Simulation of the Bare Soil Surface Energy Balance at the Tongyu Reference Site in Semiarid Area of North China

The performance of a 1-D soil model in a semiarid area of North China was investigated using observational data from a cropland station at the Tongyu reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period(CEOP)during the non-growing period,when the ground surface was covered with bare soil.Comparisons between simulated and observed soil surface energy balance components as well as soil temperatures and water contents were conducted to validate the soil model.Results show that the soil model could produce good simu-lations of soil surface temperature,net radiation flux,and sensible heat flux against observed values with the RMSE of 1.54°C,7.71 W m-2,and 27.79 W m-2,respectively.The simulated volumetric soil water content is close to the observed values at various depths with the maximal difference between them being 0.03.Simulated latent heat and ground heat fluxes have relatively larger errors in relative to net radiation and sensible heat flux.In conclusion,the soil model has good capacity to simulate the bare soil surface energy balance at the Tongyu cropland station and needs to be further tested in longer period and at more sites in semiarid areas.

Can soil organic carbon sequestration and the carbon management index be improved by changing the film mulching methods in the semiarid region?

Plastic film mulching has been widely used to increase maize yield in the semiarid area of China.However, whether long-term plastic film mulching is conducive to agricultural sustainability in this region remains controversial.A field experiment was initiated in 2013 with five different film mulching methods:(i) control method, flat planting without mulching (CK),(ii) flat planting with half film mulching (P),(iii) film mulching on ridges and planting in narrow furrows(S),(iv) full film mulching on double ridges (D), and (v) film mulching on ridges and planting in wide furrows (R).The effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) content, storage, and fractions, and on the carbon management index (CMI)were evaluated after nine consecutive years of plastic film mulching.The results showed that long-term plastic film mulching generally maintained the initial SOC level.Compared with no mulching, plastic film mulching increased the average crop yield, biomass yield, and root biomass by 48.38, 35.06, and 37.32%, respectively, which led to the improvement of SOC sequestration.Specifically, plastic film mulching significantly improved CMI, and increased the SOC content by 13.59%, SOC storage by 7.47%and easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) by 13.78%on average,but it reduced the other labile fractions.SOC sequestration and CMI were improved by refining the plastic film mulching methods.The S treatment had the best effect among the four mulching methods, so it can be used as a reasonable film mulching method for sustainable agricultural development in the semiarid area.

Surface Regional Heat(Cool) Island Effect and Its Diurnal Differences in Arid and Semiarid Resource-based Urban Agglomerations

With the rapid development of urban agglomerations in northwest arid and semiarid regions of China, the scope of the urban heat island(UHI) effect has gradually expanded and gradually connected, and has formed a regional heat island(RHI) with a larger range of impact to the regional environment. However, there are few studies on the heat island effect of urban agglomerations in arid and semiarid regions, so this paper selects the urban agglomeration of Hohhot, Baotou and Ordos(HBO) of Inner Mongolia, China as the study area. Based on the 8-day composite Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) surface temperature data(156scenes in all) and land use maps for 2005, 2010, and 2015, we analyze the spatiotemporal distributions of regional heat(cool) islands(RH(C)I) and the responses of surface temperatures to land-use changes in the diurnal and interannual surface cities. The results showed that: 1) from 2005 to 2015, urban areas showed the cold island effect during the day, with the area of the cold island showing a shrinking feature;at night, they showed the heat island effect, with the area of the heat island showing a first decrease and then an increase.2) From 2005 to 2015, the land development(unutilized land to building land) brings the greatest temperature increase(ΔT = 1.36°C)during the day, while the greatest temperature change at night corresponds to the conversion of cultivated land to building land(ΔT =0.78°C) exhibited the largest changes at night. From 2010 to 2015, the land development(grassland to building land) bring the greatest temperature increase(ΔT = 0.85°C) during the day, while the great temperature change at night corresponds to the conversion of water areas to building land(ΔT = 1.38°C) exhibited the largest changes at night. Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution of surface urban heat(cool) islands in urban agglomerations in arid and semiarid regions will help to understand the urbanization characteristics of urban agglomerations and provide a reference for the formulation of policies for the coordinated and healthy development of the region and co-governance of regional environmental problems.

