Pseudo-Semi-Overlap Functions-Based Fuzzy Rough Sets Applied to Image Edge Extraction

As an extension of overlap functions, pseudo-semi-overlap functions are a crucial class of aggregation functions. Therefore, (I, PSO)-fuzzy rough sets are introduced, utilizing pseudo-semi-overlap functions, and further extended for applications in image edge extraction. Firstly, a new clustering function, the pseudo-semi-overlap function, is introduced by eliminating the symmetry and right continuity present in the overlap function. The relaxed nature of this function enhances its applicability in image edge extraction. Secondly, the definitions of (I, PSO)-fuzzy rough sets are provided, using (I, PSO)-fuzzy rough sets, a pair of new fuzzy mathematical morphological operators (IPSOFMM operators) is proposed. Finally, by combining the fuzzy C-means algorithm and IPSOFMM operators, a novel image edge extraction algorithm (FCM-IPSO algorithm) is proposed and implemented. Compared to existing algorithms, the FCM-IPSO algorithm exhibits more image edges and a 73.81% decrease in the noise introduction rate. The outstanding performance of (I, PSO)-fuzzy rough sets in image edge extraction demonstrates their practical application value.

真空冻干/快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中35种不同种类半挥发性有机物

建立了真空冻干/快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定土壤中35种不同种类半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)的方法。样品经真空冷冻脱水、快速溶剂萃取、旋转蒸发浓缩以及固相萃取SPE小柱净化后,氮吹定容,采用GC-MS上机测定。结果表明:土壤中35种SVOCs在10~1000μg/L范围内线性相关系数r^(2)≥0.991,方法检出限为0.034~0.40μg/kg,方法定量限为0.14~1.20μg/kg;以空白样品为基体进行加标回收实验,所得加标回收率为71.2%~113%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=7)为0.38%~13.3%,替代物荧蒽-D 10回收率为84.0%~92.5%;经实际样品检测验证,该方法灵敏、快速、准确可靠,适用于土壤中35种不同种类SVOCs的分析检测。

基于Tri-training的社交媒体药物不良反应实体抽取

社交媒体因其数据的实时性,对其充分利用可以弥补传统医疗文献药物不良反应中实体抽取的迟滞性问题,但社交媒体文本面临标注数据成本高、数据噪声大等问题,使得模型难以发挥良好的效果。针对社交媒体大量未标注语料存在标注成本高的问题,采用Tri-training半监督的方法进行社交媒体药物不良反应实体抽取,通过三个学习器Transformer+CRF、BiLSTM+CRF和IDCNN+CRF对未标注数据进行标注,再利用一致性评价函数迭代地扩展训练集,最后通过加权投票整合模型输出标签。针对社交媒体的文本不正式性(口语化严重、错别字等)问题,通过融合字与词两个粒度的向量作为整个模型嵌入层的输入,来提取更丰富的语义信息。实验结果表明,提出的模型在“好大夫在线”网站获取的数据集上取得了良好表现。

液液萃取气相色谱-串联质谱法测定含油半固体食品中19种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立液液萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱法测定含油半固体食品中19种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物含量。样品经正己烷饱和的乙腈提取,提取液与乙腈饱和的正己烷液液萃取净化,采用HP-5MS色谱柱分离,多反应监测模式定量分析。19种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的质量浓度在20~1000μg/L范围内线性相关系数均大于0.9993,方法检出限为0.0012~0.060 mg/kg,定量限为0.0036~0.18 mg/kg,0.2、1.0、7.5 mg/kg低、中、高三水平加标试验的平均回收率为81.2%~100.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.9%~5.7%(n=6)。该方法适用于含油半固体食品中19种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的定量分析。

基于(I,O_(s))-模糊粗糙集的图像边缘提取和特征选择应用

首先,利用半重叠函数和模糊粗糙集,构造了(I,O_(s))-模糊粗糙集模型,提高了模型的灵活性和适应性;其次,将该模型与模糊C-均值算法相结合,提出了一种新的图像边缘提取算法,该算法在较低引入率的情况下,能够提取到完整的图像边缘;最后,基于(I,O_(s))-模糊粗糙集模型,提出了一种新的特征选择算法,相较于传统的特征选择算法,该算法在保持高分类精度的情况下,可以选择更少的属性条件.实验证明,基于(I,O_(s))-模糊粗糙集模型的算法具有可行性和有效性,可以为相关研究和领域提供支持.

