Identification, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of Eutiarosporella dactylidis associated with leaf blight on maize in China

Maize(Zea mays L.) is an economically vital grain crop that is cultivated worldwide. In 2011, a maize foliar disease was detected in Lingtai and Lintao counties in Gansu Province, China. The characteristic signs and symptoms of this disease include irregular chlorotic lesions on the tips and edges of infected leaves and black punctate fruiting bodies in dead leaf tissues. Given favourable environmental conditions, this disease spread to areas surrounding Gansu. In this study, infected leaves were collected from Gansu and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region between 2018and 2020 to identify the disease-causing pathogen. Based on morphological features, pathogenicity tests, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis involving internal transcribed spacer(ITS), 18S small subunit rDNA(SSU), 28S large subunit rDNA(LSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha(TEF), and β-tubulin(TUB) sequences, Eutiarosporella dactylidis was identified as the causative pathogen of this newly discovered leaf blight. Furthermore, an in vitro bioassay was conducted on representative strains using six fungicides, and both fludioxonil and carbendazim were found to significantly inhibit the mycelial growth of E. dactylidis. The results of this study provide a reference for the detection and management of Eutiarosporella leaf blight.

Research Progress on Detection Techniques of Fungicide Residues in Chinese Chives

Chinese chive is a kind of medicinal and edible plant,with many diseases,and chemical fungicides are usually used for control.In order to find out the risk of pesticide residues in Chinese chives,this paper summarized relevant literatures published in recent years,and sorted out and analyzed the types of pesticides used and detection techniques of common diseases in Chinese chives.

Mitochondrial dynamics caused by QoIs and SDHIs fungicides depended on FgDnm1 in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium head blight(FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease on small grain cereal crops,because it reduces yield and quality and causes the mycotoxin contamination to the grain.Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins(DRPs) are large GTPase superfamily members,which are typically involved in the budding and division of vesicles in eukaryotic cells,but their roles in Fusarium spp.remain unexplored.Here,we found that FgDnm1,a DRP and homolog to Dnm1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,contributes to the normal fungal growth,sexual reproduction and sensitivity to fungicides.In addition,we found FgDnm1 co-localizes with mitochondria and is involved in toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol(DON) production.Several quinone outside inhibitors(QoIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors(SDHIs) cause fragmentated morphology of mitochondria.Importantly,the deletion of FgDnm1displays filamentous mitochondria and blocks the mitochondrial fragmentation induced by QoIs and SDHIs.Taken together,our studies uncover the effect of mitochondrial dynamics in fungal normal growth and how such events link to fungicides sensitivity and toxisome formation.Thus,we concluded that altered mitochondrial morphology induced by QoIs and SDHIs depends on FgDnm1.

Evaluation of Fungicides for Effective Management of Leaf and Fruit Spot (Pseudocercospora angolensis) Disease of Citrus under Field Conditions

Leaf and fruit spot (Pseudocercospora angolensis) disease of citrus attacks leaves, fruits, and young twigs of the plant. The disease can cause a yield loss of (50% to 100%) in areas with high rainfall and humidity during the active growth stages of the crop. Currently, citrus plantations in the south, south-west and north-west of Ethiopia are seriously affected by this disease. As a result, this study was proposed to study the effect of fungicides in controlling. And candidate fungicides were: Carbonchlor 50% SC only, Benline 50% WP only, Bellis 38% WG only, Carbonchlor 50% SC combined with Bellis 38% WG, Benline 50% WP combined with Carbonchlor 50% SC and Benline 50% WP combined with Matco 72% WP for effective management of citrus leaf and fruit spot (Pseudocercospra angolensis) disease. The study was carried out in 2021 cropping season. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was the design applied. The result showed that the highest level of efficacy (90.46%) was produced by Bellis 38% WG fungicide followed by Carbonchlor 50% SC (86.50%), Bellis 38% WG + Carbonchlor 50% SC (82.00%), Carbonchlor 50% SC + Benline 50% WP (67.89%), Benline 50% WP (65.62%) and Matco 72% WP + Benline 50% WP (49.48%). Therefore, based on the outcome of the study application of Bellis 38% WG only followed by Carbonchlor 50% SC only, Carbonchlor 50% SC combined with Benline 50% WP, Bellis 38% WG combined with Carbonchlor 50% SC, Bellis 38% WG only, Benline 50% WP only and Matco 72% WP combined with Benline 50% WP were effective fungicides to be used for the control of leaf and fruit spot disease.

