Probabilistic Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures in Marine Environments:Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis

A probabilistic framework for durability assessment of concrete structures in marine environments was proposed in terms of reliability and sensitivity analysis, which takes into account the uncertainties under the environmental,material, structural and executional conditions. A time-dependent probabilistic model of chloride ingress was established first to consider the variations in various governing parameters, such as the chloride concentration,chloride diffusion coefficient, and age factor. Then the Nataf transformation was adopted to transform the nonnormal random variables from the original physical space into the independent standard Normal space. After that the durability limit state function and its gradient vector with respect to the original physical parameters were derived analytically, based on which the first-order reliability method was adopted to analyze the time-dependent reliability and parametric sensitivity of concrete structures in marine environments. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by comparing with the second-order reliability method and the Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the influences of environmental conditions, material properties, structural parameters and execution conditions on the time-dependent reliability of concrete structures in marine environments were also investigated. The proposed probabilistic framework can be implemented in the decision-making algorithm for the maintenance and repair of deteriorating concrete structures in marine environments.

Grain-size features of aeolian sand on the east coast of Hainan Island and the revealed evolutionary processes of the sedimentary environment

The Mudui stratigraphic section represents the typical records of sedimentation processes of sand dunes and interdune depressions on the east coast of Hainan Island.Based on high-density sampling and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of the strata of the section,the grain-size composition,grain-size parameters,cumulative distribution probability curve,and grain-size-sensitivity indexes(SC/D) were analyzed.The analyzed results show that the grain-size features of aeolian sand,weakly developed sandy paleosol,two-facies(aeolian and aqueous) deposits,and lagoon deposits are all different.This indicates four evolutionary phases of the sedimentary environment of the east coast of Hainan Island since 38 ka B.P.Phase I:38-22 ka B.P.;phase II:22-17 ka B.P.;phase III:17-10 ka B.P.;phase IV:10 ka B.P.-present.The climate experienced the hot-wet/hot-dry,hot-wet/hot-dry,and warm-wet/hot-wet fluctuations,and the sedimentary environment also underwent lagoon deposition,dune and interdune depression deposition,dune stabilization and soil development,shifting sand deposition,and evolutionary processes.

Sediment texture and grain-size implications: the Changjiang subaqueous delta

Sediment cores were collected from the subaqueous delta of the Changjiang Estuary. Sediment grain-size profiles and their fractal dimensions were analyzed, to elucidate responses to long-term sedimentary processes. In addition, the environmental sensitive populations of grain size have been extracted. The sediment cores can be divided into two parts, according to the sedimentary structures present. The upper part （0-12 cm） is interpreted as being the active layer, which is influenced frequently by changes in the short-term hydrodynamic environment. The lower part extends from a depth of 12 cm, to the bottom of the core. The pattern of fluctuation is linked to sediment grain size. Moreover, two grain-size sensitive populations can be identified. The fine sensitive population is 6.0-7.2 μm, which is a similar grain size to the suspended sediment from up-river. The coarse sensitive population varies from 40.7 to 57.5 μm, revealing complex changes. Thus, the riverine inputs from the Changjiang River may be an important source, which contributes to seasonal fluctuations of grain-size distribution, over the area. The sediments, with grain-sizes ranging from 0.9 to 20.3 μm, are characterised by self-similar in the fractal non-scale region. The fraetal dimension is eonsistant with the grain-size parameter varatioins, which could be used as a replacement index to reveal and reconstruct the sedimentary environmental evolution.

Grain-size distribution characteristics of red sandy sediments in Dongjiang River valley,southern Nanling Mountains,during the MIS2 stage

Layer LJ3 of Linjiang stratigraphic section in Dongjiang River valley in the south of the Nanling Mountains is a set of red sandy sediments.Measured by thermoluminescence(TL) dating,it was found to be formed in MIS2-9,500 ± 800 yr to 19,600 ± 1,800 yr B.P.After analy-sis of the grain sizes of the 16 samples(LJ3-100 to LJ3-85) in this layer,it was discovered that(1) The contents of each grain group in dif-ferent samples are similar.(2) The values of Md,Mz,,Sk,and Kg vary from LJ3-100 to LJ3-85 in a narrow range.(3) The segments of each sample in the accumulative curves extend parallel with similar slopes.All the three aspects reveal the Aeolian characteristics of Layer LJ3.Therefore,it is thought that Layer LJ3 consists of red sandy sediments formed in MIS2 in the south of Nanling Mountain,which reflects the arid climate at that time.

