A NOVEL SEMI-ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING ACOUSTIC RADIATION FROM LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED INFINITE NON-CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS IN WATER

Based on the extended homogeneous capacity high precision integration method and the spectrum method of virtual boundary with a complex radius vector, a novel semi-analytical method, which has satisfactory computation efectiveness and precision, is presented for solving the acoustic radiation from a submerged infnite non-circular cylindrical shell stifened by longitudinal ribs by means of the Fourier integral transformation and stationary phase method. In this work, besides the normal interacting force, which is commonly adopted by some researchers, the other interacting forces and moments between the longitudinal ribs and the non-circular cylindrical shell are considered at the same time. The efects of the number and the size of the cross-section of longitudinal ribs on the characteristics of acoustic radiation are investigated. Numerical results show that the method proposed is more efcient than the existing mixed FE-BE method.

Nonlinear dynamic response and buckling of laminated cylindrical shells with axial shallow groove based on a semi-analytical method

The effect of axial shallow groove on the nonlinear dynamic response and buckling of laminated cylindrical shells subjected to radial compression loading was investigated. Based on the first-order shear deformation theory （FSDT）, the nonlinear dynamic equations involving the transverse shear deformation and initial geometric imperfections were derived with the Hamilton philosophy. The axial shallow groove of the laminated composite cylindrical shell was treated as the initial geometric imperfections in the dynamic equations. A semi-analytical method of expanding displacements and loads along the circumferential direction and employing the finite difference method along the axial direction and in the time domain is used to solve the governing equations and obtain the dynamic response of the laminated shell. The B-R criterion was employed to determine the critical loads of dynamic buckling of the shell. The effects of the parameters of the shallow groove on the dynamic response and buckling were discussed in this paper and the results show that the axial shallow grooves greatly affect the dynamic response and buckling.

A Semi-Analytical Method for the PDFs of A Ship Rolling in Random Oblique Waves

The PDFs(probability density functions) and probability of a ship rolling under the random parametric and forced excitations were studied by a semi-analytical method. The rolling motion equation of the ship in random oblique waves was established. The righting arm obtained by the numerical simulation was approximately fitted by an analytical function. The irregular waves were decomposed into two Gauss stationary random processes, and the CARMA(2, 1) model was used to fit the spectral density function of parametric and forced excitations. The stochastic energy envelope averaging method was used to solve the PDFs and the probability. The validity of the semi-analytical method was verified by the Monte Carlo method. The C11 ship was taken as an example, and the influences of the system parameters on the PDFs and probability were analyzed. The results show that the probability of ship rolling is affected by the characteristic wave height, wave length, and the heading angle. In order to provide proper advice for the ship’s manoeuvring, the parametric excitations should be considered appropriately when the ship navigates in the oblique seas.

A Semi-analytical Method for Vibrational and Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Nanobeams Considering the Physical Neutral Axis Position

In this paper,a semi-analytical method is presented for free vibration and buckling analysis of functionally graded(FG)size-dependent nanobeams based on the physical neutral axis position.It is the first time that a semi-analytical differential transform method(DTM)solution is developed for the FG nanobeams vibration and buckling analysis.Material properties of FG nanobeam are supposed to vary continuously along the thickness according to the power-law form.The physical neutral axis position for mentioned FG nanobeams is determined.The small scale effect is taken into consideration based on nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen.The nonlocal equations of motion are derived through Hamilton’s principle and they are solved applying DTM.It is demonstrated that the DTM has high precision and computational efficiency in the vibration analysis of FG nanobeams.The good agreement between the results of this article and those available in literature validated the presented approach.The detailed mathematical derivations are presented and numerical investigations are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the several parameters such as neutral axis position,small scale effects,the material distribution profile,mode number,thickness ratio and boundary conditions on the normalized natural frequencies and dimensionless buckling load of the FG nanobeams in detail.It is explicitly shown that the vibration and buckling behaviour of a FG nanobeams is significantly influenced by these effects.

HAMILTONIAN SYMPLECTIC SEMI-ANALYTICAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION IN INHOMOGENEOUS ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVEGUIDES

Dual vectors are applied in Hamilton system of applied mechanics. Electric and magnetic field vectors are the dual vectors in electromagnetic field. The Hamilton system method is introduced into the analysis of electromagnetism waveguide with inhomogeneous materials. The transverse electric and magnetic fields are regarded as the dual. The basic equations are solved in Hamilton system and symplectic geometry. With the Hamilton variational principle, the symplectic semi_analytical equations are derived and preserve their symplectic structures. The given numerical example demonstrates the solution of LSE (Longitudinal Section Electric) mode in a dielectric waveguide. (

Swelling-induced finite bending of functionally graded pH-responsive hydrogels:a semi-analytical method