In Vitro Synthetic Seed Production of Potato under Different Fungicide Levels and Storage Intervals

Potato propagation through tubers and seed is an inefficient way of propagation thus we propose an alternative method in this study which is in vitro propagation.Plantlets were raised from True Potato Seeds(TPS)in test tubes containing 10 mL of Murashige Skoog(MS)medium.Subculturing was done after every 21 days and after four subsequent subculturing,when there was an adequate quantity of stock material,uninodal cuttings of about 3-4 mm in length were prepared from in vitro proliferated potato plants by excising leaves of 1-2 mm on each side of the node.Prepared uninodal cuttings were cultured on 1/2 strength MS medium for root primordia development.The selected uninodal cuttings with root primordia were encapsulated with sodium alginate solution(3.5%(w/v)),mixed with 1.25%charcoal and different concentration of fungicide(thiophanate methyl,sigma)to enhance the viability percentage of synthetic seed.Furthermore,these encapsulated uninodal cuttings were subjected to different storage intervals to check maximum storage.Results showed that optimum dose for fungicide is 150 mg/L as it resulted in good viability percentage,shoot number,shoot length,rooting percentage,root number,root length and ideal for bead formation with sodium alginate.Similarly,results revealed that encapsulated uninodal cuttings can be stored at a temperature of 4℃ up to 45 days with a survival rate of 63.33%.Encapsulated uninodal cutting stored for 60 days showed a poor viability percentage of about 43.03%.It can be concluded that optimum dose of 150 mg/L with storage time of 45 days should be used to get a better outcome for synthetic potato seed production.

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of New Fungicides on Rice Blast

[Objectives]The paper was to identify the characteristics and the potency of new fungicides to rice blast disease,and study their preventive and therapeutic effects on the disease.[Methods]Six new and conventional fungicides with different mechanisms of action were selected to compare their preventive and therapeutic effects on rice seedling blast in greenhouse.[Results]The agents which showed to be highly efficacious in blast prevention(greater than 90%)were 25%pyraclostrobin EC,20%fenoxanil SC,75%tricyclazole WP and 50%prochloraz-manganese WP sprayed at the dosages of 112.5-150,180-360,270-450 and 450-600 g/ha,respectively.The therapeutic effect of new fungicides 25%pyraclostrobin EC and 50%prochloraz-manganese WP on rice blast were above 90%when the dosages were 90-150 and 360-600 g/ha,respectively.The therapeutic effect of the conventional fungicide 40%isoprothiolane EC on rice blast was 69.04%when the dosage was 480 g/ha,while those of other fungicides were worse.[Conclusions]Both 25%pyraclostrobin EC and 50%prochloraz-manganese WP have good preventive and therapeutic effects on rice blast,which will provide a reference for the use of these fungicides in the field.

Field Efficacy of Six Kinds of Fungicides for Control and Prevention of Apple Powdery Mildew(Podosphaera leucotricha)

[Objective] This study aimed to screen effective fungicide for prevention and control of apple powdery mildew. [Method] Field efficacy of six kinds of fungi- cides with 18 concentrations against apple powdery mildew was investigated. [Re- sult] 4 000-fold triflumizole WP exhibited the highest control efficacy of 82.96%, fol- lowed by 3 000-fold triflumizole WP with control efficacy of 77.75%, while 800-fold and 1 000-fold 70% thiophanate methyl WP exhibited relatively low control efficacy, which was both lower than 60%. [Conclusion] In actual production, 4 000-fold triflu- mizole WP and 3 000-fold triflumizole WP should be used alternately to control and prevent apple powdery mildew.

