICOOPON (improvised COOPON), which shows improved performance in selfish attack detection as compared to existing technique. A comparative study has been presented to find the efficiency of proposed technique. The parameters used are throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.

Calculation of Available Transfer Capability Using Hybrid Chaotic Selfish Herd Optimizer and 24 Hours RES-thermal Scheduling

As fossil fuel stocks are being depleted,alternative sources of energy must be explored.Consequently,traditional thermal power plants must coexist with renewable resources,such as wind,solar,and hydro units,and all-day planning and operation techniques are necessary to safeguard nature while meeting the current demand.The fundamental components of contemporary power systems are the simultaneous decrease in generation costs and increase in the available transfer capacity(ATC)of current systems.Thermal units are linked to sources of renewable energy such as hydro,wind,and solar power,and are set up to run for 24 h.By contrast,new research reports that various chaotic maps are merged with various existing optimization methodologies to obtain better results than those without the inclusion of chaos.Chaos seems to increase the performance and convergence properties of existing optimization approaches.In this study,selfish animal tendencies,mathematically represented as selfish herd optimizers,were hybridized with chaotic phenomena and used to improve ATC and/or reduce generation costs,creating a multi-objective optimization problem.To evaluate the performance of the proposed hybridized optimization technique,an optimal power flow-based ATC was enforced under various hydro-thermal-solar-wind conditions,that is,the renewable energy source-thermal scheduling concept,on IEEE 9-bus,IEEE 39-bus,and Indian Northern Region Power Grid 246-bus test systems.The findings show that the proposed technique outperforms existing well-established optimization strategies.

PastoralAspirations，ReSpOnSib_litiesandStrategies：ANovelist’SSolutionfortheMoralCrisisinChina

Since the late 1970s China has implemented sweeping economic reforms for almost 40 years. At the same time, it has not officially adjusted its previous moral code. As a result, the country is now faced with a widespread moral crisis characterized by greed and anomie. To offer a remedy for this crisis in his novel The Door of the Sheep （1999）, Li Peifu, a noted writer from Henan Province, creates a village leader intent on maintaining his authoritative moral position as a shepherd by restraining his corporeal desires and exercising his authority on his flock and for his flock. In a subsequent novel entitled pervasive moral disorientation in a village where nobody assumes a pastoral position. The present article analyzes these two novels in connection with the sociopolitical environment of contemporary China. Special attention will be paid to Li＇s interpretation of human selfishness as the root cause of the moral crisis and his attempt to offer a politically feasible and morally effective solution.

A New Theoretical Framework of Pyramid Markov Processes for Blockchain Selfish Mining

In this paper,we provide a new theoretical framework of pyramid Markov processes to solve some open and fundamental problems of blockchain selfish mining under a rigorous mathematical setting.We first describe a more general model of blockchain selfish mining with both a two-block leading competitive criterion and a new economic incentive mechanism.Then we establish a pyramid Markov process and show that it is irreducible and positive recurrent,and its stationary probability vector is matrix-geometric with an explicitly representable rate matrix.Also,we use the stationary probability vector to study the influence of orphan blocks on the waste of computing resource.Next,we set up a pyramid Markov reward process to investigate the long-run average mining profits of the honest and dishonest mining pools,respectively.As a by-product,we build one-dimensional Markov reward processes and provide some new interesting interpretation on the Markov chain and the revenue analysis reported in the seminal work by Eyal and Sirer(2014).Note that the pyramid Markov(reward)processes can open up a new avenue in the study of blockchain selfish mining.Thus we hope that the methodology and results developed in this paper shed light on the blockchain selfish mining such that a series of promising research can be developed potentially.

