The superhydrophobic sponge decorated with Ni-Co double layered oxides with thiol modification for continuous oil/water separation

In this paper, the superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge(SS-PU) was facilely fabricated by etching with Jones reagent to bind the nanoparticles of Ni-Co double layered oxides(LDOs) on the surface, and following modification with n-dodecyl mercaptan(DDT). This method provides a new strategy to fabricate superhydrophobic PU sponge with a water contact angle of 157° for absorbing oil with low cost and in large scale. It exhibits the strong absorption capacity and highly selective characteristic for various kinds of oils which can be recycled by simple squeezing. Besides, the as-prepared sponge can deal with the floating and underwater oils, indicating its application value in handling oil spills and domestic oily wastewater. The good self-cleaning ability shows the potential to clear the pollutants due to the ultralow adhesion to water. Especially, the most important point is that the superhydrophobic sponge can continuously and effectively separate the oil/water mixture against the condition of turbulent disturbance by using our designed device system, which exhibit its good superhydrophobicity, strong stability.Furthermore, the SS-PU still maintained stable absorption performance after 150 cycle tests without losing capacity obviously, showing excellent durability in long-term operation and significant potential as an efficient absorbent in large-scale dispose of oily water.

Low-frequency and broadband vibration energy harvester driven by mechanical impact based on layer-separated piezoelectric beam

Vibration energy harvesting is to transform the ambient mechanical energy to electricity. How to reduce the resonance frequency and improve the conversion efficiency is very important. In this paper, a layer-separated piezoelectric cantilever beam is proposed for the vibration energy harvester(VEH) for low-frequency and wide-bandwidth operation, which can transform the mechanical impact energy to electric energy. First,the electromechanical coupling equation is obtained by the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.Based on the average method, the approximate analytical solution is derived and the voltage response is obtained. Furthermore, the physical prototype is fabricated, and the vibration experiment is conducted to validate the theoretical principle. The experimental results show that the maximum power of 0.445 μW of the layer-separated VEH is about3.11 times higher than that of the non-impact harvester when the excitation acceleration is 0.2 g. The operating frequency bandwidth can be widened by increasing the stiffness of the fundamental layer and decreasing the gap distance of the system. But the increasing of operating frequency bandwidth comes at the cost of reducing peak voltage. The theoretical simulation and the experimental results demonstrate good agreement which indicates that the proposed impact-driving VEH device has advantages for low-frequency and wide-bandwidth. The high performance provides great prospect to scavenge the vibration energy in environment.

The research progress and prospect for the technology of controlling surface subsidence by grouting separated layer in overburden at coal mines in China

The developed process and theoretical achievement for the technology of controlling surface subsidence by grouting separated layer in overburden is summarized in this paper. The research progress of the technology is discussed synthetically on the basis of practice and research results obtained at coal mine of China in recent years. According to the development tendency of mining under buildings, water bodies and railroads and the properties of the technology, the future research direction is proposed.

ON SEPARATED SHEAR LAYER OF BLUNT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Separated shear layer of blunt circular cylinder has been experimentally investigated for the Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter) ranging from 2.8 x 10(3) to 1.0 x 10(5), with emphasis on evolution of separated shear layer, its structure and distribution of Reynolds shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy. The results demonstrate that laminar separated shear layer experiences 2 similar to 3 times vortex merging before it reattaches, and turbulence separated shear layer takes 5 similar to 6 times vortex merging. In addition, relationship between dimensionless initial frequencies of K-H instability and Reynolds numbers is identified, and reasons for the decay of turbulence kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress in reattachment region are discussed.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Correlation between plate age and layer separation of double seismic zones