Toxicity of 26 Fungicides against and Synergistic Effects of Binary Mixtures on Oidium heveae

[Objective] This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 26 fungicides against Oidium heveae and the synergistic effects of their binary mixtures.[Method] The sensitivity of O.heveae to 26 fungicides was determined in vitro and in vivo by calculating EC50 values.Horsfall＇s toxicity rate was preliminarily employed to predict the type of joint action of 180 two-way mixtures,based on which the interaction level of the potentially synergistic mixtures was validated by Sun and Johnson＇s co-toxicity coefficient.[Result] Triflumizole,pyraoxystrobin,flufenoxystrobin,epoxiconazole,pyrametostrobin,flusilazole,pyraclostrobin and tetraconazole were the most potent inhibitors of both spore germination and mycelial growth.An ‘in vitro-in vivo＇ integrated strategy is proposed for screening the inhibitors of O.heveae,according to the fact that data obtained in germination experiment are able to reflect to some extent the effectiveness of fungicide confirmed by pot experiment.Results achieved by Horsfall＇s were in line with that validated by Sun and Johnson＇s,the Horsfall＇s seems to be a convenient means to assess rapidly the potential interaction type and level of fungicides in a binary mixture.Nineteen mixtures interact synergistically：epoxiconazole ＋ pyraclostrobin at the mixing ratio of 6：4,8：2;tetraconazole ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 1：9,2：8,3：7 and 4：6;triadimefon ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 9：1;triflumizole ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 8：2;flusilazole ＋pyrametostrobin at 7：3,8：2 and 9：1;tetraconazole ＋ pyrametostrobin at 6：4;triadimefon ＋ pyrametostrobin at 5：5,8：2;triflumizole ＋ pyrametostrobin at 7：3,8：2;tetraconazole ＋ pyraoxystrobin at 9：1;triflumizole ＋ pyraoxystrobin at 8：2,9：1.[Conclusion] The single fungicides and their binary mixtures are expected to serve as the alternatives to triadimefon and the alternate use of them could delay the buildup of resistant O.heveae isolate.

Inhibition of Chlamydospore Germination and Mycelial Growth of Trichoderma spp. by Chemical Fungicides

For exploring the influences of application and residue of chemical fungi- cides on chlamydospore preparations of Trichoderma spp., the effects of seven chemical fungicides on chlamydospore germination and mycelia growth of two bio- control fungi T. harzianum 610 and T. Iongibrachiatum 758 were studied. Carben- dazim, tebuconazole and difenoconazole showed strong toxicities, thiram and car- bexin showed moderate toxicities, and metalaxyl showed Mycelia growth of the two strains was more sensitive to most tested fungicides than those of chlamydospore germination. Chlamydospore germination of 610 was more sensitive to tested fungicides than those of 758, and mycelia growth of 758 was more sensitive to most tested fungi- cides than those of 610. Among the seven fungicides, 98% carbendazim had the strongest effects （ECru values were 1.64 and 0.05μpg/ml）, and 70% pentachloroni- trobenzene had the weakest effects （EC50 values were 1.64 and 0,05 μg/ml） for chlamydospore germination and mycelia growth of 610. As for 758, 98% carbendaz- im had the strongest inhibitory effects and 95% metalaxyl had the weakest inhibitory for chlamydospore germination of 756 （EC50 values were 0.62 and 1 108.61 μg/ml respectively）, whereas 96.2% tebuconazole showed the strongest inhibitory effects for mycelia growth of 758 （EC= value was 0.32μg/ml）, and 95% metalaxyl was the weakest （EC= value was 1 206.29 μg/ml）. According to the applied concentration of different fungicides in practice, we concluded that chlamydospore preparations of 610 and 758 could not be combined with carbendazim, tebuconazole, thiram and carboxin for controlling plant diseases, and the pesticide residues to the biocontrol effects should be kept in mind. Chlamydospore preparations of 610 and 758 can be and difenoconazole for controlling plant dis- eases, 758 chlamydospore preparations and germinated chlamydospore of 610 can be combined with metalaxyl for controlling plant diseases, and pesticide residue risk was not serious.

