SEMI-OPENNESSAND ALMOST-OPENNESS OF INDUCED MAPPINGS

Given a mapping f between continua.Let 2f and C(f) mean the induced mappings between hyperspaces.Relations are studied under the conditions:f is semi-open(almost open,respectively),2f is semi-open(almost open,respectively) and C(f) is semi-open(almost open,respectively).

Experimental study on transient behavior of semi-open two-phase thermosyphon

An experimental system was set up to measure the temperature, pressure, heat transfer rate and mass flow rate in a semi-open two-phase thermosyphon. The behaviors of a semi-open two-phase thermosyphon during startup, shutdown and lack of water were studied to get complete understanding of its thermal characteristics. The variation of wall temperature, heat-exchange condition and pressure fluctuations of semi-open two-phase thermosyphons showed that the startup of SOTPT needs about 60-70 min; the startup speed of SOTPT is determined by the startup speed of the condensation section; the average pressure in the heat pipe is equal to the environmental pressure usually; the shutdown of SOTPT needs about 30-50min; a semi-open two-phase thermosyphon has good response to lack of water accident.

Theoretical and experimental research on heat transfer performance of the semi-open heat pipe

This paper focuses on the heat transfer performance of semi-open heat pipe which is a new type of heat pipe. After analyzing its condensation heat transfer mechanisms theoretically, several semi-open heat pipes in different length ratios and upper hole diameters are studied experimentally and compared with the same dimensions closed heat pipes. Experimental results show that the heat transfer performance of semi-open heat pipe becomes better by increasing heat transfer rate. At the first transitional point, the heat transfer performance of semi-open heat pipe approaches the level of the closed heat pipe. It is suitable to choose upper small hole about 1 mm in diameter and length ratio larger than 0.6 for the semi-open heat pipe.

Effect of Pre-Swirling Flow on Performance and Flow Fields in Semi-Opened Axial Fan

In this study, we tried to improve the performance by giving a pre-swirling flow to the radial inflow that occurred in the semi-opened axial fan. In addition, the flow fields of rotor outlet were clarified experimentally, and the effect of pre-swirling flow was considered. The experiment was carried out using a performance test wind tunnel with a square cross section of 880 mm. Three types of casings were prepared, in which the blade tip protruded 0%, 20%, and 40% of the meridional chord length. They were called R25, R15, and R05, respectively, in the casing bellmouth model code. Guide blades for generating a pre-swirling flow were installed on the vertical wall surface of the casing. In addition, a vertical wall was installed 60% upstream of the meridional chord length as an obstacle to prevent axial inflow. The velocity fields of the rotor outlet were measured using a hot-wire anemometer. From the results, the pre-swirling flow did not significantly affect the fan performance. When there was no obstacles wall upstream, there was a partial increase in efficiency, but the difference was not so large. When there was an obstacle wall upstream, the efficiency increased overall in the case of R15, but in the case of R05, the efficiency increased only in the low flow rate region, and conversely decreased in the high flow rate region. By observing the blade outlet flow fields when the performance was improved, it was confirmed that the influence of the tip leakage vortex was weakened.

On Ws-Regular Spaces

In the present, the authors investigate a new type of separation axioms, which they call it w s-regular. The authors obtained some of its basic properties and its characterizations. Also, the authors notice that the axiom of tO s-regularity is weaker than the regularity, stronger than s-regularity and it is independent of w -regularity. However, the authors showed that the w s-regularity and regularity are identical on the class of all locally countable spaces, while the concepts ofw s-regularity and s-regularity are same on the class of anti-locally countable spaces：; furthermore, they proved that the three concepts w s-regularity, s-regularity and w s-regularity are same on the class of extremally disconnected spaces. The authors characterized w s-regular Trspaces by g-open sets, and they proved that the w s-regularity is an open hereditary property and it is also a topologizal property. The w s-closure of subsets of topological spaces are investigated and characterized. The authors used the concepts w s-closure to obtain some characterizations of the w s-regular spaces. Behind those, the authors obtained some properties and characterizations of w -semi open sets.