Global seismicity catalogs are sufficient for characterizing double seismic zones （DSZs） in subducting slab and facilitate to estimate layer separation without inconsistent uncertainties as local catalogs. Previous studies have shown the correlation between DSZs layer separation and plate age while correlation for those younger than -60 Ma is suspicious. The lacking of DSZs with layer separation less than 10 km further makes it difficult to precisely estimate such correlation. Thus, we incorporate eight DSZs data determined through local seismicity into globally-determined dataset and reexamine such correlation. The best fitting results show that both a linear model and a square root of plate age can mathematically fit the layer separation well. However, it is difficult to distinguish these two models when plate age is greater than -20 Ma since their difference is less than 2 km. However, if extrapolation is possible, both models should provide physical information that DSZs will not form if there is no subducting lithosphere. As a result, the DSZs cannot be produced until the oceanic lithospheric age becomes greater than 0.9 Ma in the square root model while the linear model gives a misleading result. As such the square root model demonstrates the relationship physically better than the linear one, it still needs further test in the future with more available data, nevertheless, our study might also provide evidence for the suggestion that the plate age is a primary control factor of the DSZs geometry as well as the subducting process which disregards any local tectonic stresses.

TURBULENT SEPARATED REATTACHED FLOW IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CURVED-WALL DIFFUSER

A turbulent separation-rcattachment flow in a two-dimensional asymmetrical curved-wall diffuser is studied by a two-dimensional laser doppler velocimeter.The turbulent boundary layer separates on the lower curved wall under strong pressure gradient and then reattaches on a parallel channel.At the inlet of the diffuser,Reynolds number based on the diffuser height is 1.2×10~5 and the velocity is 25.2m/s.The re- sults of experiments are presented and analyzed in new defined streamline-aligned coordinates.The experiment shows that after Transitory Detachment Reynolds shear stress is negative in the near-wall backflow region. Their characteristics are approximately the same as in simple turbulent shear layers near the maximum Reynolds shear stress.A scale is formed using the maximum Reynolds shear stresses.It is found that a Reynolds shear stress similarity exists from separation to reattachment and the Schofield-Perry velocity law ex- ists in the forward shear flow.Both profiles are used in the experimental work that leads to the design of a new eddy-viscosity model.The length scale is taken from that developed by Schofield and Perry.The composite velocity scale is formed by the maximum Reynolds shear stress and the Schofield Perry velocity scale as well as the edge velocity of the boundary layer.The results of these experiments are presented in this paper

NATURE OF THE SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER FLUCTUATION IN A HYPERSONIC SEPARATED TURBULENT FLOW

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the unsteady nature of a hypersonic sepa- rated turbulent flow.The nominal test conditions were a freestream Mach number of 7.8 and a unit Reynolds number of 3.5x10^7/m.The separated flow was generated using finite span forward facing steps.An array of flush mounted high spatial resolution and fast response platinum film resistance thermometers was used to make mul- ti-channel measurements of the fluctuating surface heat trtansfer within the separated flow.Conditional sampling ana- lysis of the signals shows that the root of separation shock wave consists of a series of compression wave extending over a streamwise length about one half of the incoming boundary layer thickness.The compression waves con- verge into a single leading shock beyond the boundary layer.The shock structure is unsteady and undergoes large-scale motion in the streamwise direction.The length scale of the motion is about 22 percent of the upstream influence length of the separation shock wave.There exists a wide band of frequency of oscillations of the shock system.Most of the frequencies are in the range of 1-3 kHz.The heat transfer fluctuates intermittently between the undisturbed level and the disturbed level within the range of motion of the separation shock wave.This inter mittent phenomenon is considered as the consequence of the large-scale shock system oscillations.Downstream of the range of shock wave motion there is a separated region where the flow experiences continuous compression and no intermittency phenomenon is observed.