Antibiotic Activity of Seven Fungicides against Alternaria panax Whetz

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen suitable fungicides to con-trol ginseng leaf blight caused by Alternaria panax_Whetz. [Method] The antifungal activity of seven fungicides against A. panax_ was determined based on mycelial growth rate in vitro. [Result] The results of in vitro antibiotic activity assay showed that there were significant differences in inhibition rate among different concentration treatments of each of the seven fungicides. Toxicity test results showed that among the seven fungicides, difenoconazole had the smal est EC50 （0.61 mg/L）, fol owed by streptomycin and captan, with EC50 value lower than 100 mg/L. [Conclusion] A fungicide which had strong antifungal activity on A. panax was screened out, and the results wil provide a theoretical basis for further field trial.

The Effect of Three New Fungicides against Rice Sheath Blight in Field Experiment

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of three new fungicides against rice sheath blight in field experiment. [Methods] The experiment set up 7 treatments with three times of repetition and designed by random grouping. By using 5 sampling points in each plot, and investigating continuous 4 holes of each point, total plants, diseased plants and disease degrees were recorded. Then disease index and control efficiency were calculated, and variance analysis was carried out. [Results] 300 or 450 ml/hm^2 azoxystrobin ＋ difenoconazole 325 g/L SC had better control efficiency to rice sheath blight and had no phytotoxicity effect, we should use it at the initial disease stage and continuously spray 2-3 times. [Conclusion] The experiment provided a theoretical basis for controlling rice sheath blight using fungicides.

Pathogen Identification of the Anthracnose of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and Inhibitory Effect of Four Fungicides on the Pathogen

[Objective] The research aimed to isolate and identify the pathogen of anthracnose of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort,and make the antifungal test on four kinds of fungicides for selecting the optimum fungicides.[Method] The pathogenic fungi was separated according to Koch＇s rule and the shape characteristics were identified. The antifungal test of fungicides was made by using plate mycelium growth inhibition method.[Result] The pathogenic fungi was separated from leaves of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and morphological characters were consistent with that of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In addition to chloroisobromine cyanuric acid,the other three fungicides could inhibit the mycelium growth. The growth inhibition rates of 1 000 times Metalaxyl＋mancozeb,zineb,Thiophanate-methyl for the mycelium were 26.8%,22.1%,59.8% respectively after 7 days.[Conclusion] The anthracnose was caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. was a new record host plant of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the best inhibiting fungicide was Thiophanate methyl.

Biological Activity of Several Fungicides against Ustilaginoidea virens

[Objective] This study aims to screen for the high effective fungicides which could significantly decrease the disease incidence and disease index of rice false smut. [Method] The inhibitory activities of the fungicide against mycelial growth of Ustilaginoidea virens were measured to in vitro evaluate the ECho values. And 17 fungicides were sprayed to evaluate the efficacy and effect of the fungicides tested in the field trials on the rice characters, [Result] The results showed that epoxicona- zole, difenoconazole, propiconazole and procloraz exhibited high inhibitory activity against mycelial growth of Ustilaginoidea virens with the ECso values 0.04, 0.07, 0.12 and 0.11 pg/ml, respectively. The results of field trials showed that the efficacy of Wen- quning, and fungicides such as difenoconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, epoxi- conazole and their mixtures in controlling rice false smut were all 70% or more. [Conclusion] The 17 tested fungicides behaved efficacy in controlling rice false smut and did not cause drug injury on leaves and grains of rice plants, sprayed when flag leaves of rice fully expanded.