Recently, pH-sensitive hydrogels have been utilized in the diverse applications including sensors, switches, and actuators. In order to have continuous stress and deformation ?elds, a new semi-analytical approach is developed to predict the swelling induced?nite bending for a functionally graded(FG) layer composed of a pH-sensitive hydrogel,in which the cross-link density is continuously distributed along the thickness direction under the plane strain condition. Without considering the intermediary virtual reference,the initial state is mapped into the deformed con?guration in a circular shape by utilizing a total deformation gradient tensor stemming from the inhomogeneous swelling of an FG layer in response to the variation of the pH value of the solvent. To enlighten the capability of the presented analytical method, the ?nite element method(FEM) is used to verify the accuracy of the analytical results in some case studies. The perfect agreement con-?rms the accuracy of the presented method. Due to the applicability of FG pH-sensitive hydrogels, some design factors such as the semi-angle, the bending curvature, the aspect ratio, and the distributions of deformation and stress ?elds are studied. Furthermore, the tangential free-stress axes are illustrated in deformed con?guration.

Semi-analytical method of calculating the electrostatic interaction of colloidal solutions

We present a semi-analytical method of calculating the electrostatic interaction of colloid solutions for confined and unconfined systems. We expand the electrostatic potential of the system in terms of some basis functions such as spherical harmonic function and cylinder function. The expansion coefficients can be obtained by solving the equations of the boundary conditions, combining an analytical translation transform of the coordinates and a numerical multipoint collection method. The precise electrostatic potential and the interaction energy are then obtained automatically. The method is available not only for the uniformly charged colloids but also for nonuniformly charged ones. We have successfully applied it to unconfined diluted colloid system and some confined systems such as the long cylinder wall confinement, the air–water interfacial confinement and porous membrane confinement. The consistence checks of our calculations with some known analytical cases have been made for all our applications. In theory, the method is applicable to any dilute colloid solutions with an arbitrary distribution of the surface charge on the colloidal particle under a regular solid confinement, such as spherical cavity confinement and lamellar confinement.

A Semi-Analytical Method for Solutions of a Certain Class of Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations

This paper presents the theory and applications of a new computational technique referred to as Differential Transform Method (DTM) for solving second order linear ordinary differential equations, for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous cases. For the robustness and efficiency of the method, four examples are considered. The results indicate that the DTM is reliable and accurate when compared to the exact solutions of the solved problems.

Semi-analytical investigation of heat transfer in a porous convective radiative moving longitudinal fin exposed to magnetic field in the presence of a shape-dependent trihybrid nanofluid

The thermal examination of a non-integer-ordered mobile fin with a magnetism in the presence of a trihybrid nanofluid(Fe_3O_4-Au-Zn-blood) is carried out. Three types of nanoparticles, each having a different shape, are considered. These shapes include spherical(Fe_3O_4), cylindrical(Au), and platelet(Zn) configurations. The combination approach is utilized to evaluate the physical and thermal characteristics of the trihybrid and hybrid nanofluids, excluding the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. These two properties are inferred by means of the interpolation method based on the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The governing equation is transformed into a dimensionless form, and the Adomian decomposition Sumudu transform method(ADSTM) is adopted to solve the conundrum of a moving fin immersed in a trihybrid nanofluid. The obtained results agree well with those numerical simulation results, indicating that this research is reliable. The influence of diverse factors on the thermal overview for varying noninteger values of γ is analyzed and presented in graphical representations. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the heat transfer concerning the pertinent parameters are studied. The results show that the heat flux in the presence of the combination of spherical, cylindrical, and platelet nanoparticles is higher than that in the presence of the combination of only spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles. The temperature at the fin tip increases by 0.705 759% when the value of the Peclet number increases by 400%, while decreases by 11.825 13% when the value of the Hartman number increases by 400%.

Semi-analytical solution for mechanical analysis of tunnels crossing strike-slip fault zone considering nonuniform fault displacement and uncertain fault plane position