Simulation of historical and projected climate change in arid and semiarid areas by CMIP5 models

Based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series3.1 temperature and Global Precipitation Climatology Center full data reanalysis version 6 precipitation data,the abilities of climate models from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to simulate climate changes over arid and semiarid areas were assessed.Simulations of future climate changes under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs)were also examined.The key findings were that most of the models are able to capture the dominant features of the spatiotemporal changes in temperature,especially the geographic distribution,during the past 60 years,both globally as well as over arid and semiarid areas.In addition,the models can reproduce the observed warming trends,but with magnitudes generally less than the observations of around0.1–0.3°C/50a.Compared to temperature,the models perform worse in simulating the annual evolution of observed precipitation,underestimating both the variability and tendency,and there is a huge spread among the models in terms of their simulated precipitation results.The multimodel ensemble mean is overall superior to any individual model in reproducing the observed climate changes.In terms of future climate change,an ongoing warming projected by the multi-model ensemble over arid and semiarid areas can clearly be seen under different RCPs,especially under the high emissions scenario(RCP8.5),which is twice that of the moderate scenario(RCP4.5).Unlike the increasing temperature,precipitation changes vary across areas and are more significant under high-emission RCPs,with more precipitation over wet areas but less precipitation over dry areas.In particular,northern China is projected to be one of the typical areas experiencing significantly increased temperature and precipitation in the future.

Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of eolian dust of the arid-semiarid areas in China: Implications for loess provenance and monsoon evolution

Minerals and rocks have distinct 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios, depending on their geological origin and ages, and these isotope ratios are less altered than elemental composition during transport in the atmosphere or after deposition as sediments, thus stable isotopes of Sr and Nd have great potential as tracers for provenance and trans- port of materials. During the hypergene process, Sr isotope ratios of sediments are controlled by their parent rocks, particle sizes and chemical weathering. In general, the higher the Sr isotope ratios of parent rocks, and/or the more the fine-grained fractions, and/or the stronger the chemical weathering, thus the higher the Sr isotope ratios of sediments. On the contrary, there are lower Sr isotope ratios of sedi- ments. Nd isotope ratios of sediments, independent of their particle sizes and chemical weathering, are only associated with parent rocks. For the prove- nance of the Chinese Loess Plateau, different re- seachers drew discordant and even contradictory conclusions by using the method of Sr-Nd isotopic tracing. From the previous Nd isotope data, it is con- sidered that the Tarim Basin, deserts in the central and west parts of Inner Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau are the main sources of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and are also manufacturers for eolian dust of the Far East regions, together with the Chinese Loess Plateau. Sr isotope ratios of eolian dust are solely affected by wind sorting and weather- ing-pedogenesis due to its homogeneous composi- tion in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Wind sorting isrelated to the East Asian winter monsoon but weath- ering-pedogenesis is mainly associated with the East Asian summer monsoon. Studies on Sr isotopic compositions of the loess-paleosol sequence suggest that 87Sr/86Sr ratios in acid-soluble materials are an index for chemical weathering intensity of the Chi- nese Loess Plateau, indicating the East Asian sum- mer monsoon variations, whereas 87Sr/86Sr ratios in acid-insoluble materials are significantly controlled by particle sizes, and can be used as a proxy indicator reflecting the East Asian winter monsoon variations. Variations of 87Sr/86Sr ratios in acid-insoluble materi- als in the past 2.6Ma further demonstrate that the East Asian winter monsoon gradually strengthened since the beginning of the Quaternary period. This result agrees with the prior conclusion that climate gradually cooled since the onset of the Quaternary Ice Age.

Three-year changes of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area

Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces at a semiarid area of Tognyu have been investigated based on the continuous three years observational data from 2003 to 2005. The changes of surface albedo with solar elevation angle and soil moisture have been discussed also. It has been found that surface albedo has almost the same diurnal and seasonal variations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in the semiarid area, while sur- face albedo is large in winter and small in summer. The diurnal variation of the surface albedo has re- lationship with the weather condition. The diurnal cycle of the surface albedo likes the "U" shape curve in sunny day, while it is low-high after the rain, and high-low after the snow. The surface albedo has large variation in cloudy day, while it has no any variation in overcast day. The large difference of the surface albedo can be 0.04 in winter between two land surfaces, because the snow has large effects on the surface albedo in winter. The rainfall is an important factor in summer on the surface albedo, while the difference of the surface albedo is 0.01 only between two land surfaces. The differences of the surface albedo can also be 0.04 in autumn due to vegetation growing. The seasonal-average surface albeo from 2003―2005 is 0.25, 0.22, 0.24, 0.32 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the degraded grassland surface,while it is 0.25, 0.21, 0.22, 0.33 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the cropland surface. The surface albedo becomes smaller with the increase of solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle is greater than 40°, the surface albedo changes very little and tends to be a constant. The surface albedo has negative exponent functions with soil moisture in the growing season.