A Preliminary Study on the Resistance to Different Fungicides in Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the resistance to different fungicides in Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. [Method] Under indoor incubation conditions, the resistance to dimethomorph, metalaxyl-mancozeb, propamocarb and ovraclostrobin.dimethomorph in P. parasitica strain isolated from Zhenyuan County in Qiandongnan State was analyzed with colony growth measurement method. [Result] P. parasitica exhibited different levels of sensitivity to four fungicides. To be specific, P. parasitica exhibited the highest resistance to dimethomorph, and ECho reached 1.19 μg/ml. [Conclusion] In Zhenyuan tobacco-growing area, long-term single use of dimethomorph possesses certain resistance risk in prevention and control of black shank disease.

Activity of the Fungicide JS399-19 Against Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and the Risk of Resistance

This report reviews the characteristics of JS399-19, a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide. JS399-19 strongly inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungal plant pathogens of the genus Fusarium and exhibits great potential in controlling Fusarium head blight （FHB） on wheat and other cereals. The mode of action of JS399-19 is evidently different from that of benzimidazole （for example, carbendazim） and other sort of fungicides, making it a possible replacement for carbendazim in China to manage carbendazim-resistant subpopulations of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. JS399-t9 has excellent protective and curative activity against these pathogens. Incorrect use of this fungicide, however, is likely to select for resistance. Among JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum induced in the laboratory, the resistant level of mutants was high and the phenotype of resistance against JS399-19 was conferred by a major gene by genetic analysis. The fitness of laboratory-induced JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum was nearly equal to that of their parents. JS399-19 lacks cross resistance with other sort fungicides. To control FHB with JS399-19 and to delay the development of the fungicide-resistance, farmers should use tank mixtures containing JS399-19 and carbendazim, metconazole, tebuconazole, or prothioconazole.

Assessing the impact of fungicide enostroburin application on bacterial community in wheat phyllosphere

Fungicides have been used extensively for controlling fungal pathogens of plants. However, little is known regarding the effects that fungicides upon the indigenous bacterial communities within the plant phyllosphere. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of fungicide enostroburin upon bacterial communities in wheat phyllosphere. Culture-independent methodologies of 16S rDNA clone library and 16S rDNA directed polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） were used for monitoring the change of bacterial community. The 16S rDNA clone library and PCR-DGGE analysis both confirmed the microbial community of wheat plant phyllosphere were predominantly of the γ-Proteobacteria phyla. Results from PCR-DGGE analysis indicated a significant change in bacterial community structure within the phyllosphere following fungicide enostroburin application. Bands sequenced within control cultures were predominantly of Pseudomonas genus, but those bands sequenced in the treated samples were predominantly strains of Pantoea genus and Pseudomonas genus. Of interest was the appearance of two DGGE bands following fungicide treatment, one of which had sequence similarities （98%） to Pantoea sp. which might be a competitor of plant pathogens. This study revealed the wheat phyllosphere bacterial community composition and a shift in the bacterial community following fungicide enostroburin application.

Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>in Combination with Fungicides in Controlling Gray Mould Disease (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>) of Strawberry

The effects of biofungicide formula containing the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (Jn14) as wettable powder in combination with the fungicides pyrimethanil and a mixture of cyprodinil and flydioxonil on Botrytis cinerea of strawberry in vitro, in vivo and in greenhouse were studied. The pathogen B. cinerea was more affected in vitro by low concentrations of the fungicides tested above 0.4 μg&middot;ml-1 than the bioagent T. harzianum (Jn14). The later was almost insensitive to pyrimethanil. In the same direction, gray mould disease severity on strawberry detached leaves and whole plants was reduced up to 89% by the tested fungicides, compared to the control, while the application of T. harzianum (Jn14) alone reduced disease severity up to 45% on strawberry detached leaves, compared to the control. In the integrated control approach, the combination of T. harzianum (Jn14) with higher concentrations of the tested fungicides (ED50) completely inhibited strawberry gray mould disease severity in pots and the greenhouse.