The tunnel subjected to strike-slip fault dislocation exhibits severe and catastrophic damage.The existing analysis models frequently assume uniform fault displacement and fixed fault plane position.In contrast,post-earthquake observations indicate that the displacement near the fault zone is typically nonuniform,and the fault plane position is uncertain.In this study,we first established a series of improved governing equations to analyze the mechanical response of tunnels under strike-slip fault dislocation.The proposed methodology incorporated key factors such as nonuniform fault displacement and uncertain fault plane position into the governing equations,thereby significantly enhancing the applicability range and accuracy of the model.In contrast to previous analytical models,the maximum computational error has decreased from 57.1%to 1.1%.Subsequently,we conducted a rigorous validation of the proposed methodology by undertaking a comparative analysis with a 3D finite element numerical model,and the results from both approaches exhibited a high degree of qualitative and quantitative agreement with a maximum error of 9.9%.Finally,the proposed methodology was utilized to perform a parametric analysis to explore the effects of various parameters,such as fault displacement,fault zone width,fault zone strength,the ratio of maximum fault displacement of the hanging wall to the footwall,and fault plane position,on the response of tunnels subjected to strike-slip fault dislocation.The findings indicate a progressive increase in the peak internal forces of the tunnel with the rise in fault displacement and fault zone strength.Conversely,an augmentation in fault zone width is found to contribute to a decrease in the peak internal forces.For example,for a fault zone width of 10 m,the peak values of bending moment,shear force,and axial force are approximately 46.9%,102.4%,and 28.7% higher,respectively,compared to those observed for a fault zone width of 50 m.Furthermore,the position of the peak internal forces is influenced by variations in the ratio of maximum fault displacement of the hanging wall to footwall and the fault plane location,while the peak values of shear force and axial force always align with the fault plane.The maximum peak internal forces are observed when the footwall exclusively bears the entirety of the fault displacement,corresponding to a ratio of 0:1.The peak values of bending moment,shear force,and axial force for the ratio of 0:1 amount to approximately 123.8%,148.6%,and 111.1% of those for the ratio of 0.5:0.5,respectively.

A semi-analytical method to compute acoustic nonlinearity parameter of Cu,Ag and Au

In this paper,a semi-analytical method was proposed to evaluate the acoustic nonlinearity parameter for single crystals of Cu,Ag and Au.The acoustic nonlinearity parameter can be derived analytically by general expressions in terms of the interatomic potentials with the distances between each pair of atoms in these transition metals.To evaluate the acoustic nonlinearity parameter,one needs to conduct one step molecular static simulation and obtain the equilibrium positions of all the atoms.Further,based on this method,numerical experiments with molecular dynamic code LAMMPS were given to compute the acoustic nonlinearity parameter of Cu,Ag and Au.To illustrate the validity of these expressions,comparison was made between calculation results and data in the literature.Reasonable agreement is observed.Because of the analytical nature of this method,it provides a fundamental understanding of the nonlinear elastic behavior of these transition metals.

Semi-analytical solution for internal forces of tunnel lining with multiple longitudinal cracks

Longitudinal cracks on the tunnel lining significantly influence the performance of tunnels in operation.In this study,we propose a semi-analytical method that provides a simple and effective way to calculate the internal forces of tunnel linings with multiple cracks.The semi-analytical solution is obtained using structural analysis considering the flexural rigidity for the cracked longitudinal section of the tunnel lining.Then the proposed solution is verified numerically.Using the proposed method,the influences of the crack depth and the number of cracks on the bending moment and modified crack tip stress are investigated.With the increase in crack depth,the bending moment of lining scetion adjacent to the crack decreases,while the bending moment of lining scetion far away from the crack increases slightly.The more the number of cracks in a tunnel lining,the easier the new cracks initiated.

Study of the natural vibration characteristics of water motion in the moon pool by the semi-analytical method

The three-dimensional natural vibration characteristics of water inside a moon pool of an ocean structures are studied. The governing equations are derived based on the linear potential flow theory, and the boundary condition of the total opening bottom suggested by Molin is adopted. A semi-analytical method is used to solve the governing equations, and the natural frequencies and the motion modes are obtained. Two types of motions are studied： （1） the piston motion in the vertical direction, and （2） the sloshing motion of the free surface. The influences of moon pool＇s structural parameters on the natural frequencies, and the modal shapes are analyzed.

A semi-analytical method for forced vibration analysis of cracked laminated composite beam with general boundary condition

In this paper,a semi-analytical method for the forced vibration analysis of cracked laminated composite beam(CLCB)is investigated.One computational model is formulated by Timoshenko beam theory and its dynamic solution is solved using the Jacobi-Ritz method.The boundary conditions(BCs)at both ends of the CLCB are generalized by the application of artificial elastic springs,the CLCB is separated into two elements along the crack,the flexibility coefficient of fracture theory is used to model the essential continuous condition of the connective interface.All the allowable displacement functions used to analyze dynamic characteristics of CLCB are expressed by classical Jacobi orthogonal polynomials in a more general form.The accuracy of the proposed method is verified through the compare with results of the finite element method(software ABAQUS is used in this paper).On this basis,the parametric study for dynamic analysis characteristics of CLCB is performed to provide reference datum for engineers.

