SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUSPENSION WITH MAGNETO-RHEOLOGICAL DAMPERS:PART Ⅰ——CONTROLLER SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION

A modified skyhook-based semi-active controller is proposed for implementing an asymmetric control suspension design with symmetric magneto-rheological （MR） dampers. The controller is formulated in current form, which is modulated by integrating a continuous modulation and an asymmetric damping force generation algorithms, so as to effectively minimize switching and hysteretic effects from the MR-damper. The proposed controller is implemented with a quarter-vehicle MR-suspension model, and its relative response characteristics are thus evaluated in terms of defined performance measures under varying amplitude harmonic, rounded pulse and random excitations. The sensitivity of the semi-active suspension performance to variations in controller parameters is thoroughly evaluated. The results illustrate that the proposed skyhook-based asymmetric semi-active MR-suspension controller has superior robustness on the system parameter variations, and can achieve desirable multi-objective suspension performance.

Semi-active Sliding Mode Control of Vehicle Suspension with Magneto-rheological Damper

The vehicle semi-active suspension with magneto-theological damper（MRD） has been a hot topic since this decade, in which the robust control synthesis considering load variation is a challenging task. In this paper, a new semi-active controller based upon the inverse model and sliding mode control （SMC） strategies is proposed for the quarter-vehicle suspension with the magneto-rheological （MR） damper, wherein an ideal skyhook suspension is employed as the control reference model and the vehicle sprung mass is considered as an uncertain parameter. According to the asymptotical stability of SMC, the dynamic errors between the plant and reference systems are used to derive the control damping force acquired by the MR quarter-vehicle suspension system. The proposed modified Bouc-wen hysteretic force-velocity （F-v） model and its inverse model of MR damper, as well as the proposed continuous modulation （CM） filtering algorithm without phase shift are employed to convert the control damping force into the direct drive current of the MR damper. Moreover, the proposed semi-active sliding mode controller （SSMC）-based MR quarter-vehicle suspension is systematically evaluated through comparing the time and frequency domain responses of the sprung and unsprung mass displacement accelerations, suspension travel and the tire dynamic force with those of the passive quarter-vehicle suspension, under three kinds of varied amplitude harmonic, rounded pulse and real-road measured random excitations. The evaluation results illustrate that the proposed SSMC can greatly suppress the vehicle suspension vibration due to uncertainty of the load, and thus improve the ride comfort and handling safety. The study establishes a solid theoretical foundation as the universal control scheme for the adaptive semi-active control of the MR full-vehicle suspension decoupled into four MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension systems.

Skyhook-based Semi-active Control of Full-vehicle Suspension with Magneto-rheological Dampers

The control study of vehicle semi-active suspension with magneto-rheological (MR) dampers has been attracted much attention internationally. However, a simple, real time and easy implementing semi-active controller has not been proposed for the MR full-vehicle suspension system, and a systematic analysis method has not been established for evaluating the multi-objective suspension performances of MR full-vehicle vertical, pitch and roll motions. For this purpose, according to the 7-degree of freedom (DOF) fullvehicle dynamic system, a generalized 7-DOF MR and passive full-vehicle dynamic model is set up by employing the modified Boucwen hysteretic force-velocity (F-v) model of the MR damper. A semi-active controller is synthesized to realize independent control of the four MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension systems in the full-vehicle, which is on the basis of the proposed modified skyhook damping scheme of MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension system. The proposed controller can greatly simplify the controller design complexity of MR full-vehicle suspension and has merits of easy implementation in real application, wherein only absolute velocities of sprung and unsprung masses with reference to the road surface are required to measure in real time when the vehicle is moving. Furthermore, a systematic analysis method is established for evaluating the vertical, pitch and roll motion properties of both MR and passive full-vehicle suspensions in a more realistic road excitation manner, in which the harmonic, rounded pulse and real road measured random signals with delay time are employed as different road excitations inserted on the front and rear two wheels, by considering the distance between front and rear wheels in full-vehicle. The above excitations with different amplitudes are further employed as the road excitations inserted on left and right two wheels for evaluating the roll motion property. The multi-objective suspension performances of ride comfort and handling safety of the proposed MR full-vehicle suspension are thus thoroughly evaluated by comparing with those of the passive full-vehicle suspension. The results show that the proposed controller can ideally improve multiobjective suspension performances of the ride comfort and handling safety. The proposed harmonic, rounded pulse and real road measured random signals with delay time and asymmetric amplitudes are suitable for accurately analyzing the vertical, pitch and roll motion properties of MR full-vehicle suspension system in a more realistic road excitation manner. This research has important theoretical significance for improving application study on the intelligent MR semi-active suspension.

SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUSPENSION WITH MAGNETO-RHEOLOGICAL DAMPERS PARTⅡ——EVALUATION OF SUSPENSION PERFORMANCE

The design and analysis of an intelligent vehicle suspension with MR dampers should address hybrid semi-active control goals, such as rejection of current-switching discontinuity and MR-damper hysteresis, asymmetric damping from the symmetric MR-damper design, robustness on the vehicle operation parameter uncertainties and consideration of essential multiple suspension goals. Following the proposed skyhook-based asymmetric semi-active controller （Part I ） for achieving the above goals, herein, a set of suspension performance measures and three kinds of varying amplitude harmonic, rounded pulse and really measured random excitations are systematically defined, and the sensitivity of quarter-vehicle MR-suspension performance to variations in operating conditions is thoroughly analyzed. The results illustrate that the proposed skyhook-based semi-active MR-suspension in the asymmetric mode yields relatively superior dynamic responses to meet the multiple suspension performances of ride, rattle space, road-holding and dynamic tire force transmitted to the pavement, and has desirable robustness on variations in operating conditions of vehicle load and speed and the road roughness.

Fuzzy Logic Control for Semi-Active Suspension System of Tracked Vehicle

The model of half a tracked vehicle semi-active suspension is established. The fuzzy logic controller of the semi-active suspension system is constructed. The acceleration of driver's seat and its time derivative are used as the inputs of the fuzzy logic controller, and the fuzzy logic controller output determines the semi-active suspension controllable damping force. The fuzzy logic controller is to minimize the mean square root of acceleration of the driver's seat. The control forces of controllable dampers behind the first road wheel are obtained by time delay, and the delay times are determined by the vehicle speed and axles distances. The simulation results show that this control method can decrease the acceleration of driver's seat and the suspension travel of the first road wheel, the ride quality is improved obviously.

A New Damper for Tracked Vehicle Suspension

The passive suspension system of tracked vehicle is designed to get its suspension parameters based on a certain common velocity and a certain road surface roughness. Its performance optimization only exists in a certain operating mode without far-ranging adaptability. Holding the damper basic frame form and applying semi-active suspension system based on MR (magnetorheological) damper, the vehicle can keep its optimum efficiency between energy dissipation and vibration reduction in all kinds of operating modes. Theoretical analysis and experiments show that the damping performances provided by this MRF(magnetorheological fluids) vane damper are same as those provided by traditional damper, and the new damper has the better controllability and adaptability.

Vibration Control of Vehicle Suspension System by Electrorheological Damper

An overview of electrorheological （ER） fluid characteristics is given. Based on the Bingham plasticity model and a simple parallel-plate model, the operation principle of ER damper is presented and a four-DOF dynamic model of a vehicle suspension is constructed. Then a semi-active control of vehicle suspension system by ER damper is obtained. According to the semi-active control theory, the acceleration frequency characteristic is achieved with Matlab toolbox. Simulation results show that the vibration of the suspension system is well controlled.

基于准零刚度的坦克装甲车辆半主动惯容悬架控制策略

为了提高坦克装甲车辆悬架系统的减振性能,提出“惯容-弹簧”准零刚度的基本架构,以惯容、弹簧、阻尼三元件并联作为悬架构型,对惯容连续控制和惯容开关控制两种方案进行动力学仿真和参数优化。研究结果表明:采用准零刚度控制策略后,车体振动加速度大幅度减小,乘坐舒适性改善明显,同时降低了对阻尼系数的需求,提升了减振效率。通过分析悬架减振过程中各元件的瞬时功率,发现可变惯容起能量补偿作用,使一部分振动能量在弹簧和惯容之间反复动态地传递和转换,突破了弹簧缓冲储能、阻尼生热耗能的传统减振机理,达到了更好的减振效能。