Mathematical Formulation of Bubble Formation after Compressible Boundary Layer Separation: Preliminary Numerical Results

Laminar boundary layer (BL), under adverse pressure gradient, can separate. The separated shear layer reattaches to form a laminar separation bubble. Such bubbles are usually observed on gas turbine blades, on low Reynolds number wings and close to the leading edges of airfoils. Presence of bubbles has a weakening effect on the performance of a fluid device. The understanding of the prevailing mechanism of the separation bubble and ways to control it are essential for the efficient design of these devices. This is due to the significance of drag reduction in these various aerodynamic devices, such as gas turbines, re-entry space vehicles and airfoils. This study introduces a two-dimensional mathematical formulation of bubble formation after flow separation. The laminar BL equations with appropriate boundary conditions are dimensionalized using the Falkner-Skan transformation. Additionally, using the Keller-box method, the nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is numerically solved. This study presents preliminary numerical results of bubble formation in low Mach numbers. These results reveal that after separation, a laminar bubble is formed in all studied cases, for Mach numbers, M = 0.2, 0.33 and 1.0. The flow after separation reverses close to the wall and finally reattaches downstream, in a new location. As the Mach number increases, this effect is more intense. After reattachment, the BL is again established in a lower energy level and the velocity field is substantially reduced, for all cases.

Tuning the phase separation in La_(0.325)Pr_(0.3)Ca_(0.375)MnO_3 using the electric double-layer field effect

Electric double-layer field effect experiments were performed on ultrathin films of La0.325Pr0.3Ca0.375MnO3, which is noted for its micrometer-scale phase separation. A clear change of resistance up to 220% was observed and the characteristic metal-insulator transition temperature Tp was also shifted. The changes of both the resistance and Tp, suggest that the electric field induced not only tuning of the carrier density but also rebalancing of the phase separation states. The change of the charge-ordered insulating phase fraction was estimated to be temperature dependent, and a maximum of 16% was achieved in the phase separation regime. This tuning effect was partially irreversible, which might be due to an oxygen vacancy migration that is driven by the huge applied electric field.

Boron separation by adsorption and flotation with Mg-Al-LDHs and SDBS from aqueous solution

Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)have been shown to be effective adsorbents for boron.However,solid-liquid separation is still a problem when separating boron from industrial radioactive waste liquid.In this research,three types of Mg-Al-LDHs including Mg-Al-LDH(NO_(3)^(-)),Mg-Al-LDH(Cl^(-))and Mg-Al-LDH(SO_(4)^(2-))were applied to adsorb boron,and moreover sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)was used to float the LDH particles from aqueous solution after boron adsorption.The results showed that 60 min was sufficient for the equilibrium adsorption of the three LDHs.The boron adsorption capacity of three LDHs was determined as follows:Mg-Al-LDH(NO_(3)^(-))>Mg-Al-LDH(Cl^(-))>Mg-Al-LDH(SO_(4)^(2-)),and was 2.0,0.98 and 0.2 mmol·g^(-1),each ranging from 0 to 80 mmol·L^(-1)with the initial boron concentration.The efficiency of boron removal by Mg-Al-LDH(NO_(3)^(-))and SDBS can reach up to 89.7%.Furthermore,the boron flotation mechanism of SDBS and LDHs has been studied,since SDBS as a flotation agent can react with LDHs and penetrate into the interlayer of LDHs in addition to electrostatic attraction.Therefore,LDHs in solution can be floated onto the foam layer to be separated from the solution,and the clarified solution was obtained.The method is simple and promising for boron removal from aqueous solution.

Mechanics Principle and Engineering Application of Split Layer and Bed Separation of Mining Overburden

To control land surface subsidence caused the underground mineral exploitation and the catastrophic phenomena such as serious damage of buildings, waterbodies, cultivated lands, railways, bridges caused by land subsidence, bed separation grouting technology of overburden is put forward. To provide theoretical support for the technology, the characteristics and the mechanics mechanism of mining overburden from layer-split to formation of bed separation are studied. On the basis of elastic sheet board theory, calculation formula of rock sheet deflection is presented, and the mechanics criteria of the separation formation and the calculation formula of bed separation volume are set up. Finally, the applications and technics of bed separation grout technology of mining overburden to control land subsidence in china are introduced.