Historic Environment and Cultural Sensitivity： Ottoman Neighborhood in Macedonia

The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.

The Evaluation of Eco-environmental Sensitivity in Ordos City

This paper aims to reveal the difference of eco-environmental sensitivity and its influencing factors in the study area through carrying out the eco-environmental sensitivity evaluation based on land ecological security for 8 counties of Ordos City. Using fragstats landscape pattern analysis,GIS space method and RS analysis,based on ground investigation,this paper uses information mining and data analysis to extract index data for every village in the study area,carry out comprehensive quantitative evaluation,and finally calculate the comprehensive scores of eco-environmental sensitivity of the areas. The paper concludes that the highly sensitive areas and extremely sensitive areas are mainly concentrated in the eastern region of the eastern hilly and gully region and southern region of the Mu Us Desert in Ordos. The main reasons include severe soil erosion in hilly and gully region and serious desertification in southern Mu Us Desert area. So it is necessary to strengthen ecological environment protection in local areas.

Wind dynamic environment and wind-sand erosion and deposition processes on different surfaces along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway,China

The Dunhuang–Golmud railway passes through different deserts in arid areas,especially drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi.The near-surface wind environment and wind-sand transport process vary due to different external factors,such as topography,vegetation,and regional climate,resulting in evident spatial differences in surface erosion and deposition.Consequently,the measures for preventing wind-sand hazards will differ.However,the mechanism and control theory of sand damage remain poorly understood.In this study,we used meteorological observation,three-dimensional(3D)laser scanning,and grain-size analysis to compare and evaluate the spatial distribution of wind conditions,sand erosion and deposition patterns,and grain composition in the drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway in China.Results show that the annual mean wind speed,the frequency of sand-driving wind,and the drift potential of sandy-gravel Gobi are higher than those of drifting-sand desert,indicating a greater wind strength in the sandy-gravel Gobi,which exhibits spatial heterogeneity in wind conditions.The major sediment components in sandy-gravel Gobi are very fine sand,fine sand,and medium sand,and that in drifting-sand desert are very fine sand and fine sand.We found that the sediment in the sandy-gravel Gobi is coarser than that in the drifting-sand desert based on mean grain size and sediment component.The spatial distributions of sand erosion and deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi and drifting-sand desert are consistent,with sand deposition mainly on the west side of the railway and sand erosion on the east side of the railway.The area of sand deposition in the drifting-sand desert accounts for 75.83%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.032 m;while the area of sand deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi accounts for 65.31%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.028 m,indicating greater deposition amounts in the drifting-sand desert due to the presence of more fine sediment components.However,the sand deposition is more concentrated with a greater thickness on the embankment and track in the sandy-gravel Gobi and is dispersed with a uniform thickness in the drifting-sand desert.The sand deposition on the track of the sandy-gravel Gobi mainly comes from the east side of the railway.The results of this study are helpful in developing the preventive measures and determining appropriate selection and layout measures for sand control.

Availability of Heat Conduction for Environmental Control Method to Improving Thermal Environment and Preventing Oversensitivity to Cold and Air-Conditioning Disease on Female Office Workers

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect localized heating of the feet has on physiological and psychological reactions of female in an air-conditioned environment in summer. In Japan, female office workers wear less clothing than their male counterparts. In an air-conditioned office space in summer, female conducts thermoregulation by putting on cardigans, etc. but this action does not greatly contribute to improving conditions for the legs and feet, the lower extremities of the body. The improvement of sensational and physiological temperature by localized warming of the body can contribute to a healthy working environment for female office workers, their safety, and a reduction in air conditioning’s energy expenditure. We used the indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF to investigate the effect localized heating of the feet has on human physiological and psychological response in an air-conditioned environment in summer. The result of heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed more strongly as a psychological effect than as a whole-body physiological effect. Heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was a thermal environment factor that compensates for a low temperature in whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort. The effect of heating due to heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed in the change in sole-of- the-foot skin temperature. Applying slight heat conduction by means of heating via the sole of the foot demonstrated the result of improved whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort.