结合改进ANFIS的车辆半主动悬架振动控制

为改善MR阻尼器半主动悬架的减振效果,提出一种基于改进自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)的半主动控制方法。首先,针对MR阻尼器的逆向动力学模型难以精确确定的问题,采用改进乌鸦搜索算法(MCSA)对ANFIS进行优化,即分别用MCSA和最小二乘法对ANFIS的前件参数和后件参数进行寻优,以克服标准ANFIS易于陷入局部最优解的缺陷。为了提高标准乌鸦搜索算法(CSA)的搜索精度,采用三角概率分布策略选择目标乌鸦,并对更新后的解实施反转变异操作。然后,根据悬架响应设计LQR控制器以计算理想控制力,并与改进逆向模型相结合,实现理想控制力与MR阻尼器输入控制信号之间的转化,从而调节阻尼力,实现车辆半主动悬架系统的振动控制。仿真结果表明:相较于GA-ANFIS和PSO-ANFIS,所提出的MCSA-ANFIS逆向建模方法具有更高的预测精度,使MR阻尼器的输入信号和阻尼力的预测精度分别提高17.49%和30.62%;以随机路面信号作为半主动悬架的激励,相较于被动控制和LQR-COC半主动控制,所提出的LQR-MCSA-ANFIS控制策略能使簧载质量加速度、悬架动行程和轮胎动载荷的均方根值分别下降12.37%、37.63%、30.70%以及6.64%、14.89%、17.27%。该半主动控制策略可为MR阻尼器悬架系统的减振研究提供参考。

重型车辆半主动磁流变悬架系统动态逆自抗扰控制器设计

针对现有重型车辆半主动磁流变悬架系统控制方法受模型中存在非仿射问题和控制增益不确定等问题,提出了一种引入动态逆的线性自抗扰控制器的设计方法。设计了线性扩张状态观测器和动态逆控制器,线性扩张状态观测器估计系统的状态和总和扰动,动态逆用以求解非仿射情况下的控制律。通过仿真试验表明,悬架系统所要求的性能指标明显改善,定量分析得到半主动动态逆线性自抗扰磁流变悬架的车体垂直加速度均方根值与被动悬架和半主动线性自抗扰磁流变悬架相比,分别下降了38.9%、17.8%,悬架动行程下降了7.8%、1.8%,车轮动变形下降了26.5%、11.5%,半主动动态逆线性自抗扰磁流变悬架性能明显优于被动悬架和半主动线性自抗扰磁流变悬架。因此,动态逆线性自抗扰控制技术既解决了重型车辆半主动磁流变悬架系统模型中存在的非仿射问题,同时也避免了经典线性自抗扰控制中控制增益标称值选取困难的问题,可以广泛应用于实际工程中。

车辆半主动悬架模糊变权重因子自适应控制研究

针对传统悬架控制策略中权重因子固定不可变的问题,提出了车辆半主动悬架模糊变权重因子自适应控制系统,该控制系统由3个模糊控制回路组成,3个模糊控制器分别控制影响车辆动态性能的3个悬架响应参数。α模糊控制器、β模糊控制器和γ模糊控制器根据路面条件分别控制簧载质量加速度控制函数权重因子、动载荷控制函数权重因子和动挠度控制函数权重因子,分别建立了各模糊控制器的控制规则和输入输出变量的函数关系。车辆半主动悬架模糊变权重因子自适应控制系统的控制原理是在以A级、B级路面为代表的高等级路面上增大簧载质量加速度控制权重,以提高车辆的舒适性;在以C级路面为代表的中等级路面上增大动挠度控制权重,以提高车辆综合性能;在以D级路面为代表的低等级路面上增大动载荷控制权重,以提高车辆安全性。凸块路面激励仿真结果表明,相比于被动控制和定权重因子控制,模糊变权重因子自适应控制的簧载质量加速度峰值分别降低了40.2%和28.6%,动挠度峰值分别降低了41.5%和21.0%,动载荷峰值分别降低了40.1%和31.8%,各响应的衰减速度几乎没有减小,衰减时间基本保持一致,在衰减过程中并没有明显的振荡现象。随机路面激励仿真结果表明,相对于被动控制和定权重因子控制,模糊变权重因子自适应控制的簧载质量加速度均方根值分别降低了48.8%和23.5%,动挠度均方根值分别降低了23.6%和13.4%,动载荷均方根值分别降低了11.9%和9.7%,悬架性能得到了大幅改善。在低等级路面激励输入时,安全性指标改善量较大;在高等级路面激励输入时,舒适性指标改善量较大;在中等级路面激励输入时,综合性指标改善量较大,仿真结果证明了所提控制系统的有效性和正确性。