基于GC-MS分析蕲艾挥发油成分及其抑菌活性研究

目的:分析半仿生法提取-水蒸气蒸馏法提取蕲艾挥发油的主要化学成分,对蕲艾挥发油抑菌活性进行研究。方法:采用半仿生法提取-水蒸气蒸馏法提取蕲艾挥发油,运用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其化学成分进行鉴定,用面积归一化法计算各组分的相对百分含量。通过平板涂布法和二倍梯度液体稀释法考察蕲艾挥发油的抑菌效果。结果:蕲艾挥发油检测到52种化学成分,初步鉴定了20种化合物,占总挥发性成分的95.95%,其化学成分主要为蒿醇(55.49%)、3,3,6-三甲基-1,4-庚二烯-6-醇(15.37%)、桉油精(11.87%)和4-萜烯醇(3.50%)等,以醇类居多。蕲艾挥发油对金黄葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、沙门菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和白色念珠菌、黑曲霉、黄曲霉有显著的抑菌作用。结论:蕲艾挥发油主要由醇类组成,并具有较好的抑菌活性。

半自动索氏提取-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中的18种多氯联苯

本研究采用半自动索氏提取对土壤样品进行前处理,以正己烷-丙酮混合溶剂(体积比1:1)为提取剂,将提取液净化、浓缩、定容后,采用气相色谱质谱法测定18种多氯联苯。结果表明:该方法在10.0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数> 0.998;检出限范围为0.2~0.3μg/kg,测定下限范围为0.8~1.2μg/kg;测定低、中、高三种浓度的加标回收率分别为82.7%~107%、91.4%~118%和96.1%~110%,相对标准偏差分别为2.3%~6.3%、1.5%~4.6%和0.9%~4.9%。该方法操作简单、检出限低、精密度良好、回收率高,适用于土壤中多氯联苯的痕量分析。

全自动固相萃取-气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱法测定地表水中20种半挥发性有机物

建立全自动固相萃取-气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪测定地表水中20种半挥发性有机物的分析方法。用全自动固相萃取装置对半挥发性有机污染物进行提取、富集,经DB-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离,用全扫描模式定性,以多反应监测(MRM)模式联合内标法定量分析。20种半挥发性有机物的质量浓度在20~1000μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9990,方法检出限为0.010~0.023μg/L。样品加标平均回收率为83.5%~103.1%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.76%~3.08%(n=6)。该方法既可提高萃取效率,又具有灵敏度高、准确度高等优点,适用于地表水中微量半挥发性有机物的分析。

Semi-LC/MS技术快速定量分析黄芪样品中黄芪甲苷含量

为了测定黄芪中的黄芪甲苷含量,应用半高效液相色谱-质谱串联技术(Semi-LC/MS),以薯蓣皂苷为内标化合物,仅用一段色谱保护柱分离掉大部分干扰性成分,同时使目标化合物富集,采用Waters公司的多反应监测(MRM)扫描模式检测。结果表明:黄芪甲苷在2.85～57.0mg/L的范围内线性关系良好,稳定性和重复性实验RSD<3%,样品回收率达98.9%。Semi-LC/MS方法可以对黄芪样品中黄芪甲苷进行快速定量分析,是一种黄芪甲苷的简单、高效、灵敏的定量检测方法。

Synthesis and Solid Phase Extraction Performance Study of NNAL-specific Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Dummy Templates

Dummy molecularly imprinted polymers （DMIPs） for 4-（methylnitrosamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanol （NNAL） were produced using three structural analogues as dummy template molecules. The chosen analogues were 4-（acetymethylamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-butanol, 4- （methylamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanol, and 1-（3-pyridyl）-1,4,-butanediol. The molecular recognition characteristics of the produced polymers were evaluated by X-ray photoelec- tron spectroscopy （XPS） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）. Interactions between NNAL and methacrylic acid should be cooperative hydrogen bonds while the ni- trogen atom of the pyridine ring and the oxygen atom of the nitroso group in NNAL are two of the hydrogen-bond acceptors. It was further demonstrated that DMIP synthesized by 4-（acetymethylamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-butanol had the best binding performance by XPS and FT-IR. Then dummy molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction （DMISPE） was developed for the determination of the analyte using the hit polymer as the sorbing material. Under optimal conditions, the recovery of NNAL dissolved in standard solution reached 93%. And the investigated polymer exhibited much higher binding of NNAL when nicotine was acted as the competitive molecule. Also the proposed method was applied to the measurement of NNAL spiked in blank urine samples with recoveries ranging from 87.2% to 101.2%.

Parameter Extraction for 2-π Equivalent Circuit Model of RF CMOS Spiral Inductors

A novel parameter extraction method with rational functions is presented for the 2-πequivalent circuit model of RF CMOS spiral inductors. The final S-parameters simulated by the circuit model closely match experimental data. The extraction strategy is straightforward and can be easily implemented as a CAD tool to model spiral inductors. The resulting circuit models will be very useful for RF circuit designers.