Flow Fields with Vortex in a Small Semi-open Axial Fan

In order to clarify the effect of tip clearance （TC） size on fan performance and the flow field at rotor outlet in a small semi-open axial fan, the experimental investigation was carried out. The tip diameter of test fan rotor was 180mm and test TC sizes were lmm （TC=1mm） and 4mm （TC=4mm）. Fan characteristics tests were carried out for two cases of TC size and three-dimensional velocity fields at rotor outlet were measured using a single slant hot-wire probe at four flow-rate conditions. As a result, it was found that the pressure - flow-rate characteristics curves for two cases showed almost the same tendency. However, the ensemble averaged velocity profiles along radial measurement stations of TC-4mm largely changed compared with that of TC=1mm in cases of small flow-rate condition. From the phase-locked averaging results, it was also found that the vortex existed in the rotor outlet flow field of high flow-rate condition for each TC case. Compared with the vortices for TC=1mm and TC=4mm, the vortex for TC=4mm was stronger than that for TC=1mm.

A typological,environmental and socio-cultural study of semi-open spaces in the Eastern Mediterranean vernacular architecture:The case of Cyprus

Semi-open spaces-largely incorporated in vernacular dwellings in Cyprus during the 19th and 20th centuries-formed diachronically significant socio-cultural, functional and environmental features of the vernacular architecture of the area. The climate of the Eastern Mediterranean region, i.e., hot summers and mild winters, encouraged the use of open weather protected spaces, thus leading to the widespread incorporation of such spaces in the vernacular architecture of the region. This paper focuses on the interconnections between architectural forms and human comfort, convenience or pleasure in relation to the semiopen spaces found in the vernacular architecture of Cyprus-an island in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For the purpose of this research, characteristic traditional settlements found in the coastal, lowland and mountainous areas-which represent three different climatic regions and topographies of the island-were selected for an in-depth investigation. The findings confirm a high frequency of semi-open spaces, as well as the existence of a remarkable richness of typologies. Although semi-open spaces constitute a fundamental part of the structure of these vernacular dwellings in all climatic regions examined, they dominate in the lowland regions due to the particularly hot climate, as well as the specific activities of the inhabitants of these areas. The prevailing architectural forms and constructions of these spaces in each climatic region under investigation was found to be closely adapted to the local resources, terrain and climate, while also being related to the social, household and agricultural needs of the inhabitants, thus underlining their sustainable and locus-specific conception. Research findings can contribute towards critically re-thinking semi-open spaces and their inherent value in rehabilitation projects, as well as in contemporary residential architecture.

Understanding the hydrocarbon-generation potential on jurassic coal-measure source rocks in the Junggar Basin: From the perspective of hydrogen-rich molecular structure

The Jurassic coal-measure source rocks in the Junggar Basin have drawn considerable attention in recent years. In our hydrocarbon thermal simulation experiments of these rocks, we found that the dark mudstone evaluated as good source rock, had a much lower hydrocarbon generation capacity than the coal and carbonaceous mudstone, evaluated as poor source rock. Based on this background, we performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and combined the results of semi-open thermal simulation experiments to explore the association between the molecular structure and hydrocarbon production capacity, with the aim of obtaining a new understanding of hydrocarbon potential of Jurassic coal-measure source rocks from the perspective of molecular structure. The results indicate that coals exhibit lower condensation of aromatic structures and higher relative abundance of aliphatic structures with a higher degree of branched chaining than mudstones and carbonaceous mudstones. Apparent aromaticity(f_a), aromatic abundance parameter I, and degree of condensation(DOC) are negatively correlated with organic matter abundance. The aliphatic structural parameter H demonstrates a substantial positive correlation with organic matter abundance. Furthermore, aliphatic relative abundance factor A is associated with the type of organic matter;the better is the type of the organic matter, the larger is the A value. The combination of the molecular structures with the thermal simulation results shows that the aliphatic hydrogen enrichment of selected carbonaceous mudstone is similar to that of coal. However, the relative abundance of the aliphatic group of it is high, and the DOC of the aromatic structure is low, making the hydrocarbon generation base stronger and easier to crack. Thus, the hydrocarbon generation capacity of carbonaceous mudstone is slightly higher than that of coal. Mudstone has low H and I values, and the DOC is high, indicating that its hydrocarbon base is low, so it has low hydrocarbon generation capacity. Therefore, the molecular structure is closely associated with the hydrocarbon potential of coal-measure source rocks. When evaluating the qualities of coal-measure source rocks, the influence of molecular structure on these rocks should be considered.