Seasonal and inter-annual variation of surface roughness length and bulk transfer coefficients in a semiarid area

Here we report a multiyear study on the surface roughness length and bulk transfer coefficients over the degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area of China. Eddy covariance measurement and the meteorological profile observation data were used to analyze characteristics of these parameters on the diurnal, seasonal, and annual scales. Significant seasonal and annual variations of the aerodynamic roughness length are observed over the two surfaces. A large variation of kB-1 is measured during the day. Both kB-1 and the bulk transfer coefficients exhibit significant seasonal and annual variations. During the growing season (May to October), average Cd and Ch are 3.1×10-3 and 2.5×10-3 over the degrade grassland surface, and 4.7×10-3 and 3.1×10-3 over the cropland surface respectively. During the non-growing season, average Cd and Ch are 2.3×10-3 and 2.0×10-3 over the degrade grassland surface, and 2.9×10-3 and 2.2×10-3 over the cropland surface respectively.

Responses of desertification to variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China

There have been significant variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China.High wind activity occurred from the 1960s to the 1970s,but wind activity has de-creased continuously from the 1980s to the present;as a result,the potential sand transport during the latter period was only 20%-50% of the values during the 1960s and 1970s.Phases of high wind activ-ity were highly consistent with the trends in desertification over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China,but spring precipitation was also a significant factor:rapid desertification during the 1960s and 1970s was due to high wind activity,generally combining with low spring pre-cipitation;subsequent rehabilitation since the 1980s has resulted from the combined effects of low wind activity and higher spring precipitation.Therefore,although modern desertification and rehabili-tation processes are being more or less affected by human activities,both processes appear to be more strongly controlled by climate change.

Effects of different gap filling methods and land surface energy balance closure on annual net ecosystem exchange in a semiarid area of China

Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance closure and friction velocity threshold(u*)on annual net ecosystem exchange(NEE)were analyzed.Six gap filling methods,including mean diurnal variation(MDV),marginal distribution sampling(MDS),and nonlinear regressions method,were investigated by generating secondary datasets with four different artificial gap lengths(ranging in length from single half-hours to 12 consecutive days).The MDS generally showed a good overall performance especially for long gaps,with an annual sum bias error less than 5 g C m-2 yr-1.There was a large positive annual sum bias error for nonlinear regressions,indicating an overestimate on net ecosystem respiration.The offset in the annual sum NEE for four nonlinear regressions was from 8.0 to 30.8 g C m-2 yr-1.As soil water content was a limiting factor in the semiarid area,the nonlinear regressions considering both soil temperature and soil water content as controlling variables had a better performance than others.The performance of MDV was better in daytime than in nighttime,with an annual sum bias error falling between-2.6 and-13.4 g C m-2 yr-1.Overall,the accuracy of the gap filling method was dependent on the type of the land surface,gap length,and the time of day when the data gap occurred.The energy balance ratio for the two ecosystems was nearly 80%.Turbulent intensity had a large impact on energy balance ratio.Low energy balance ratio was observed under low friction velocity during the night.When there was a large fetch distance in a wind direction,a low energy balance ratio was caused by mismatch of the footprints between the available energy and turbulent fluxes.The effect of energy balance correction on CO2 flux was evaluated by assuming the imbalance caused by the underestimation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux.The results showed an average increase of 10 g C m-2 yr-1 for annual NEE in both ecosystems with an energy balance correction.On the other hand,the u*threshold also have a large impact on annual sum NEE.Net carbon emission increased 37.5 g C m-2 yr-1 as u*threshold increased from 0.1 to 0.2 m s-1,indicating a large impact of imposing u*threshold on net ecosystem carbon exchange.

