Kolmogorov’s Probability Spaces for “Entangled” Data-Subsets of EPRB Experiments: No Violation of Einstein’s Separation Principle

It is demonstrated that the use of Kolmogorov’s probability theory to describe results of quantum probability for EPRB (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm) experiments requires extreme care when different subsets of measurement outcomes are considered. J. S. Bell and his followers have committed critical inaccuracies related to spin-gauge and probability measures of such subsets, because they use exclusively a single probability space for all data sets and sub-sets of data. It is also shown that Bell and followers use far too stringent epistemological requirements for the consequences of space-like separation. Their requirements reach way beyond Einstein’s separation principle and cannot be met by the major existing physical theories including relativity and even classical mechanics. For example, the independent free will does not empower the experimenters to choose multiple independent spin-gauges in the two EPRB wings. It is demonstrated that the suggestion of instantaneous influences at a distance (supposedly “derived” from experiments with entangled quantum entities) is a consequence of said inaccuracies and takes back rank as soon as the Kolmogorov probability measures are related to a consistent global spin-gauge and permitted to be different for different data subsets: Using statistical interpretations and different probability spaces for certain subsets of outcomes instead of probability amplitudes related to single quantum entities, permits physical explanations without a violation of Einstein’s separation principle.

On stochastic optimal control of partially observable nonlinear quasi Hamiltonian systems

A stochastic optimal control strategy for partially observable nonlinear quasi Hamiltonian systems is proposed. The optimal control forces consist of two parts. The first part is determined by the conditions under which the stochastic optimal control problem of a partially observable nonlinear system is converted into that of a completely observable linear system. The second part is determined by solving the dynamical programming equation derived by applying the stochastic averaging method and stochastic dynamical programming principle to the completely observable linear control system. The response of the optimally controlled quasi Hamiltonian system is predicted by solving the averaged Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation associated with the optimally controlled completely observable linear system and solving the Riccati equation for the estimated error of system states. An example is given to illustrate the procedure and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Decoupling Adaptive Sliding Mode Observer Design for Wind Turbines Subject to Simultaneous Faults in Sensors and Actuators

This paper proposes an adaptive sliding mode observer(ASMO)-based approach for wind turbines subject to simultaneous faults in sensors and actuators.The proposed approach enables the simultaneous detection of actuator and sensor faults without the need for any redundant hardware components.Additionally,wind speed variations are considered as unknown disturbances,thus eliminating the need for accurate measurement or estimation.The proposed ASMO enables the accurate estimation and reconstruction of the descriptor states and disturbances.The proposed design implements the principle of separation to enable the use of the nominal controller during faulty conditions.Fault tolerance is achieved by implementing a signal correction scheme to recover the nominal behavior.The performance of the proposed approach is validated using a 4.8 MW wind turbine benchmark model subject to various faults.Monte-Carlo analysis is also carried out to further evaluate the reliability and robustness of the proposed approach in the presence of measurement errors.Simplicity,ease of implementation and the decoupling property are among the positive features of the proposed approach.

Design and analysis of switching reduced-order observer and separation principle for T-S fuzzy system

This paper designs and analyzes switching fuzzy reduced-order observer and proves that the corre- sponding separation principle does hold. A numerical simulation and comparison with smooth fuzzy full-order observer are given to assess switching fuzzy reduced-order observer and the validity of the separation principles.

Global Practical Exponential Stabilization for One-Sided Lipschitz Systems with Time Delay

This paper addresses the practical stabilization problem for a class of one-sided Lipschitz nonlinear time delay systems with external disturbances.In case there is no perturbation,the exponential convergence of the observer was confirmed.When external disturbances appear in the system,a separation principle is established,and the authors show that the closed loop system is exponentially practical stable.By choosing a suitable Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional,the authors derive new sufficient conditions to guarantee the exponential stability of the systems.Finally,a physical model is performed to prove the efficiency and applicability of the suggested approach.

量化反馈控制与估计的综述(英文)

This paper serves as a tutorial paper for a new area of research in control systems,namely,quantized feedback control and estimation. This area is motivated by the increasing need of incorporating communication networks in a control system. In such a framework,feedback information needs to be transmitted over a digital network,which results in a number of new challenges for estimation and control design. The focus of this paper is to introduce a number of recent results on the design of quantizers for the purposes of control design and state estimation. uantized feedback control,networked control,quantized estimation,robust control.

Recursive Least Squares Algorithm for a Nonlinear Additive System with Time Delay

This paper proposes a recursive least squares algorithm for a nonlinear additive system with time delay.By the Weierstrass approximation theorem and the key term separation principle, the model can be simplified as an identification model. Based on the identification model, a recursive least squares identification algorithm is used to estimate all the unknown parameters of the time-delayed additive system. An example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

International Corporate Taxation at a Crossroads

Transnational corporations(TNCs)act as unitary firms in an increasingly globalised economy,but taxes on their profits are levied by national states.Hence,international tax rules have from the start been riven by contradictory approaches:ei-ther to determine the taxable profits attributable to each separate constituent entity of the TNC in their jurisdiction by comparing them with independent firms conducting a similar business,or to tax an appropriate share of the TNC’s global profits appor-tioned by factors reflecting its activities within the jurisdiction.The separate entity principle became dominant,especially with the adoption of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines in 1995,but it gave a perverse incentive to TNCs to devise tax avoidance strategies,based on attributing high levels of profit to entities in countries where they would be taxed at low rates.The project on base erosion and profit shifting(BEPS)was mandated by the G20 to reform these rules so that TNCs could be taxed where their activities occur,signaling a return to the unitary principle.The latest proposals now adopt the principle of unitary taxation of TNCs,together with technical standards for formulary apportionment,but only as an overlay on top of existing rules based on the incompatible independent entity principle.A stable foundation for international tax depends on resolving this dilemma and agreeing a fair and balanced allocation of rights to tax TNCs’profits based on their real activities in each jurisdiction.