On The Distinction between Semantics and Pragmatics

The close relationship between semantics and pragmatics has made it difficult to set a clear boundary between them.Dicussion of the relationship can date back to Morris, whose semiotic trichotomy was taken up by Carnap. Leech, Levinson, Bach and Huang also tried to make a distinction between the two, but no consensus has been reached.

The Meaning of “X": Study of Meaning from the Perspectives of Semantics and Pragmatics

This article is a tentative study of the relationship between semantics and pagmatics through a detailed analysis of Leech’s classical questions about the meaning of X. It makes a discrimination of the different aspects of meaning that the two branches of linguistics focus upon respectively. Both semantics and pragmatics are studies of the meanings of language. Semantics studies the meaning within the system of language while pragmatics studies the meaning with the speaker involved, that is to say from the social angle. Pragmatics is based on the knowledge of semantics. Given the fact that neither semantics nor pragmatics alone can solve the myth of the meaning of language, it may not be wise to make a clear cut between semantics and pragmatics.\;

Mandarin Particle ba at the Syntax-Pragmatics Interface

This paper discusses the Mandarin particle ba concerning its syntactic and pragmatic issues. In the different positions of the various sentence types in Mandarin, ba performs specific speech acts and encodes a specific illocutionary force from the perspective of pragmatic discourse analysis. Under the Universal Spine Hypothesis, the sentence-internal ba relates to the grounding layer, and the sentence-final ba is located in the responding layer, which is extended domains of the Universal Spine Hypothesis.

An Intelligent Identification Approach of Assembly Interface for CAD Models

Kinematic semantics is often an important content of a CAD model(it refers to a single part/solid model in this work)in many applications,but it is usually not the belonging of the model,especially for the one retrieved from a common database.Especially,the effective and automatic method to reconstruct the above information for a CAD model is still rare.To address this issue,this paper proposes a smart approach to identify each assembly interface on every CAD model since the assembly interface is the fundamental but key element of reconstructing kinematic semantics.First,as the geometry of an assembly interface is formed by one or more adjacent faces on each model,a face-attributed adjacency graph integrated with face structure fingerprint is proposed.This can describe each CAD model as well as its assembly interfaces uniformly.After that,aided by the above descriptor,an improved graph attention network is developed based on a new dual-level anti-interference filtering mechanism,which makes it have the great potential to identify all representative kinds of assembly interface faces with high accuracy that have various geometric shapes but consistent kinematic semantics.Moreover,based on the abovementioned graph and face-adjacent relationships,each assembly interface on a model can be identified.Finally,experiments on representative CAD models are implemented to verify the effectiveness and characteristics of the proposed approach.The results show that the average assembly-interface-face-identification accuracy of the proposed approach can reach 91.75%,which is about 2%–5%higher than those of the recent-representative graph neural networks.Besides,compared with the state-of-the-art methods,our approach is more suitable to identify the assembly interfaces(with various shapes)for each individual CAD model that has typical kinematic pairs.

On Pragmatics and Language Teaching

This thesis concentrates on analyzing the impacts of pragmatics on English teaching by application of the theories of se mantics and pragmatics.It attempts to probe into the profound relationship between pragmatics and grammar,pragmatics and se mantics,pragmatics and cognition in order to find out the proper methods on language teaching.

Semantic and Pragmatic Approaches to Presupposition

Presupposition is widely studied in the field of linguistics nowadays while it was firstly put forward in philosophy.Early study ex amined it from semantic approach,which treated it as the relation between two propositions.In 1970s,it was found presupposition was also a pragmatic concept,which held that presupposition varied with context.The author holds that semantic approach can't solve all the com plex problems while it's the basic part about the issue.Only through the pragmatic approach can we study it dynamically.

A Davidsonian Truth-theoretic Semantics Treatment of an EkeGusii Proverb

The paper examines some doctrines of the Davidsonian Programme of truth conditional Semantics that relates truth to meaning using Tarski’s T-Convention,in relation to its efficacy in a semantic valuation of the EkeGusii proverb:Nda’indongi ereta morogi ereta moibi which exemplifies a kind of complex sentence that a given system of Semantics is meant to account for.The coverage of Davidsonian truth-conditional notion of T-convention and that of compositionality are considered to have only a partial reach in accounting for the meaning of the proverb by not incorporating pragmatic aspects.The failure of T-convention is not alleviated by the adoption of radical interpretation as posited by Davidson but is extended to consider aspects of pragmatic enrichment and dynamic Semantics.