Sensitivity Assessment and Optimization Strategy of Climatic Environment in Central Urban Area of Beijing

As one of the methods of urban environmental assessment,sensitivity assessment of urban climatic environment can accurately reflect the problem areas of current urban climate and built environment through visual means,and help cities to carry out sustainable transformation and renewal in the stock era to optimize the living environment.Taking the central urban area of Beijing as the research object,the sensitivity of climatic environment was evaluated by meteorological data and built environment element data.The results showed that the distribution of sensitive units showed a centrifugal radiation pattern of"high in the center and low in the periphery".Block units with high climate sensitivity were mostly concentrated in Xicheng District and Dongcheng District,accounting for 93%of the total number of units.Further research showed that complex built environment and lack of elements to regulate climatic environment were the main reasons for the poor local climatic environment in the region with high climate sensitivity.Finally,a comprehensive evaluation of the remolding capacity,renewal potential and future development intensity of different grades of climate sensitive units was given.The results will provide scientific reference for urban renewal and reconstruction under climatic and environmental changes,so as to promote urban sustainable development and improvement of living environment.

East Asia Winter Monsoon changes inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records during the last 2300 years in mud area southwest off Cheju Island,ECS

Environmentally sensitive grain-size component (ESGSC) extracted from grain-size data of a sediment core B2, which were retrieved from mud area southwest off Cheju Island (MACI), East China Sea (ECS), can be used to indicate the variations of East Asia Winter Monsoon (EAWM), with high (low) content/mean-size of ESGCS denote to strong (weak) EAWM. Combined with AMS14C datings core B2 provides a continuous high-resolution record of EAWM changes over the past 2300 years, with an average resolution of 13 years. The results show that the variations of EAWM are con-sistent with temperature changes inferred from historical documents in eastern China over the past 2300 years, from which four climate stages may be identified. In stages before 1900 aBP (50 AD) and 1450―780 aBP (50―1170 AD) the EAWM were comparatively weak, corresponding to warm climate periods in eastern China, respectively. And in stages of 1900―1450 aBP (50―500 AD) and 780―219 aBP (1170―1731 AD) the EAWM were strongly developed, which correspond well to climate changes of two cold periods in eastern China. It is also shown from this study that the stage at 780―219 aBP (1170―1731 AD) was the coldest climate period during the last 2300 years and could be, therefore, related to the Little Ice Age (LIA). Climatic fluctuations appeared obviously in all the four stages, and two climate events of abrupt changes from warm to cold occurred at around 1900 aBP (50 AD) and 780 aBP (1170 AD), of which the latter is probably related to globe-scale changes of atmospheric circulation at that time.

极端环境隧道建造面临的主要问题及发展趋势

聚焦艰险山区、深水海域与城市敏感区3类极端环境,全面梳理和总结了在此环境下隧道建造面临的主要问题、相关技术突破和未来发展趋势。针对艰险山区中极高地应力、高地温、高海拔以及活动断裂带等极端条件,总结分析围岩和隧道的变形机制、破坏机制及防护措施,并指出未来可通过大数据、机器学习等手段建立更精准的预测模型,以实现隧道建造过程的实时监控和风险评估;针对深水海域中高水压、高烈度地震、强侵蚀环境等极端条件,分析多因素耦合下沉管法及盾构法隧道管片及接头的劣损和破坏机制,总结提升其力学和耐久性能的主要技术措施,并提出未来仍需针对海底隧道管片接头的防水、抗震及抗侵蚀性能开展更深入的研究,以形成完整的理论和技术体系;针对城市敏感区隧道穿越既有隧道、敏感建构筑物、地下障碍物等挑战,总结分析盾构法和顶管法施工环境响应规律、地层变形评估方法和控制技术措施,提出未来可采用机器学习等技术辅助隧道建设,以提升预测和控制的准确性,减小建设过程对城市环境的扰动。目前,相关研究成果为极端环境下的隧道工程建设提供了重要支撑,但部分技术仍需进一步在实践中完善并形成规范,以指导后续的工程建设;而随着新一代信息技术的发展,未来隧道建造必将朝着数字化、智能化、自动化的方向发展,从而保障极端环境下隧道建设的安全、绿色、高效。