Soil mulching can mitigate soil water defi ciency impacts on rainfed maize production in semiarid environments

Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improving agricultural productivity and water utilization. However, the effects of these mulching practices on soil water supply and plant water use associated with crop yield are not well understood. A 3-yr study was conducted to analyze the occurrence and distribution of dry spells in a semiarid region of Northwest China and to evaluate the effects of non-mulching （CK）, gravel mulching （GM） and plastic film mulching （FM） on the soil water supply, plant water use and maize （Zea mays L.） grain yield. Rainfall analysis showed that dry spells of ≥5 days occurred frequently in each of 3 yr, accounting for 59.9-69.2% of the maize growing periods. The 〉15-d dry spells during the jointing stage would expose maize plants to particularly severe water stress. Compared with the CK treatment, both the GM and FM treatments markedly increased soil water storage during the early growing season. In general, the total evapotranspiration （ET） was not significantly different among the three treatments, but the mulched treatments significantly increased the ratio of pre- to post-silking ET, which was closely associated with yield improvement. As a result, the grain yield significantly increased by 17.1, 70.3 and 16.7% for the GM treatment and by 28.3, 87.6 and 38.2% for the FM treatment in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. It＇s concluded that both GM and FM are effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of water deficit and improving maize production in semiarid areas. However. FM is more effective than GM.

内蒙古半干旱区气溶胶散射特性及影响因素

利用2020年7月9日至2023年7月8日锡林浩特市散射系数、黑碳(BC)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)质量浓度以及气象要素观测资料,从气溶胶散射特性的时间变化、概率密度分布、与不同类型气溶胶和气象因子的相关程度等方面展开分析,并针对该地区开展散射系数等级划分。结果表明:(1)该地区气溶胶散射能力整体水平较低,但是春季沙尘输送、冬季及夜晚逆温出现频率较高会造成该地区气溶胶散射能力的明显增强。(2)粒径越小的气溶胶与散射系数的相关程度越高,与散射系数的相关系数大小依次为BC>PM_(2.5)>PM_(10),但同时具有季节差异性,此外秋、冬季硝酸盐颗粒是造成该地区散射能力增强的重要因素,夏、秋、冬季硫酸盐颗粒对该地区的散射能力也具有一定贡献。(3)以相关系数的增幅作为当前气象因素对散射系数的贡献率,得到当前气象因素对散射系数的贡献率在1%~2%之间。

基于同位素的神东矿区植物吸水深度及生态水位研究

为了研究神东矿区煤炭开采造成的地下水位下降是否会对地表植被的生存产生威胁,以神东矿区分布最广泛的植物沙蒿为研究对象,采用水稳定同位素示踪技术研究神东矿区成年沙蒿的根系吸水深度,通过MixSIAR同位素混合模型分析成年沙蒿的土壤水分吸收策略。结果显示,研究区成年沙蒿的吸水的极限深度为2.5~3 m,沙蒿会较均匀的吸收不同深度的土壤水分,但其水分利用策略也会受到土壤含水率高低的影响。该研究揭示了研究区成年沙蒿的根系吸水深度和水分利用策略,从植物角度说明了该区域生态水位的下限是2.5~3 m。

Evaluation of Combined Landscape Restoration Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Semiarid Regions of Burkina Faso

Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) practices have been reported to improve soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) and contributing to climate change mitigation. This study aims to evaluate the impact of combined FLR practices, mainly developed in semiarid regions, on SOCs. The SOCs, soil texture, bulk density (ρ), pH, CO2 emissions, and herbaceous biomass were determined at a 0 - 30 cm depth. The experimental design comprised degraded land without FLR practices and three sets of combined FLR practices. These practices included “zaï” + stone bunds + organic manure + assisted natural regeneration (ANR) used to convert degraded land into forest (GF) and cropland (PARL);“zaï” + stone bunds + crop rotation + crop/fallow successions + ANR used to convert degraded land into cropland (OARL) and “zaï”+ stone bunds + organic manure used to convert degraded land into cropland (KARL). SOCs were highest (20.02 t C ha−1) under OARL compared with the other combinations of FLR practices. SOCs increased by 99% (+0.2 t C ha−1⋅yr−1), 58% (+0.3 t C ha−1⋅yr−1) and 13% (+0.2 t C ha−1⋅yr−1) under GF, OARL and KARL, respectively, and decreased by 15% (−0.1 t C ha−1⋅yr−1) under PARL. This study provides additional information explaining SOC variation in restored degraded land through the implementation of a combination of FLR practices. This is useful for recommending the combination “zaï” + stone bunds + crop rotation + crop/fallow successions + ANR to improve SOCs in the semiarid agroecosystem.

