Classification of Conversational Sentences Using an Ensemble Pre-Trained Language Model with the Fine-Tuned Parameter

Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requires more syntactic elements.Most existing strategies focus on the general semantics of a conversation without involving the context of the sentence,recognizing the progress and comparing impacts.An ensemble pre-trained language model was taken up here to classify the conversation sentences from the conversation corpus.The conversational sentences are classified into four categories:information,question,directive,and commission.These classification label sequences are for analyzing the conversation progress and predicting the pecking order of the conversation.Ensemble of Bidirectional Encoder for Representation of Transformer(BERT),Robustly Optimized BERT pretraining Approach(RoBERTa),Generative Pre-Trained Transformer(GPT),DistilBERT and Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding(XLNet)models are trained on conversation corpus with hyperparameters.Hyperparameter tuning approach is carried out for better performance on sentence classification.This Ensemble of Pre-trained Language Models with a Hyperparameter Tuning(EPLM-HT)system is trained on an annotated conversation dataset.The proposed approach outperformed compared to the base BERT,GPT,DistilBERT and XLNet transformer models.The proposed ensemble model with the fine-tuned parameters achieved an F1_score of 0.88.

Review of Research on English Translation of Chinese Running Sentences

In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one clause,which is common in human languages.”Domestic research on running sentences includes discussions on defining the concept and structural features of running sentences,sentence properties,sentence pattern classifications and their criteria,as well as issues related to translating running sentences into English.This article primarily focuses on scholarly research into the English translation of running sentences in China,highlighting recent achievements and identifying existing issues in the study of running sentence translation.However,by reviewing literature on the translation of running sentences,it is found that current research in the academic community on non-core running sentences is limited.Therefore,this paper proposes relevant strategies to address this issue.

Sentence及其结构研究——以古典主义时期作品为例

文章以sentence为研究对象,一方面对国内外曲式学教材及相关文献展开概念比较、辨析与理论梳理,阐明其基本概念与内部结构;另一方面则以古典主义时期作品为分析实例,讨论这种特定主题(句法)的“结构范型”、并进一步对其“结构变形”的情况进行归类。

CiteOpinion: Evidence-based Evaluation Tool for Academic Contributions of Research Papers Based on Citing Sentences

Purpose:To uncover the evaluation information on the academic contribution of research papers cited by peers based on the content cited by citing papers,and to provide an evidencebased tool for evaluating the academic value of cited papers.Design/methodology/approach:CiteOpinion uses a deep learning model to automatically extract citing sentences from representative citing papers;it starts with an analysis on the citing sentences,then it identifies major academic contribution points of the cited paper,positive/negative evaluations from citing authors and the changes in the subjects of subsequent citing authors by means of Recognizing Categories of Moves(problems,methods,conclusions,etc.),and sentiment analysis and topic clustering.Findings:Citing sentences in a citing paper contain substantial evidences useful for academic evaluation.They can also be used to objectively and authentically reveal the nature and degree of contribution of the cited paper reflected by citation,beyond simple citation statistics.Practical implications:The evidence-based evaluation tool CiteOpinion can provide an objective and in-depth academic value evaluation basis for the representative papers of scientific researchers,research teams,and institutions.Originality/value:No other similar practical tool is found in papers retrieved.Research limitations:There are difficulties in acquiring full text of citing papers.There is a need to refine the calculation based on the sentiment scores of citing sentences.Currently,the tool is only used for academic contribution evaluation,while its value in policy studies,technical application,and promotion of science is not yet tested.

Markedness and UG in Chinese Children's Acquisition of One-word and Negative Sentences

Thepresentstudyisaninvestigationandanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenmarkednessandfirstlanguageacquisitionsequence,asshowninthecasesofone-wordandnegativesentences.Hereourobjectivesaretoargueforthepriorityofunmarkednessovermarkednessintheacquisitionsequ...

The Contrasts of English Sentences and Chinese Sentences and Translation Skills

Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.