Creating a semi-opened micro-cavity ovary through sacrificial microspheres as an in vitro model for discovering the potential effect of ovarian toxic agents

The bio-engineered ovary is an essential technology for treating female infertility.Especially the development of relevant in vitro models could be a critical step in a drug study.Herein,we develop a semi-opened culturing system(SOCS)strategy that maintains a 3D structure of follicles during the culture.Based on the SOCS,we further developed micro-cavity ovary(MCO)with mouse follicles by the microsphere-templated technique,where sacrificial gelatin microspheres were mixed with photo-crosslinkable gelatin methacryloyl(GelMA)to engineer a micro-cavity niche for follicle growth.The semi-opened MCO could support the follicle growing to the antral stage,secreting hormones,and ovulating cumulus-oocyte complex out of the MCO without extra manipulation.The MCO-ovulated oocyte exhibits a highly similar transcriptome to the in vivo counterpart(correlation of 0.97)and can be fertilized.Moreover,we found that a high ROS level could affect the cumulus expansion,which may result in anovulation disorder.The damage could be rescued by melatonin,but the end of cumulus expansion was 3h earlier than anticipation,validating that MCO has the potential for investigating ovarian toxic agents in vitro.We provide a novel approach for building an in vitro ovarian model to recapitulate ovarian functions and test chemical toxicity,suggesting it has the potential for clinical research in the future.

Unsteady Flow at Low Flow-rate Region in a Semi-open Propeller Fan (Velocity Fluctuation outside of Blade Tip)

In order to clarify the unsteady flow fields at low flow-rate region with positive gradient on pressure-flow-rate curve,the experimental investigation was carried out at rotor inlet and outside of rotor blade tip without casing in a semi-opened propeller fan using a hot-wire anemometer.A single I-type hot-wire probe was used,and the data obtained were processed by the use of phase-locked averaging,ensemble averaging and FFT analyzing.The flow fields at rotor inlet and outside of rotor blade tip were discussed mainly using the results from distributions of velocity fluctuations and power spectrum density.It was found from these results that there are the two types of different periodical fluctuations and both of those frequencies were not the same of rotor rotating frequency(RRF;15Hz).One was observed at relatively high flow-rate region at relatively downstream area in measurement and its frequency was approximately 7Hz(47% of RRF).The other was observed at relatively low flow-rate region at relatively upstream area in measurement and its frequency was approximately 10Hz(67% of RRF)".As the velocity fluctuations with the flow fields are rapidly increased by the former fluctuation,it is thought that its fluctuation is the trigger of blade stall.

Forest encroachment in Eastern European forest-steppes at a decadal time scale

In the Eurasian forest-steppe,with increasing aridity,the balance between naturally co-existing forest and grassland patches is expected to shift towards grassland dominance in the long run,although feedback mechanisms and changes in land-use may alter this process.In this study,we compared old and recent aerial photographs of Hungarian forest-steppes to find out whether and how the forest proportion and the number of forest patches change at the decadal time scale.The percentage area covered by forest significantly increased in all study sites.The observed forest encroachment may be a legacy from earlier land-use:due to ceased or reduced grazing pressure,forests are invading grasslands until the potential forest cover allowed by climate and soil is reached.The number of forest patches significantly increased at one site(Fülöpháza),while it decreased at two sites(Bugac and Orgovány)and showed no significant change at the fourth site(Tázlár).This indicates that forest encroachment can happen at least in two different ways:through the emergence of new forest patches in the grassland,and through the extension and coalescence of already existing forest patches.Though the present work revealed increasing tree cover at a decadal time scale,the dynamic process should be monitored in the future to see how the vegetation reacts to further aridification.This could help devise a conservation strategy,as the woody/non-woody balance has a profound influence on basic ecosystem properties.