基于实时力值跟踪及RCP的半主动悬架试验系统

为开展半主动智能车辆悬架控制策略方面的验证研究,提出一种可实现减振器实时力值跟踪监测和快速控制原型(Rapid Control Prototype,RCP)的汽车悬架实验平台。基于建立的1/4悬架动力学控制方程和传递函数,分析了悬架的输出特性;为模拟真实车辆悬架的动态输出特性和实时监测执行器的控制力输出特性,开发了可实现实时力值跟踪监测的麦弗逊式1/4汽车悬架实验平台。该实验平台一方面可以依托快速控制原型技术开展半主动悬架最佳控制算法的研究,另一方面还可以基于平台特有的执行器输出力实时跟踪监测功能,开展执行器不确定性半主动控制策略及执行器状态观测器可靠性检验等方面的研究;通过定电流开环实验检验半主动汽车悬架系统的有效性和可控性,通过闭环控制实验分别对半主动悬架系统在半主动智能控制策略验证和悬架执行器阻尼力跟踪估计方面的有效性。

汽车半主动座椅悬架主要参数优化研究

半主动座椅悬架能有效改善驾驶平顺性,减少人体垂向振动,提升车内驾乘人员的乘坐体验.其中,半主动悬架的初始性能参数对悬架性能起到决定性作用.为此,本文针对半主动座椅悬架的初始性能参数(弹簧刚度和阻尼系数)的优化问题展开研究,在使用了随机路面模型、六自由度半车模型的基础上,以优化前后座椅垂向加速度之比作为适应度函数,利用遗传算法对半主动座椅悬架的刚度及阻尼系数进行优化.最后,利用MATLAB软件对优化结果进行仿真分析.结果表明,经算法优化后,座椅垂向加速度的均方根减少了16.4%,最大值下降了11.3%;座椅相对位移的均方根减少了36%,最大值下降了39.2%.

半拖曳臂悬架设计与性能分析优化

在底盘平台化开发中,为兼顾车辆舒适性和承载性,同时考虑驱动和布置空间,需要设计一套满足多种性能需求的半拖曳臂悬架系统。该悬架系统能够提供高承载,减小后悬架垂向布置空间,优化车辆操纵稳定性和平顺性能,兼顾MPV车型对舒适性的需求和VAN类车型对高承载和操稳性能的需求。基于此,首先分析半拖曳臂悬架关键点,优化硬点布置和拖曳臂关键尺寸,以在平台悬架的设计过程中折中通用化设计,然后进行动力学理论推导和弹性原件的匹配计算,最后通过动力学模型进行悬架运动学性能对比分析和验证。结果表明,开发的半拖曳臂悬架是一套高承载、空间小、舒适性好和操纵稳定性优越的悬架系统。

复杂环境下多传感器信息融合的无人驾驶汽车智能悬架自动控制方法

为提高无人驾驶汽车在破损和小型障碍物路面行驶的安全性和平顺性,提出了一种基于多传感器信息融合的半主动悬架控制方法。建立考虑多传感器信息融合的汽车1/4悬架振动模型,揭示路面不平信息与汽车振动量之间的关系;利用摄像头和雷达波扫描并识别不平路面状况,创建路面不平度数学模型,通过检测边缘交并比和图神经网络(GNN)算法对不平路面进行信息融合和匹配,得到复杂环境下可信度较高的路面不平数学模型;提出利用车速和路面不平信息计算半主动悬架最佳阻尼比,将悬架调节至该阻尼比以实时适应不同路面状况;开展典型路面输入工况下汽车平顺性试验,对比与分析不同悬架的振动加速度响应信号。结果表明:相同条件下多信息融合控制的无人驾驶悬架振动加速度最大峰值比被动悬架减少43%,验证了所提方法的优越性。