SEMI-ANALYTICAL AND SEMI-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION

A semi-analytical and semi-numerical method is proposed for the dynamic analysis of foundations. The Lamb＇s solution and the approximate formulae were used to establish the relation of the contact force and deflection between the foundation and soil. Therefore, the foundation can be separated from soil and analyzed by FEM as for the static cases. The plate can be treated as that the known forces are acting on the upper surface, and the contact pressure from soil can be represented as the deflection. So that only the plate needs to be divided into elements in the analysis. By this method, a series of vibration problems, including various shapes and rigidities of foundations, different excitation frequencies, were analyzed. Furthermore, it can be used for the embedded foundation. The numerical examples show that this method has simplicity, highly accurate and versatile. It is an effective method for the dynamic analysis of foundations.

Numerical study on butterfly wings around inclusion based on damage evolution and semi-analytical method

Butterfly wings are closely related to the premature failure of rolling element bearings.In this study,butterfly formation is investigated using the developed semi-analytical three-dimensional(3D)contact model incorporating inclusion and material property degradation.The 3D elastic field introduced by inhomogeneous inclusion is solved by using numerical approaches,which include the equivalent inclusion method(EIM)and the conjugate gradient method(CGM).The accumulation of fatigue damage surrounding inclusions is described using continuum damage mechanics.The coupling between the development of the damaged zone and the stress field is considered.The effects of the inclusion properties on the contact status and butterfly formation are discussed in detail.The model provides a potential method for quantifying material defects and fatigue behavior in terms of the deterioration of material properties.

A SEMI-ANALYTICAL AND SEMI-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING 2-D SOUND-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

Based on the transfer matrix method and the virtual source simulation technique, this paper proposes a novel semi-analytical and semi-numerical method for solving 2-D sound- structure interaction problems under a harmonic excitation.Within any integration segment, as long as its length is small enough,along the circumferential curvilinear coordinate,the non- homogeneous matrix differential equation of an elastic ring of complex geometrical shape can be rewritten in terms of the homogeneous one by the method of extended homogeneous capacity proposed in this paper.For the exterior fluid domain,the multi-circular virtual source simulation technique is adopted.The source density distributed on each virtual circular curve may be ex- panded as the Fourier's series.Combining with the inverse fast Fourier transformation,a higher accuracy and efficiency method for solving 2-D exterior Helmholtz's problems is presented in this paper.In the aspect of solution to the coupling equations,the state vectors of elastic ring induced by the given harmonic excitation and generalized forces of coefficients of the Fourier series can be obtained respectively by using a high precision integration scheme combined with the method of extended homogeneous capacity put forward in this paper.According to the superposition princi- ple and compatibility conditions at the interface between the elastic ring and fluid,the algebraic equation of system can be directly constructed by using the least square approximation.Examples of acoustic radiation from two typical fluid-loaded elastic rings under a harmonic concentrated force are presented.Numerical results show that the method proposed is more efficient than the mixed FE-BE method in common use.

A Review on Sources,Extractions and Analysis Methods of a Sustainable Biomaterial:Tannins

Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly to substitute petroleum-based products.They are a definite class of sustainable materials of the forestry industry.They have been in operation for hundreds of years to manufacture leather and now for a growing number of applications in a variety of other industries,such as wood adhesives,metal coating,pharmaceutical/medical applications and several others.This review presents the main sources,either already or potentially commercial of this forestry by-materials,their industrial and laboratory extraction systems,their systems of analysis with their advantages and drawbacks,be these methods so simple to even appear primitive but nonetheless of proven effectiveness,or very modern and instrumental.It constitutes a basic but essential summary of what is necessary to know of these sustainable materials.In doing so,the review highlights some of the main challenges that remain to be addressed to deliver the quality and economics of tannin supply necessary to fulfill the industrial production requirements for some materials-based uses.

New semi-analytical approach for ice lens heaving during artificial freezing of fine-grained material

The calculation of frost heaving with ice lens formation is still not standard for construction projects using artificial ground freezing(AGF).In fine-grained material,ice lenses may initiate and lead to significant heaving at the ground surface,which should be considered in advance.However,the complex processes during ice lens formation are still not fully understood and difficult to capture in a simple approach.In the past,the semi-analytical approach of Konrad and Morgenstern used one soil constant,the“segregation potential(SP)”.It has been mainly and most successfully applied to the heave calculation of natural-induced soil freezing in cold regions.Its application to AGF has been so far unsuccessful.To solve this,a new semi-analytical approach is presented in this paper.It includes AGF conditions such as bottom-up freezing,temperature gradients to reach great freezing velocities,and a distinction between two freezing states.One is the freezing-up state until a certain frost body thickness is reached(thermal transient state),and the other is a holding phase where the frost body thickness is kept constant(thermal quasi-steady state).To test its ability,the results are applied to another freezing direction,the top-down freezing.The new approach is validated using two different frost-susceptible soils and,in total,50 frost heave tests.In the thermal transient region,where the SP is applicable,the two semi-analytical approaches are compared,showing improved performance of the current method by about 15%.

Drilling-based measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock and its field application

The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.