Information mining and similarity computation for semi-/un-structured sentences from the social data

In recent years,with the development of the social Internet of Things(IoT),all kinds of data accumulated on the network.These data,which contain a lot of social information and opinions.However,these data are rarely fully analyzed,which is a major obstacle to the intelligent development of the social IoT.In this paper,we propose a sentence similarity analysis model to analyze the similarity in people’s opinions on hot topics in social media and news pages.Most of these data are unstructured or semi-structured sentences,so the accuracy of sentence similarity analysis largely determines the model’s performance.For the purpose of improving accuracy,we propose a novel method of sentence similarity computation to extract the syntactic and semantic information of the semi-structured and unstructured sentences.We mainly consider the subjects,predicates and objects of sentence pairs and use Stanford Parser to classify the dependency relation triples to calculate the syntactic and semantic similarity between two sentences.Finally,we verify the performance of the model with the Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus(MRPC),which consists of 4076 pairs of training sentences and 1725 pairs of test sentences,and most of the data came from the news of social data.Extensive simulations demonstrate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods regarding the correlation coefficient and the mean deviation.

A New Method for Calculating Similarity between Sentences and Application on Automatic Abstracting

Sentence similarity computing plays an important role in machine question-answering systems, machine-translation systems, information retrieval and automatic abstracting systems. This article firstly sums up several methods for calculating similarity between sentences, and brings out a new method which takes all factors into consideration including critical words, semantic information, sentential form and sen-tence length. And on this basis, a automatic abstracting system based on LexRank algorithm is implemented. We made several improvements in both sentence weight computing and redundancy resolution. The system described in this article could deal with single or multi-document summarization both in English and Chinese. With evaluations on two corpuses, our system could produce better summaries to a certain degree. We also show that our system is quite insensitive to the noise in the data that may result from an imperfect topical clustering of documents. And in the end, existing problem and the developing trend of automatic summariza-tion technology are discussed.

Teaching the Conditional Sentences to ESL Learners

This paper aims to explore how learners of English as a second language(ESL)acquire English conditional sentences and what causes their difficulties,especially focusing on how their native languages affect their acquisition of the conditional sentences.Interviews were carried out with four undergraduate ESL students of University of Central Oklahoma in the United States who are respectively Chinese,Korean,French,and Greek.By conducting interviews with them,the participants’perceptions of acquiring English conditional sentences will be collected and analyzed.There will be some typical errors of constructing conditional sentences demonstrated.Moreover,some pedagogical implications will also be provided,which will help students have a better command of the conditional sentences.

Syntactic Study on Existential Sentences and Inspiration for the Teaching

As a special construction,existential sentences(ES) are wildly used in English.However,the Chinese,having different grammatical system,master this construction with much attention,occurring different levels of mistakes during each period of learning.In this paper,the author tries to study on ES from the syntactic perspective and provide some help for English teaching through the result of an experiment.

Studying English Ambiguous Sentences from Syntax Perspective

In daily communication, people often make misunderstanding because of the ambiguous phenomenon. However, by reason of using the ambiguous well, some people have endless remarks. To avoiding misunderstanding and making the ambiguous sentences play the positive effect better, this paper will analyze ambiguous sentences according to the types of ambiguous sentences from the Syntax perspective.

Evidence for the Hierarchical Structure of Sentences Revisited

To reveal invariant properties of human languages is one of the central goals of modern generative grammar.Hierarchical feature of sentence construction, one of the key notions in this regard, reflects one of the most widely accepted invariant properties of human languages. However,researchers also challenge this point and argue that languages differ fundamentally from one another so that it is very hard to find any single structural property which they share. This paper revisits the evidence for the hierarchical structure of sentences from the principle of structure dependence in first and second language acquisition and argues that the recognition of hierarchical structure of sentences is essential to any linguistic exploration.

An Analysis of Translating Techniques of Long and Complex English Sentences

Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clauses and the flexible use of all kinds of prepositional phrases and participle phrases, which lead to complex sentence structures and varied constituent relationships, and bring great difficulties to English-Chinese translation practice. The paper concludes that, in the translation of long and complex English sentences, the translator should first figure out the logic relationship of the original text, and then, according to the Chinese expression customs, make a flexible use of various translation methods and techniques, and finally he can get a faithful and smooth translated text.