Effects of Priming in Combination with Fungicides on Germination and Infestation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Two seed lots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Krlowa Majowych were primed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 at -1.25MPa for 7 days in dark at 20C. Two fungicide treatments combined with PEG were used to control fungi: 1) Funaben T(0.1%) and Apron 35 SD (0.02%) were added to -1.25 MPa PEG solution (PEG+F); 2) After seed priming and drying,Funaben T was mixed at 5 g kg-1 and Apron 35 SD at 1 g kg-1 of seeds (PEG then F dust). PEG, PEG+F and PEG then F dusttreatments reduced significantly thermodormancy and increased the seed germination at 35C in both lots. PEG then Fdust treatment had the best effect on reducing seed thermodormancy at 35C, and increased seed germination to 64.5% inlot 1 and 72.0% in lot 2 compared to 0 in untreated. PEG and PEG then F dust treatments have accelerated germinationspeed at 20 and 15C in both lots. There was a significant reduction in seed infestation in which the seeds were treatedwith PEG+F and PEG then F dust compared to untreated seeds and PEG primed seeds. PEG priming enhanced seedinfestation considerably by Alternaria alternata, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Ulocladium spp. Mycologicalanalysis showed higher frequency of Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium spp. in untreated seeds at 20C. Priming incombination with fungicides significantly alleviated the infestation of fungi, especially Alternaria alternata infestation.

Inhibitory Effect of 16 Fungicides on Persimmon Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum horii

In this research,the inhibitory effect of 16 fungicides on Colletotrichum horri causing persimmon anthracnose was investigated using mycelial growth method and spore germination method. The results showed that among the 16 tested fungicides,10% of Difenoconazole WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25%of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,430 g/L of Tebuconazole SC,50% of Prochloraz-manganese chloride and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of C. horri,with the inhibition rate of 100%; 70% of Polyram WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,50% of Chlorobromoisocyanuric acid AF,50% of Triram WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole achieved the best inhibitory effect on spore germination of C. horri,with the germination rate of 0. In conclusion,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect both in mycelial growth and spore germination,which could be used as the preference fungicides for the control of persimmon anthracnose,and 70% of Polyram WG and 50% of Triram WP achieved the secondly best inhibitory effect,which could be used as alternative fungicides. The results of this research could provide scientific evidence for the effective control of persimmon anthracnose,and more optional pesticides for utilization in the production practice of persimmon industry.

Sensitivity of Four Yeasts to Fungicides and CO2 Concentrations and Their Antagonistic Ability in Combination with Fungicide to Pathogenic Fungi in vitro

The yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii, Trichosporon pullulans, Rhodotorula glutinis andTrichosporon sp.were used to investigate their sensitivity to four fungicides anddifferent concentrations of CO2, as well as their antagonistic ability to Penicilliumexpansumand Alternariaalternata in vitro when applied with fungicide. There were significantdifferences in sensitivity to the fungicides among the different yeasts(P=0.05). R.glutinis was more sensitive to Deccocil, Iprodione and Stroby as compared to otheryeasts. Combination antagonistic yeasts with fungicide could more significantly enhancebiocontrol ability of the yeasts against the pathogenic fungi in vitro(P = 0.05). C.laurentii was the most effective antagonist among the four yeasts and could completelycontrol spore germination of P.expansum and A.alternata when combined with Stroby at theconcentration of 100 L L-1. The yeasts, except R.glutinis, could grow well on nutrientyeast dextrose agar (NYDA) after 8 d incubation even at 20% CO2 concentration at 25℃.Particularly Trichosporon sp. showeda better adaptability to low temperature as comparedto other antagonists.