An Analysis of the Linguistic Features of The Minister’s Black Veil from the Perspective of Literary Pragmatics

The Minister’s Black Veil is one of the most classic short stories written by American romantic writer Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864),From the perspective of literary pragmatics,this paper analyzes the language features of the novel,such as words and sentences,grammar,semantic ambiguity,rhetoric and conversational implicature based on cooperative principle,so as to explore the superb writing style and literary art of the novel,better understand and appreciate this literary work,and provide a new perspective and reference for the study of British and American literature Direction.

过渡理论视域下俄语动词“идти”的语法化过程及其语用效果分析

语法化是语言发展过程中的普遍现象。本文以俄语动词“идти”为例,基于《大俄汉词典》对“идти”的释义,结合Бабайцева的过渡理论深入分析该动词的语义演变及语法化过程,关注其语法化路径及其语用效果,揭示俄语动词在语义演变、语法化形成路径、语法化构式及语用效果等方面的普遍规律,为俄语词汇语法化研究提供研究思路和研究范式,同时为俄语教学、翻译及词典编纂提供参考与借鉴。

学前儿童否定结构语用发展研究

基于默认语义学理论,采用自然观察法,考察不同年龄段汉语学前儿童否定结构的语用发展特征。结果表明,随着年龄的增长,儿童逐渐使用复杂的否定形式,较多将否定词“不”放在句首,常见否定词“不”放在句中,将否定词“不”放在句尾的情况罕见。否定词“不”的移动过程与儿童的心智认知水平、语境要素语言化能力发展水平和语境依赖度有关,体现了语言使用的经济原则;儿童否定结构的使用建立在预设基础上,其语义表征受不同因素的制约,呈现出不同的语用发展过程。本研究旨在探索儿童否定结构语用发展规律,为儿童否定结构学习与语用能力的发展提供借鉴。

名词融合与复杂谓词的形成

文章以及物化的“VN”型复杂谓词(“踩雷乐视、取道北京”)为出发点,引入跨语言视角,探索汉语名词融合的句法、语义机制以及类型特征。在句法上,“V”和“N”通过词根移位融合,然后和事件有关的其他论旨角色会提升到“N”原有的论元槽位,表现为“VN”结构携带旁格论元的情况。在语义上,“N”并非“V”独立的语义论元,而是对“V”的语义进行修饰,对“V”所述事件进行限定和细分,但不改变“V”的价位。及物化的“VN”型复杂谓词的产生,不仅证明汉语中存在丰富的名词融合现象,更表明名词融合内部存在不同的演化轨迹,呈现谱系特性。文章提出的将形式语义学与分布式形态学相结合的形态—语义界面思路,为处理汉语中次短语层面的语言现象提供了新的框架性构想。

“X怎么着”类回声构式的句法特征、语义模型及语用表现

汉语口语表达中的常用格式“X怎么着”分为两类:一类表示询问,一类表示反诘。后者表达的是说话人对前一说话人(受话人)话语X的否定态度,其整体意义的解读不能从组成成分的意义简单相加获得,可以界定为回声构式。从句法上看,回声构式中的X一般为名词性成分、谓词性成分,以及少量单句,主要有完全回声、截取回声和转换回声三种形式。从语义上看,名词性成分表现为主体,含有言外之意,谓词性成分以及单句表现为事件,对言说几方存在利害关系,形成了四种语义模型。从语用上看,说话人使用该类构式表达强烈的反诘否定,主要表现为强冲突型情感和弱冲突型情感两种情感倾向,以及居于话轮之首,容易激发前一说话人(受话人)采取对抗策略的语篇特征。

也谈语境吸收

语境吸收作为语义演变的一种机制,近些年来在汉语研究文献中被反复提及。本文认为,语境吸收本质上是一种高度受限、较为特殊的语义演变现象,在汉语中真正合格的例证也非常少见。惟其如此,语境吸收只可能是语义演变的一种途径或结果,不可能是语义演变的机制。此外,本文主张,跟其他语义演变过程一样,语境吸收也涉及语用推理(共时)和语义化等过程。

可控、意愿与情态述补结构的解读

情态述补结构“V得/不C”是汉语中的一种多义情态表达式,文章从语义-语用接口的角度,发现事件的[可控]和[意愿]两种特征都会对其情态类型的解读产生影响。[可控]是语义特征,对“V得/不C”的情态解读起到基础性作用,表现在:[+可控]会产生动力情态解读,[-可控]会产生认识情态解读。而[意愿]是在[可控]之上的语用特征,会改变[可控]对“V得/不C”情态解读的作用,表现在:[-可控]的事件如果具有[+意愿]特征,“V得/不C”就会反转为表达动力情态;[+可控]的事件如果具有[-意愿]特征,“V得/不C”就会反转为表达认识情态。