煤矿采动覆岩离层水害致灾因素勘查与预测评价

采动覆岩离层突水在我国各地矿区均较为常见且危害性较大,现有的规范中鲜有针对离层水害的具体工程地质和水文地质勘查方法。探索煤矿离层水害工程地质水文地质勘查与评价方法,能够推动我国矿井水害防治水平进一步提升。首先从煤矿采动覆岩高位离层水害孕灾机制出发,分析了离层水害从孕灾到致灾的工程地质条件,将我国现有的离层水害归纳为3种典型类型:离层动力突水、离层静水压涌突水和离层携泥砂突水。然后,确定了“水源”“通道”“力源”和“物源”为控制离层水害类型与强度的关键隐蔽致灾因素,将位于传统导水裂隙带以上,可发生离层突水的复合层位称为采动覆岩“突水离层带”,并提出了煤矿采动覆岩“突水离层带”的判别流程,划分勘查阶段,指明勘查要点。煤矿离层水害采前勘查应包括2个阶段:①开展覆岩基本工程地质和水文地质条件勘探,评估勘探区离层水害的可能性并确定潜在“突水离层带”的层位;②将“突水离层带”和“物源”层作为勘查目标层,开展离层水害致灾因素专项勘查,评定离层水害类型和强度。回采期间对水动力条件和覆岩裂隙演化进行探查。最后,基于离层水害致灾因素互馈演化致灾机制,建立了适用于采动覆岩离层水害的矿井区域预测综合评价模型,提出了全矿井/采区尺度的区域危险性分区、采前工作面突水位置判定及涌水量预计的煤矿采动覆岩离层水害预测评价方法。

CO_(2)分注井气嘴节流特性及矿场应用

为了解决CO_(2)分注井节流压差建立困难,气嘴易冲蚀的技术难题,通过构建CO_(2)物性变化的流动-传热耦合模型,揭示2级和3级节流气嘴的流场演化机制,优化设计气嘴结构、建立了绕流气嘴节流图版并开展现场应用。结果表明:流量为10 m3/d时,2级嘴径1.4 mm和3级嘴径1.6 mm的绕流气嘴分别能产生将近6 MPa和8 MPa的节流压差,证明绕流气嘴结构合理、性能可靠、能够达到调整层间压差的技术要求;参照气嘴图版优选的节流气嘴,现场应用20口井,节流压差可达4 MPa左右,调整后注入压力上升2.4 MPa,加强层相对吸气比例由9.7%上升至50.7%,有效调整了层间差异,解决了分注井小层吸气不均的问题。研究结果指导现场测调,为CO_(2)分注规模化应用提供技术支撑。

激波/湍流边界层干扰中的自适应控制技术

从激波/湍流边界层干扰机理以及流动控制的迫切需求入手,从自适应涡流发生器、自适应鼓包、自适应微射流以及自适应次流循环四个方面对激波/湍流边界层干扰中的自适应控制技术研究进展进行了总结。分析认为,结合AI技术发展自适应流动控制技术,加速控制方式智能化,可作为新一代高超声速飞行器宽速域飞行的重要技术手段。具体来说,就是通过调节外加激励对高超声速飞行器不同区域实现局部流动加/减速、气动热防护、气动控制等功能,根据流场参数建立控制反馈回路,自适应调整局部流场结构,以满足工程实际需求。

榆树林油田CCUS采油工程方案优化设计与实践

大庆榆树林油田扶杨油层属低孔、特低渗透储层,针对以往开发过程中存在注水困难、压裂有效期短、水驱开发难以有效动用的问题,开展CO_(2)驱油技术现场试验。从经济性、技术适应性、配套工艺成熟性等角度对采油工程方案进行综合评价,优选出单、双管分层注入工艺、高气液比举升工艺、注采两端个性化防腐工艺及物理化学组合解冻堵工艺等CCUS采油工程技术。结果表明:试验区投产初期及目前生产情况均达到了油藏预测指标;采出井平均泵效及检泵周期与外围油田平均水平相持平,注气井与采出井腐蚀速率小于行业指标;实现CO_(2)有效埋存108.9×10^(4) t,比水驱预测采出程度提高采收率4.39百分点,取得较好的驱油开发效果。研究成果为CCUS示范区的高效建设提供了技术支撑,开辟了大庆油田外围难采储量有效动用的新途径。