基于EnKF的水光互补系统适应性调度规则敏感性分析

水光互补是解决电力能源供应问题、构建低碳能源体系、实现“双碳”目标的重要举措。采用集合卡尔曼滤波对线性调度函数的参数进行动态更新,构建了水光互补中长期适应性调度规则,并以龙羊峡水光互补电站为研究对象,在同化过程中引入预测误差、观测误差及集合规模3个不确定性参数,分析了不确定性参数取值对模型时变参数和运行结果的影响,并对参数的敏感性进行了定性分析。结果表明,预测误差、观测误差及集合规模对模型时变参数和运行结果没有显著影响,三者均不是敏感性参数。研究结果可为集合卡尔曼滤波参数不确定性分析及多能互补系统适应性调度研究提供参考。

电磁波击落无人机的机理剖析和验证

民用无人机大量普及,飞行故障不断出现。为提高强电磁环境下无人机的电磁防护能力,快速准确定位敏感部件及干扰传播路径,提出一种无人机近场注入噪声技术方案,通过向无人机注入交变电场和磁场干扰,以重现无人机在强电磁环境下的跌落现象。文章介绍了敏感部件及敏感性质、干扰入侵路径、受扰阈值的确认方法,对无人机进行电磁防护加固措施的验证具有一定的参考意义。

渠式切割水泥土连续墙的应用和发展

作为超深、等厚、连续、可靠的截水挡土帷幕,渠式切割水泥土连续墙在国内有广泛应用。本文概括了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在国内的引进、应用和发展历程。结合对国内200多个既有应用案例的统计分析,研究了渠式切割水泥土连续墙的施工设备保有情况、成墙深度范围、常用墙体厚度和主要应用场景;罗列了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在复杂地层施工的辅助措施以及典型案例;指出了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在敏感环境微扰动施工的控制要点;介绍了渠式切割预制装配式混凝土连续墙的设计要求和用途,尤其是内插预制板材的截面设计和制造工艺;最后用工程实例表明渠式切割预制装配式混凝土连续墙同时继承了渠式切割微扰动和地下连续墙支护刚度好的特点,无论是切割成墙期间还是土方开挖期间,施工对周边环境的影响都较小。

基于声压敏感核的水下声场地声参数敏感性分析

使用有限频敏感核研究了水下声场对地声参数的敏感特性。利用一阶Born近似推导了接收信号复声压对海底声速变化的敏感核,采用波数积分方法仿真计算声场,得到了不同频段下海底敏感核的幅值及空间分布,分析了不同频段水下声场对海底地声参数的敏感特性。在近距离上结合南黄海海域多道地震实验数据,对利用声压敏感核的幅度进行海底参数敏感特性分析的可行性进行了验证。将该分析方法推广至典型地声环境下,仿真结果表明,近距离传播条件下甚低频段声传播需考虑深达岩石层的地声参数的影响;中高频段则仅需计入多种固结程度沉积层的影响,沉积层下可视为半无限均匀基底。而对于远距离传播,所需考虑的海底层数及深度可根据敏感核的分布相应减小。此外,通过仿真分层海底底质参数对传播损失及时频特性的影响验证了上述结论。

复杂敏感环境城区隧道爆破振动及噪声控制技术

为了避免和减少隧道爆破振动及噪声对复杂敏感环境城区的影响,以珠海板障山新增隧道为例,采用数值模拟和现场爆破试验的方法,对不同掏槽眼延期时间下既有隧道迎爆侧进行爆破振动监测。发现掏槽眼延期时间4 ms时,既有隧道迎爆侧爆破振速最小。同时,针对隧道进口段周边建筑物繁多、爆破噪声大、飞石迸溅的问题,进行了炮孔封堵和防飞石的试验。设计发明了一种新型炮孔堵塞装置,在装药量增大情况下,爆破噪声能够控制在允许范围内。在洞口采用联合防护门帘,减少了飞石迸溅的风险。可为复杂敏感环境城区隧道爆破振动和噪声控制提供参考。

高海拔山区土地生态敏感性评价——以张家口市崇礼区为例

高海拔山区的生态环境相对脆弱,水土流失风险更高,但对相关地区的生态敏感性评价却十分少见。本文以河北省张家口市崇礼区为研究区域,选取水环境、地质环境和土壤环境三类重要生态因子,对其生态敏感性进行叠加分析,得到崇礼区土地生态敏感性评价结果,总结其分布规律从而提出相应的生态治理措施。分析结果表明,崇礼区土地可分为重度敏感区、中度敏感区、轻度敏感区和非敏感区。其中,以非敏感区为主,占比49.43%,主要分布在东北部和南部;轻度敏感区占比31.85%,与非敏感类型区交相分布,可适度进行土地建设;中度敏感类型面积较大,占比13.20%,主要分布在东北部的低山区、西部的沿河流地带以及中部的低山丘陵区,可对区域内存在的突出问题进行重点治理;重度敏感区面积占比5.52%,分布在西沟和中沟南部城镇周围,作为核心生态修复区域。本研究可为高海拔山区土地生态敏感性评价提供科学的研究方法,为国土空间规划生态修复相关研究提供科学依据。