金露梅中一种α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的提取富集及活性研究

本研究采用AB-8大孔吸附树脂、半制备高效液相色谱对金露梅枝叶中槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡糖苷酸提取分离,并通过13 C NMR鉴定其化学结构,最后采用以4-硝基酚-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(pNPG)为底物的酶抑制剂筛选模型检测其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性和类型。结果显示:槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡糖苷酸分布在20%乙醇大孔吸附树脂(AB-8)洗脱液中,采用半制备高效液相色谱和高效液相色谱分离纯化得槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡糖苷酸2481.8 mg,纯度为97.95%。活性检测结果表明,槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡糖苷酸对α-葡萄糖苷酶的最大抑制率为94.67%,IC 50为0.259 mmol/L,抑制率显著高于阳性对照药物阿卡波糖,且抑制剂类型为竞争性抑制。

Integrative Extraction of Ergosterol, （1→3）-α-D-Glucan and Chitosan from Penicillium chrysogenum Mycelia

Abstract Ergosterol,（1→3）-α-D-glucan and chitosan are important biomaterials. In this research, a process has been developed to integratively extract ergosterol, （1→3）-α-D-glucan, and chitosan from Penicillium chrysongenum mycelium. First the mycelia are pretreated with 0.1mol·L^-1 of NaOH. After recovery by centrifugation the solid portion is made to undergo saponification and deacetylation reactaons by addition of 2mol·L^-1 NaOH and et anol.After reaction, extraction is carried out by addition of petroleum ether, which separates the reaction mixture into two phases. The upper layer of petroleum ether contains extracted ergosterol, and the .bottom layer of NaOH solution contains （1→3）-α-DEglucan; the chitosan is on the mycelia residuum. After isolation, the recovery yield of ergosterol is 0.52% of dry mycelium. That of （1→3）-α-D-glucan is about 8.2%; and chitosan is 5.7% with 86% deacetylation. The compositions have been characterized by 1R, HPLC analyses.

Simple Modifications to Standard TRIzol®Protocol Allow High-Yield RNA Extraction from Cells on Resorbable Materials

Resorbable bioceramics are attractive for medical applications such as bone substitution. Biochemical analysis on cells cultured on these biomaterials is vital to predict the impact of the materials in vivo and RNA extraction is an essential step in gene expression study using RT-qPCR. In this study, we describe simple modifications to the TRIzol? RNA extraction protocol widely used in biology and these allow high-yield extraction of RNA from cells on resorbable calcium phosphates. Without the modifications, RNA is trapped in the co-precipitated calcium compounds, rendering TRIzol? extraction method infeasible. Among the modifications, the use of extra TRIzol? to dilute the lysate before the RNA precipitation step is critical for extraction of RNA from porous ?-tricalcium phosphate (?-TCP) discs. We also investigate the rationale behind the undesirable precipitation so as to provide clues about the modifications required for other resorbable materials with high application potential in bone tissue engineering.

Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Extraction of Alkaloids from the Roots of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb

Matrix solid-phase dispersion（MSPD） was developed for the extraction of four alkaloids, including aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and deoxyaconitine, from the roots ofAconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. The determination of the analyte was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The alkaline alumina was used as sorbent. The mixture of acetonitrile and water was used as elution solvent. Several extraction parameters, such as type of sorbent, the ratio of sample to solid support material, type of the elution solvent and the volume of the elution solvent were tested. Mean recoveries ranged from 93.16% to 102.73%, with relative standard deviations from 0.27% to 4.17%. With the extraction efficiency and time expenditure taken into account, MSPD extraction should be a comparatively good method.

Extraction of essential oil from shaddock peel and analysis of its components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Essential oil, with more than thirty kinds of compounds separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was extracted from Shatian shaddock peel and Sweet shaddock peel by squeeze-steam distillation and direct steam distillation method. Among their composition, the main components are terpene compounds, which account for 93.926% (mass fraction, the same below) and 85.843% of essential oils extracted from Shatian shaddock peel and Sweet shaddock peel, respectively. Although nootkatone is the major contributor of shaddock characteristic scent, and its contents are 1.069% and 1.749% of essential oils from Sweet shaddock peel and Shatian shaddock peel, respectively. The results show that squeeze-steam distillation gives higher yield and good quality of essential oil and the compositions of essential oils from two kinds of shaddock peels are different, but the main contributors of the shaddock scent are the same.