Gregarious pupation act as a defensive mechanism against cannibalism and intraguild predation

Coccinellid pupae use an array of defensive strategies against their natural enemies. This study aims to assess the efficiency of gregarious pupation as a defensive mechanism against intraguild predators and cannibals in coccinellid. The study was designed specifically （i） to determine the natural occurrence of gregarious pupation in the field for different coccinellid species, and （ii） to evaluate the adaptive value of gregarious pupation as a defensive mechanism against 2 types of predators （i.e., cannibals and intraguild predators）. In the field, gregarious pupation consisted of a group of 2-5 pupae. The proportion of gregarious pupation observed varied according to species, the highest rate being observed with Harmonia axyridis Pallas （Coccinellidae; 14.17%）. Gregarious pupation had no impact on the probability that intraguild predators and cannibals locate pupae. Intraguild predation occurred more often in site with gregarious pupation, while cannibalism occurred as often in site with gregarious pupation as in site with isolated pupa. However, for a specific pupa, the mortality rate was higher for isolated pupae than for pupae located in a gregarious pupation site both in the presence of intraguild predators and in the presence of cannibals. The spatial location of pupae within the group had no impact on mortality rate. Since it reduces the risk of predation, it is proposed that gregarious pupation act as a defensive mechanism for 11. axyridis pupae.

Semi Markov process inspired selfish aware co-operative scheme for wireless sensor networks(SMPISCS)

In Wireless Sensor Network(WSN),energy and packet forwarding tendencies of sensor nodes plays a potential role in ensuring a maximum degree of co-operation under data delivery.This quantified level of co-operation signifies the performance of the network in terms of increased throughput,packet delivery rate and decreased delay depending on the data being aggregated and level of control overhead.The performance of a sensor network is highly inclined by the selfish behaving nature of sensor nodes that gets revealed when the residual energy ranges below a bearable level of activeness in packet forwarding.The selfish sensor node needs to be identified in future through reliable forecasting mechanism for improving the lifetime and packet delivery rate.Semi Markov Process Inspired Selfish aware Co-operative Scheme(SMPISCS)is propounded for making an attempt to mitigate selfish nodes for prolonging the lifetime of the network and balancing energy consumptions of the network.SMPISCS model provides a kind of sensor node’s behavior for quantifying and future forecasting the probability with which the node could turn into selfish.Simulation experiments are carried out through Network Simulator 2 and the performance are analyzed based on varying the number of selfish sensor nodes,number of sensor nodes and range of detection threshold.

Semi Markov process inspired selfish aware co-operative scheme for wireless sensor networks(SMPISCS)

In Wireless Sensor Network(WSN),energy and packet forwarding tendencies of sensor nodes plays a potential role in ensuring a maximum degree of co-operation under data delivery.This quantified level of co-operation signifies the performance of the network in terms of increased throughput,packet delivery rate and decreased delay depending on the data being aggregated and level of control overhead.The performance of a sensor network is highly inclined by the selfish behaving nature of sensor nodes that gets revealed when the residual energy ranges below a bearable level of activeness in packet forwarding.The selfish sensor node needs to be identified in future through reliable forecasting mechanism for improving the lifetime and packet delivery rate.Semi Markov Process Inspired Selfish aware Co-operative Scheme(SMPISCS)is propounded for making an attempt to mitigate selfish nodes for prolonging the lifetime of the network and balancing energy consumptions of the network.SMPISCS model provides a kind of sensor node’s behavior for quantifying and future forecasting the probability with which the node could turn into selfish.Simulation experiments are carried out through Network Simulator 2 and the performance are analyzed based on varying the number of selfish sensor nodes,number of sensor nodes and range of detection threshold.

Stability vs.Optimality in Selfish Ring Routing

We study asymmetric atomic selfish routing in ring networks, which has diverse practical applications in network design and analysis. We are concerned with minimizing the maximum latency of source-destination node-pairs over links with linear latencies. We show that there exists an optimal solution that is a 9-approximate Nash equilibrium, significantly improving the existing upper bound of 54 on the instability factor. We present fast implementation of the best response dynamics for computing a Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, we perform empirical study on the price of stability, narrowing the gap between the lower and upper bounds to 0.7436.