工程车辆座椅悬架ANFIS控制策略研究

以某型工程车辆的座椅振动系统为对象,利用自学习和模糊推理(Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System,ANFIS),提出了基于ANFIS的座椅悬架振动半主动控制方法,解决了工程车辆工作过程中座椅振动过大的问题。首先,分析工程车辆座椅悬架的振动过程,建立座椅悬架的动力学模型;然后,加入前馈、反馈环节,设计座椅悬架的模糊神经控制系统;最后,分别观测振动激励频率不同、控制器控制对象不同和以实测座椅信号为输入时的控制效果。结果表明,模糊神经振动控制系统减小了座椅的振动能量,降低了座椅的振动频率,座椅振动位移均方根值为被动悬架座椅的52%~66%。

车辆半主动悬架减振支柱的刚度特性分析

为了提高车辆行驶平顺性,对半主动悬架一体化减振支柱的结构进行了优化设计,推导了双气室空气弹簧数据模型,利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真工具,对新型一体式减振支柱刚度特性进行了仿真分析,为搭建半主动悬架一体化减振车辆整车性能分析提供理论。

CDC减震器SH-ADD阻尼控制方法研究及应用

针对车辆在路面激励下的车身振动响应,文章研究连续阻尼控制(CDC)减振器阻尼控制方法及其在改善整车平顺性上的应用。文章首先建立1/4车辆2自由度悬架动力学模型,以此为对象研究,运用CDC减振器阻尼控制方法,包括天棚(SH)算法、加速度阻尼(ADD)算法及SH-ADD混合控制算法。基于MATLAB对比分析三种控制算法下的簧上加速度响应,最终选用SH-ADD控制算法作为应用对象。随后,为探究SH-ADD阻尼控制算法对整车振动响应的抑制效果,文章搭建基于ADAMS的整车多体模型,并以该动力学模型为基础进行ADAMS/Car-Simulink联合仿真。最后,通过对比被动悬架与搭载CDC减振器的半主动悬架在脉冲输入与C级路面输入两种工况下的车身垂向加速度响应,验证了所研究的CDC减振器SH-ADD阻尼控制算法对整车行驶平顺性有改善效果。

基于状态反馈和预瞄前馈的智能车半主动悬架控制

为提高智能车辆的半主动悬架综合控制性能,提出一种基于状态反馈和预瞄前馈的半主动悬架控制方法。首先,以8轮车为研究对象建立11自由度半主动悬架模型,设计LQR状态反馈控制器。然后,为解决状态反馈控制抗路面干扰能力弱和基于固定时序延迟的预瞄反馈控制适用性差的问题,提出一种基于状态反馈和预瞄前馈的控制器:建立车轮运动规划模型和路面预瞄模型,计算出悬架控制系统所需的车轮规划轨迹点序号和控制延迟响应时间;以路面激励和垂向加速度为输入、以前馈阻尼力为输出,设计基于类模糊的预瞄前馈控制器,并与LQR反馈控制器一并构成所提控制器。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink和Trucksim联合仿真平台,进行匀速转向工况、变速直线工况、变速转向工况和匀速直线工况下的试验验证。结果表明,在垂向加速度、俯仰角加速度、侧倾角加速度均方根值方面,与被动悬架相比,所提控制方法在4种工况下至少降低了23.52%、13.59%、19.35%;与基于固定时序延迟的预瞄反馈控制相比,所提控制方法在前3种工况下至少降低了14.04%、8.09%、13.79%;与基于状态反馈的控制方法相比,所提控制方法在第4种工况下降低了13.20%、4.96%、4.12%。所提悬架控制方法能够在多种工况下有效改善车辆的平顺性。

全工况履带车协同天棚控制策略方法研究

针对履带车的振动控制,提出了一种基于协同控制策略的履带车天棚控制模型.首先推导了悬架控制模型,采用谐波叠加法生成了随机路面模型.然后基于6轮履带车半车动力学模型,完成了控制器的实现,并对全工况下履带车的平顺性进行了仿真分析.仿真结果证明,该方法有效缓解了由路面激励引起的履带车辆振动,车辆平顺性指标的最大提升为33.84%.其中,运行速度较快时,平顺性提升效果更加显著.