Solvent extraction of copper and ammonia from ammoniacal solutions using sterically hindered β-diketone

Extraction of copper and ammonia from Cu2+-NH3-Cl--H2O solution using laboratorialy synthesized sterically hindered β-diketone(4,4-dimethyl-1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-1,3-pentanedione) was studied.The effects of the copper concentration,the total ammonia concentration,the initial pH in the aqueous phase,the phase ratio,and the temperature on copper extraction ratio and ammonia extraction in loaded organic phase were investigated using this sterically hindered β-diketone.Under the conditions of temperature 25℃,contact time of two phases 30 min,phase ratio 1-1,concentration of copper 3 g/L,concentration of total ammonia 3 mol/L,aqueous pH 8.43,and the concentration of β-diketone in organic phase 20%(volume fraction),ammonia in aqueous phase is much lower to be extracted by organic phase(just 14.5 mg/L),while the extraction rate of copper is 95.09%.

Extraction Equilibria of Trimellitic and [ 1,1′-Biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic Acid with 1-Octanol, 50%TBP, and 10%TRPO in Kerosene

To explore the feasibility of extracting aromatic acid products from oxidizing coal, two aromatic acids, trimellitic and [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid, were selected as the solutes, and the extraction equilibrium of the acids were studied with 1-octanol, 50% tributyl phosphate （TBP） in kerosene, and 10% trialkylphosphine oxide （TRPO） in kerosene. The results showed that the degree of extraction of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was larger than that of trimellitic acid for all of the solvent, and the extraction capacity with TRPO is more effective than the one with TBP. The extraction behavior of aromatic polyacid is different from that of carboxylic acid, and the reactive extraction function of aromatic acids with TBP and TRPO is not as effective as that of carboxylic acid. 1-octanol could be used to remove [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid from the mixture of trimellitic acid and [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid. Because the weak hydrogen bond association exists between -OH in 1-octanol and -COOH in aromatic acid, the extractive selectivity of [ 1, 1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic to trimellitic acid depends on the stoichiometric ratio.

超声波-半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮及其活性的研究

【目的】对桑叶黄酮的提取工艺及其自由基清除能力,对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的活性抑制作用进行研究,旨在获得充分保持桑叶黄酮活性的新型制备方法,为桑叶资源开发利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用超声波–半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮,考察液料比、超声时间、超声温度、超声功率4个因素对桑叶黄酮得率和DPPH·以及OH·的平均清除率的影响,通过响应面试验优化桑叶黄酮提取工艺,评价桑叶黄酮对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用。【结果】桑叶黄酮最佳提取工艺为液料比30 mL/g、提取总时间97 min(3个阶段的时间比例为1∶2∶2)、超声温度49℃、超声功率400 W,黄酮得率为(38.23±0.42) mg/g,自由基平均清除率为(57.04±0.97)%。桑叶黄酮对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性抑制的IC_(50)值为(1.081±0.130) g/L和(1.204±0.190) g/L。超声波–半仿生法比单一超声波法提取桑叶黄酮的自由基清除能力强,比单一半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮的得率高。【结论】采用超声波辅助半仿生法提取的桑叶黄酮具有良好的自由基清除能力,且对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶有抑制作用,与单一提取法相比,超声波–半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮具备更高的生物活性和得率。桑叶黄酮可开发为高糖人群调节血糖的产品,超声波–半仿生法可为工业制备桑叶黄酮提供良好的技术储备。

微波萃取-SPE柱净化/气相色谱-质谱法测定固体废物中53种半挥发性有机物

采用微波辅助萃取技术,结合固相萃取(SPE)小柱净化,建立了固体废物中53种半挥发性有机物的气相色谱-质谱检测方法。通过优化前处理条件,选择以丙酮-正己烷(1∶1,体积比)为萃取剂,微波萃取温度为100℃,萃取时间为15 min,萃取液经硅酸镁固相萃取柱净化,DB-5MS(30 m×0.25μm×0.25 mm)色谱柱分离,结合电子轰击电离源(EI)选择离子监测(SIM)模式,采用内标法进行定量检测。实验表明:53种半挥发性有机物在0.2~5.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)均不小于0.998,对典型固体废物灰渣和生化污泥样品的检出限分别为0.002~0.015 mg/kg和0.004~0.027 mg/kg,定量下限分别为0.008~0.060 mg/kg和0.016~0.108 mg/kg。在0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/kg 3个加标水平下,灰渣样品的平均加标回收率为70.7%~98.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.7%~14%;生化污泥样品的平均加标回收率为71.8%~105%,RSD(n=6)为1.2%~15%。该方法快速准确、环保可靠、试剂用量少、检测效率高,可满足固体废物中53种半挥发性有机物的高通量检测要求。