双氰基二苯代乙烯型双光子荧光温度敏感探针

对二甲苯分别经过亲电取代、亲核取代、α-位溴代和亲核取代消除反应得到1,4-二氰基-2-甲基-5-(二乙基磷酰基甲基)苯(Ⅴ);咔唑经过亲核取代反应得到中间体4-(9-咔唑基)-苯甲醛(Ⅶ);中间体Ⅴ与Ⅶ经维蒂希-霍纳尔反应得到目标化合物2,5-二氰基-4-甲基-4′-(9-咔唑基)二苯乙烯(供体-π-受体,D-π-A)(SP),反应总产率达45.5%。SP的溶剂生色范围由412 nm(环己烷)红移至541 nm(二甲基亚砜)(最大发射波长),SP具有非常大的双光子吸收截面(δTPA=6930 GM)和高的荧光量子产率[Φ=0.992(环己烷)],其荧光强度对溶剂极性和温度显示很强的依赖性。在单光子荧光发射(OPE)和双光子荧光发射(TPE)谱图中,SP的单、双光子荧光发射强度与温度之间的线性相关系数(R^(2))均>0.998,表达式分别为IF=–0.0141θ+1.2881(OPE)和IF=–0.0143θ+1.2698(TPE)[IF为荧光强度,θ为温度(℃)]。

我国土壤环境基准受试无脊椎动物筛选研究

为筛选土壤环境基准受试土壤无脊椎动物,依据其生态学意义、地理分布范围等选出具有代表性的本土土壤无脊椎动物,从公开发表的文献、ECOTOX等权威数据库中搜集其毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布法对土壤无脊椎动物的物种毒性数据进行敏感性分析。结果表明:环节动物门正蚓科的爱胜蚓属(赤子爱胜蚓、安德爱胜蚓)、正蚓属(陆正蚓、粉正蚓)、异唇蚓属(背暗异唇蚓)、带丝蚓科的带丝蚓属(夹杂带丝蚓)、钜蚓科的环毛蚓属(威廉环毛蚓)、线蚓科的白线蚓属(球肾白线蚓、白线蚓)可作为土壤环节动物类基准受试生物;节肢动物门长角科的长角属(白符■、跳虫、曲毛裸长■)、等节科的等节属(小原等节■)、洼甲螨科的平懒甲螨属(盾平懒甲螨)可作为土壤节肢动物类基准受试生物;软体动物门玛瑙螺科的玛瑙螺属(非洲大蜗牛)可作为土壤软体动物类基准受试生物;线虫动物门小杆线虫科的广杆线虫属(秀丽隐杆线虫)、异皮线虫科的根结线虫属(南方根结线虫)可作为土壤线虫动物类基准受试生物。根据毒性数据筛选获得17种土壤无脊椎动物分属4门、15科,可以作为土壤环境基准受试生物。

基于增温敏感性指数的城市功能区升温效应空间分异研究

利用福州市三环内的POI数据和Place2vec模型识别城市功能区,并在此基础上分析各功能区的热场等级空间分异特征,借助增强回归树算法(Boosting Regression Tree, BRT)构建功能区增温敏感性指数,对不同功能区在地表升温过程中的敏感性差异进行定量测度,进而对区域尺度上的城市热环境空间分异机制进行深入探讨。结果表明:1)基于Place2vec模型的城市功能区识别结果具有较高的精度;2)除绿地与广场区外的4类功能区均具有高温现象,其中产业区的热场强度最高;3)各类功能区整体增温敏感性由高至低依次是:产业区、生活服务与住宅区、商业区、公共管理与服务区、绿地与广场区;不同升温阶段的功能区增温敏感性存在差异,在高温梯度下差异显著;地表覆被增温敏感性具有明显的功能区域分异特征。