油液多层过滤去固分离及特性分析

针对油-固体系中单层滤网无法同时满足过滤精度高与使用寿命长的问题,采用多层过滤器并对其去固分离特性展开分析。通过耦合流场控制方程、颗粒运动方程、颗粒-壁面碰撞模型方程,建立了适用油-固体系的多层过滤数值分析模型,探究了油-固体系中多层过滤器的去固分离特性,分析了入口流速和滤网层数对流场特性及过滤比(β)的影响。结果表明:多层过滤器可有效过滤孔径与粒径比(k_(d))大于15的固体颗粒;增加滤网层数,d_(5)和d_(20)(β分别为5和20时对应的颗粒粒径)显著降低;增大入口流速,d_(5)和d_(20)变化较小;当β<5时,颗粒粒径的变化对过滤比的影响较小;当β>5时,颗粒粒径的小幅增大可能导致过滤比显著提高。

多尺度特征金字塔融合的街景图像语义分割

针对街景图像语义分割任务中的目标尺寸差异大、多尺度特征难以高效提取的问题,本文提出了一种语义分割网络(LDPANet).首先,将空洞卷积与引入残差学习单元的深度可分离卷积结合,来优化编码器结构,在降低了计算复杂度的同时缓解梯度消失的问题.然后利用层传递的迭代空洞空间金字塔,将自顶向下的特征信息依次融合,提高了上下文信息的有效交互能力;在多尺度特征融合之后引入属性注意力模块,使网络抑制冗余信息,强化重要特征.再者,以通道扩展上采样代替双线插值上采样作为解码器,进一步提升了特征图的分辨率.最后,LDPANet方法在Cityscapes和CamVid数据集上的精度分别达到了91.8%和87.52%,与近几年网络模型相比,本文网络模型可以精确地提取像素的位置信息以及空间维度信息,提高了语义分割的准确率.

河流下多煤层开采安全性及保护技术

我国新疆地区干旱缺水,艾维尔沟河作为新疆一条具有重要地理特征和环境影响的河流,其对于流经区域的经济、生态都具有重要意义,因此在艾维尔沟河下进行煤炭开采时,既要保证矿井安全也要保证河流的正常使用。采用理论分析、数值模拟等方法对河流下多煤层开采安全性及河流保护技术进行研究,通过理论计算得到多煤层开采条件下,覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度(11401工作面为41.9 m、1502工作面为110 m、11401工作面为113.8 m)并绘制剖面示意图;同时,采用数值模拟方法对覆岩导水裂缝发育形态及高度进行确定,最终基于导水裂隙带高度(117.8 m)与最小煤层埋藏深度(191.5 m)的相互关系,确定河流下开采是安全的可行的。在保证河流下煤层安全开采的前提下,通过分析离层注浆原理,并结合采动影响特征参数及工程现场,提出了以离层注浆为主,河道防渗及优化开采设计为辅的多手段对采动影响范围内地表特定目标的精准保护技术。根据实际采矿地质条件,采用概率积分法计算试采工作面开采前后河道位置处地表移动变形,计算结果显示:采用离层注浆精准保护技术后,河道的最大水平变形值(2 mm/m)未超出允许坝体的极限变形值(2.5 mm/m),所以采用离层注浆精准保护技术可以实现,井下安全开采的同时,保证河道的正常使用。通过对河流下多煤层开采的安全性及保护技术的分析研究,为矿山绿色开采提供参考和借鉴。