Windowing and Gapping in Imperative Sentences: on the Basis of Talmy's"Causal-chain Windowing"Approach

This paper intends to analyze the six types of English imperative sentences proposed by Chen (1984) from a perspective of causal-chain windowing. It comes to the conclusions that Talmy's causal-chain windowing approach as well as the cognitive underpinnings of causal windowing and gapping is proved to be applicable in English imperative structures, and that generally speaking, the final portion of an imperative sentence is always windowed while the intermediate portions gapped.

A Study of Characteristics and Translation of Existential Sentences in Chinese and English

The syntactic characteristics of existential sentences (ES) in Chinese and English are systematically discussed. Chinese existential sentences have three major components: A, B, and C, i.e., the locative phrase, the existential verb, and the existential noun phrase. English existential sentences consist of the expletive “there”, existential verb, existential noun or noun phrase and locative phrase. In terms of syntactic characteristics, similarities and dissimilarities coexist. When translating ES in Chinese and English, some important skills are needed, such as replacement of locative phrase, addition or deletion of “there”, adjustment of verbs, and the change of determiners before the existential noun.

A Combinatorial Analysis of Tree-Like Sentences

A sentence over a finite alphabet A, is a finite sequence of non-empty words over A. More generally, we define a graphical sentence over A by attaching a non-empty word over A to each arrow and each loop of a connected directed graph (digraph, for short). Each word is written according to the direction of its corresponding arrow or loop. Graphical sentences can be used to encode sets of sentences in a compact way: the readable sentences of a graphical sentence being the sentences corresponding to directed paths in the digraph. We apply combinatorial equations on enriched trees and rooted trees, in the context of combinatorial species and Pólya theories, to analyze parameters in classes of tree-like sentences. These are graphical sentences constructed on tree-like digraphs.

An Analysis Into Ba Sentences Under Image Schema Theory——A Case Study of Words of Fire——Poems by Jidi Majia

The Ba sentence is unique existence in Chinese. There is no corresponding sentence pattern in English. Thus, the translation of Ba sentences is a challenge for translators. Even with the myriad analyses on the translation of Ba sentences, small quantity of them demonstrates the correctness and the reading effect of the translation by using a specific theory. And the image schema theory reflects the projects between the source domain and the target domain, while in the translation analysis there are schemata in the source language and the target language. So the paper does comparisons of schemata between the source text and the target text of Ba sentences, which are chosen from the English translation of Words of Fire—Poems by Jidi Majia translated by Denis Mair. After the demonstration, the following conclusions are found: First, the schema of the sentence is decided by verbs of the Ba sentences, rather than by the sentence structures;second, the image schema is a feasible tool to check correctness of Ba sentences translation.

Metaphors in English Passive Sentences

Passive voice is frequently used in English language, and generally speaking, the subject is acted upon by the verb, and the actor must be someone or something else in passive voice sentences. However, what requires noticing and deserves study is that, apart from the congruent expression from passive sentences, in English there also exist a variety of non-congruence within some passive sentences, namely, metaphoric uses. This paper, based on Halliday＇s theory about metaphor and having conducted detailed analyses on some English passive sentences, reveals a noticing phenomenon that some passive sentences are used in a style of metaphor, including transitivity metaphor, modality metaphor, and tense metaphor.

Translation Strategies of Long and Difficult Journalistic Sentences From the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation Theory

Peter Newmark’s semantic translation and communicative translation theories play a guiding role in translation practice.Translating long and difficult English sentences into Chinese has been a focus of study among translators.The paper explores how to translate long and difficult journalistic English sentences into Chinese from the perspective of semantic translation and communicative translation theories,advancing four effective translating strategies for handling long and difficult journalistic English sentences:sequential translation,splitting translation,reversing translation,and recasting translation,so as to improve the readability and faithfulness of the Chinese version.

The C-E Translation Strategies of Run-on Sentences

Run-on sentences are used frequently in daily life and literature;however,there is no corresponding sentence pattern in English.Therefore,it is challenging for translators to render run-on sentences into idiomatic English.This paper introduces the definition,classification,and the translation of run-on sentences,aiming to summarize the common rules of its translation.