试论积极反叙实句式“要是S就好了”

句式“要是S就好了”属于积极反叙实用法,在句法、语义、语用层面有其独特之处:句法上,“要是”为假设连词,口语化语体色彩较高。S为反叙实小句,主要由主谓小句和VP小句构成,适合表达简洁内容,具有口语化特点。“就好了”为语气词,根据情况不同分为纯粹虚拟语气词和最低条件语气词两种类型;语义上,“要是S就好了”是纯粹的积极反叙实句式,隐含对过去的遗憾、对现实的期待、对未来的盼望三种不同的语义价值;语用上,积极反叙实句式“要是S就好了”具有有利性,合乎社会规范,其语用价值在于表达虚拟愿望、复盘重构与反思、催生积极转变与进步。

“地步”负面立场标记的嬗变

受汉语双音化趋势影响,“地步”双音化后进而词汇化,最终演变为表达说话者情感和态度的负面立场标记。其主观化路径为物理距离→心理距离→程度义,这一过程伴随着言者主观性的不断强化,体现了语义演变与主观化的互动。“地步”表达“心理距离”时,其语义的主观性开始显现;表达程度义时,主观性进一步增强;最终,当“地步”作为负面立场标记使用时,主观性达到顶峰。语言内部,语素“地”的贬义色彩以及“地步”共现成分的负面义,均为“地步”负面立场标记的形成提供了有力条件。语言外部,主观化、语用推理以及语用因素的共同作用,则进一步诱发了“地步”负面立场标记的产生。

The Meaning Composition of Chinese Calligraphy Sign

This paper clarifies the composition of meaning in the art of Chinese calligraphy on the basis of American semiotician Charles Morris’s three divisions of sign,namely,“Syntactics,Semantics,Pragmatics”.The syntactical dimension of Chinese calligraphy sign is the artistic meaning of the form of Chinese character.“Semantical dimension”refers to semantic referents of linguistic signs and their literary significance,“pragmatical dimension”refers to the use and interpretation of calligraphy.The study of the three dimensions of meaning in Chinese calligraphy reveals a complex and unique composition of sign meaning.Chinese calligraphy deforms the structure and form of Chinese characters while retaining their semantic invariance.In this way,calligraphy acquires more practical semantic and symbolic meanings through the carrier of Chinese characters which are also linguistic symbols at the same time.Chinese calligraphy is dominated by the meaning of sign forms,taking into account the linguistic reference and the use of sign,and the three dimensions of meaning interact and promote each other,building a dynamic and multidimensional space of sign meaning.

情态词“也好”的语义语用功能

情态词“也好”情态语义和语用功能较为丰富。情态语义方面,“也好”具有“让步”义和“认同”义。“让步”义细分为“让择”义和“无论如何”义。“让择”义包含退而求其次和退而择优,退而求其次是典型用法,均可理解为知域用法;“无论如何”义可理解为知域用法。“认同”义包含主动认同、被动认同和假意认同,主动认同是典型用法,三者可理解为知域或知域-言域用法。语用方面,“也好”具有互动功能和话语标记功能。

二语语用习得中情境专用语的界定方式和分类标准

公式化语言能力是二语学习者掌握目标语的核心能力之一。Istvan Kecskes提出情境专用语(situation-bound utterances)作为公式化语言中的一类,由于其文化特定性和高度的情境关联度,成为了交互文化语用学领域的重要研究对象。目前国外针对二语习得中英语情境专用语相关问题的研究已经取得了一定的进展,但国内对于汉语情境专用语的相关探讨还不够充分,就其操作层面的界定方式与分类标准尚未达成共识。现以情境专用语理论研究成果为基础,从语用、语形和语义三个层面探讨了仍存在分歧的相关问题:语用上,需明确情境与功能之间复杂且灵活的关系是汉语情境专用语的基本特征;语言形式上,情境专用语须为多词结构,能够独立成句,且可以具有形式变体;语义上,应将情境专用语区别于汉语中的惯用语和谚语,但与成语有一定的交叉,同时,汉语情境专用语可以根据语义透明度和凸显语义不同划分为三类。