REGULATING THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE IS AN PRINCIPAL APPROACH TO THE ENVIONMENT ADMINISTRATION IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID AREAS

1. The crux of the environment administration problem is theeconomic development As we Know that the evolution of environment is not only due to Nature itself, but al-so to human being particularly. In the course of history, the Loess Plateau in China, oncewoody and rich in plants has now become a serious soil-erosion area on which lies thou-

锡林浩特多年生草本根部导管性状与植株生态策略的相关特征

干旱半干旱区植物的木质部输水系统对维持植物生长发育有重要作用。以中国干旱半干旱区的草本植物为研究对象,旨在探究草本物种根系导管解剖结构与植物生长之间的关系。用石蜡切片法,将在锡林浩特草原采集的草本物种的主根样品制作成切片,得到固定面积内导管解剖结构参量(导管数量、导管分数、平均导管面积、平均水力传导率和水力直径),然后用逐步回归法和Pearson相关分析各导管解剖性状与植物生长特征(年龄、生长速率和平均高度)之间的关系。结果发现(1)生长速率与导管数量(R=-0.494,P<0.01)和导管分数(R=-0.255,P<0.05)显著负相关,与平均导管面积(R=0.274,P<0.05)、平均水力传导率(R=0.263,P<0.05)和水力直径(R=0.245,P<0.05)显著正相关,表明生长快的草本具有大而少的导管,需要较高的水分传输能力,而生长慢的草本具有小而多的导管,水力安全性较高;(2)植株的高度与导管数量(R=-0.354,P<0.01)显著负相关,与平均导管面积(R=0.293,P<0.05)、平均水力传导率(R=0.289,P<0.05)和水力直径(R=0.278,P<0.05)显著正相关,表明高大的植株以较少的导管补偿较大的导管以维持一定的机械强度,而矮小植株的水力安全性较高。

铁锌肥对陇中旱农区马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响

【目的】通过大田试验,研究铁、锌肥施用量对马铃薯光合特性、干物质积累分配及产量的影响,以期为黄土高原马铃薯产量的提升提供理论参考和技术支撑。【方法】选用当地主栽品种新大坪为供试材料,处理包括3个施铁量Fe_(0)(0 kg/hm^(2))、Fe_(1)(10 kg/hm^(2))、Fe_(2)(20 kg/hm^(2))和3个施锌量Zn_(0)(0 kg/hm^(2))、Zn_(1)(20 kg/hm^(2))和Zn_(2)(40 kg/hm^(2))。【结果】马铃薯叶面积指数在Fe_(0)Zn_(2)处理下达到最大值,较不施肥提高26.7%;Fe_(2)Zn_(2)马铃薯叶片SPAD值较不施肥提高21.0%;基施铁、锌肥可改善马铃薯光合特性,Fe_(0)Zn_(2)、Fe_(2)Zn_(0)和Fe_(2)Zn_(2)净光合速率较不施肥分别提高54.8%、54.8%、53.0%,产量较不施肥分别提高19.5%、15.0%、21.5%;Fe_(2)Zn_(2)处理马铃薯块茎铁、锌含量达到最大,较不施肥分别增加17.2%、13.8%。【结论】陇中旱农区马铃薯铁、锌肥单施适宜施量分别为20 kg/hm^(2)和40 kg/hm^(2),配施适宜施量分别为铁肥20 kg/hm^(2)、锌肥40 kg/hm^(2)。

