Making Sense of Mali

DESPITE internationai and regional efforts for the resolution of Mall＇s political, constitutional and military crisis. the situation remains challenging in many ways. Northern Mall is still an epicenter of tension and localized violence, notwithstanding efforts to make and consolidate gains, In the midst of the talks in Algiers by various organizations and the proliferation of Sahel strategies, the Institute for Security Studies, an African organization which aims to enhance hu- man security on the continent, held a seminar in October at their head office in Pretoria. South Africa. to understand the dynamics of the situation in Mall and the Sahel, as well as the African Union＇s （AU） strategy for addressing the crisis. The Sahel is the transitional zone between the arid Sahara Desert of northern Africa and the belt of humid savannas to the south.

The Interactions Between“Business”Culture,“Professional”Culture and Training

Ultimately,the fundamental issues of educational sciences remain economic and societal.The interactions between“business”culture,“professional”culture and training are part of this.This contribution is a reflection resulting from a longitudinal empirical research entitled:“Professionalization of an establishment in the social and medico-social field:a French monograph after the law 2002-02 of January 02,2002”.Three concepts were used:“making sense”(Weick,1995);the“strategic paradigm”(Jonhson,1987);and“cultures of action”(Sorel&Wittorski,2005;Barbier,2010;Ardouin,2015).

Innovation and Validation of Neuropsychopharmacological Testing Methods for the Assessment of Memory, Attention and Cognition in Human Participants

To meet the challenges of time searching for the new method for neuropsychopharmacology is still an ongoing process. In this experiment, we proposed and validated three neuropsychopharmacological testing methods, which are Matching Capacity (MC), Dissimilarity Identification (DI) and Sense Making (SM) tests for the estimation of memory, attention and cognition respectively in healthy aged human participants. The purpose of this experiment was to generate more effective testing methods for the determination of memory, attention and cognition in human. To endorse proposed methods a randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted among healthy aged human participants between the period of December 2015 and February 2016. The experiment was conducted at Gazipur Sadar, Gazipur-1703, Dhaka, Bangladesh and the experiment center was the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh. In this experiment, 60 healthy male participants between the age of 42 to 50 years were selected and divided into 4 groups with 15 participants in each by simple randomization process. Ginkgo biloba standardized extract’s capsule (Giloba?) and Bacopa monnieri standardized extract’s syrup (Monera?) were used as standard. Psyllium seed husk (i.e., seed of the Plantago ovata) was incorporated in the hard gelatin capsule shell (size 0) to prepare capsule and used as a placebo control of the capsule (PCC). Excipients of oral liquid preparation of vitamin were used to prepare syrup and used as a placebo control of the syrup (PCS). The treatment procedure for group 1 was Ginkgo biloba standardized extract’s capsule (120 mg/capsule), 3 times daily for 21 days;group 2 was treated with Bacopa monnieri standardized extract’s syrup (1.21 g/5 ml), 2 teaspoonfuls, 3 times daily for 21 days. Psyllium seed husk’s capsule and excipients of oral liquid vitamin’s syrup were used as placebo control (PC) for group 3 and group 4 and administered in the similar manner of group 1 and group 2, respectively. Administration of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and Bacopa monnieri (BM) standardized extracts for successive days significantly increased the memory, attention and cognition of the participants with respect to PC groups. In the MC test, treatment with GB extract markedly (P < 0.05) increased the memory of the participants on 21st day with respect to PCC group. On the other hand administration of BM extract remarkably (P < 0.01) increased the memory of the participants on 14th day in comparison with PCS group. For DI test, administration of GB extract noticeably (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) increased the attention of the participants on 14th and 21st day as compared to that of PCC group. Conversely BM extract significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the attention of the participants on 7th, 14th and 21st day with regard to PCS group. In the SM test, administration of GB extract noticeably (P < 0.05) increased the cognition of the participants on 7th and 21st day in comparison with PCC group. BM extract administration considerably (P < 0.01) increased cognition of the participants on 14th and 21st day related to the PCS groups. The experiment demonstrates that MC, DI and SM tests clearly exposed the memory, attention and cognition enhancing activity of the GB and BM standardized extracts in healthful aged human participants respectively. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for the fortitude of memory, attention and cognition in human and will generate a landmark in the sphere of neuroscience.

Making Sense of Smell

我们热情地向读者推荐这篇科普性和趣味性俱佳的短文。BBC English在原文前加了这样一句话: Humans might think they lead the rest of the animal world, but as Dilys Bressesreveals, when it comes to the five senses, many animals leave us behind. 而读了此文,读者不仅会认识嗅觉的奇妙功能,而且不得不承认,就嗅觉言,在许多动物面前,人类只得自叹弗如。 嗅觉的产生主要依靠什么? In mammals, smells are detected by a thin layer of very sensitive cells in the nosecalled the olfactory epithelium (嗅觉上皮组织). 人类的嗅觉所以不如狗,原因就在于此: Humans only have about five square centimeters of thesc cells, while an Alsatian dog,for example, has 150 equare centimeters. 我们称smell为“气味”,其实并不科学。因为,smell也同样存在于水中。如: …but scents can be detected in water too. The hammerhead can detect blood at several hundred meters. 以下这句话,读者也许没有想到过,但言之有理: Sight and hearing provide information too, but in short lived messages. Theadvantage of scent is that it can remain for hours or days. 下面这一则信息真令人类叹?

Making Sense of Scents

Could a whiff of wintergreen revive drowsy drivers? A research project at Dowling College on New York’s Long Island aims to answer that question.Clifford Bragdon,the professor heading the project,says that previous re-