银西铁路半干旱区路堤绿植生长状态研究

银西高铁宁夏段大部分路段位于半干旱区,区间路段风沙量大、积沙现象严重,路堤边坡植物常规建植期成活率较低,难以起到有效的防风固沙作用。结合银西高铁宁夏段当地区域工程特性、气象资料及土壤养分情况,提出了穴孔营养杯和三水浇灌的护苗措施;通过开展3月、4月、5月三期建植期对比试验,研究结果表明宁夏半干旱区春季3月不利于建植,而5月建植期植物成活率达到90.49%,密度达到3.25株/m~2,盖度提高为32.74%,三项生长状态指标均优于3月和4月建植期;通过对柠条、紫穗槐和四翅滨藜3种耐旱植物的优选试验,分别对其生长状态进行了对比分析,提出了各自优选的适用范围。研究成果为半干旱区路堤绿化工程提供了技术参考。

地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响

通过大田试验研究了地膜覆盖对土壤水温状况及春小麦产量形成的影响 .结果表明 ,地膜覆盖对土壤的增温作用在春小麦生育期内呈“U”型变化 ,地膜覆盖可以通过防止蒸发和提升土壤深层水分至作物可利用层来增加土壤中有效水含量 ,利于作物利用 .地膜覆盖的增温保墒作用利于作物前期生长和水分利用 ,在生育后期覆膜 ,作物根系发育受到抑制 ,作物蒸散量和水分利用效率下降 ,影响产量的形成 .对照(CK)、播前灌水 (W )、全程覆膜 (M)、播前灌水 +覆膜 3 0d(WM3 0 )、播前灌水 +覆膜 60d(WM 60 )及播前灌水 +全程覆膜 (WMw) 6个处理的产量分别为 2 5 5 4、2 42 4、2 75 0、3 13 8、3 3 0 5、3 12 3kg·hm-2 ,最佳覆膜时间在 40～ 60d .

半干旱区生态过程变化中土壤硝态氮累积及其在植物氮素营养中的作用

半干旱区农田生态系统石灰性土壤施入的氮肥和有机氮矿化产物,除植物吸收、微生物固定、粘土矿物固定、挥发损失和反硝化损失外,有相当一部分最终以NO3--N形态残存在土壤中。土壤剖面中的残留NO3--N通过对流和扩散等途径,逐渐向深层移动,脱离根区。影响土壤剖面NO3--N残留累积和淋溶的主要因素包括施氮量、植物吸氮量、前作收获后的植物残留物、氮肥种类、施氮方式和降雨量等。残留NO3--N本身具有很高的生物有效性,但能否被植物吸收利用,关键在于残留NO3--N所在深度及其是否能够到达根区。在半干旱区降雨量较高的雨季,NO3--N向深层移动,而在较干旱条件下即使土壤剖面深层NO3--N,也可随水分上移供根系利用,因此土壤剖面中累积的残留NO3--N显著影响氮肥肥效果,许多地方用一定深度土层中累积的NO3--N作为土壤供氮指标,以减少NO3--N的淋溶损失和提高氮肥肥效。过去对半干旱地区土壤剖面中NO3--N的研究主要涉及3方面,一是土壤剖面中NO3--N的残留累积及其影响因素,二是与根系分布深度相适应土层中残留NO3--N对氮肥肥效的影响,三是根据土壤剖面中的残留NO3--N确定农田作物施氮量。在分析过去研究结果的基础上,提出了今后需进一步深入研究的科学问题。

半干旱区封禁草地凋落物的积累与分解

针对我国西部典型草原地带,退化草地封禁后凋落物的积累、分解与水分变化过程,进行了为期20a(1982～2002年)的定位试验研究。结果表明:本氏针茅、百里香、铁杆蒿和大针茅草地群落的凋落物积累与厚度的变化趋势,拟合曲线符合指数方程,无论在植物年生长的初期还是末期,其相关性极为显著。随着气温的升高和降雨量的增加,凋落物的分解速率加快,本氏针茅和大针茅群落凋落物的分解率达到峰值需150d,百里香群落需180d,铁杆蒿群落需210d;凋落物在积累与分解过程中,具有吸水和保水的重要功能,可截留大量天然降水,促进土壤水分的缓慢入渗,通常在植物生长的初期和末期,凋落物在自然状态下饱和含水量,本氏针茅群落为112.30%～124.02%;百里香群落为116.61%～134.09%;铁杆蒿群落为124.76%～144.32%。但草地适宜封禁年限为11～15a,有利于草地自然更新和凋落物的积累。