Dissolution of Aluminum in Variably Charged Soils as Affected by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids

Low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids exist widely in soils and play an important role in soil processes such as mineral weathering, nutrient mobilization and A1 detoxification. In this research, a batch experiment was conducted to examine the effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of aluminum in two variably charged soils, an Ultisol and an Oxisol. The results showed that the LMW organic acids enhanced the dissolution of A1 in the two investigated soils in the following order： citric 〉 oxalic 〉 malonic 〉 malic 〉 tartaric 〉 salicylic 〉 lactic 〉 maleic. This was generally in agreement with the magnitude of the stability constants for the Al-organic complexes. The effects of LMW organic acids on Al dissolution were greater in the Ultisol than in the Oxisol as compared to their controls. Also, the accelerating effects of citric and oxalic acids on dissolution of A1 increased with an increase in pH, while the effects of lactic and salicylic acids decreased. Additionally, when the organic acid concentration was less than 0.2 mmol L-I, the dissolution of A1 changed Iittle with increase in acid concentration. However, when the organic acid concentration was greater than 0.2 mmol L^-1,the dissolution of A1 increased with increase in acid concentration. In addition to the acid first dissociation constant and stability constant of Al-organic complexes, the promoting effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of A1 were also related to their sorption-desorption equilibrium in the soils.

Utilizing Water Treatment Residuals for Phosphorus Removal:Batch Trials,Column Trials and Effects of Three Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids

Phosphorus( P) has been recognized as a major limited nutrient responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters. Water treatment residuals( WTRs) are safe by-products of water treatment plants and are cost-efficient adsorbents. In this study, batch experiments and column experiments based on WTRs were employed to study the characteristics of P adsorption and the effects of lowmolecular-weight organic acids( LMWOAs)( citric acid, oxalic acid,and tartaric acid) on P adsorption. Different models of adsorption were used to describe equilibrium and kinetic data. The adsorption data were fitted well by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption process was determined to be controlled by three steps of diffusion mechanisms through the intra-particle model.The adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir,Freundlich,Redlich-Peterson,and Sips isotherm models. Batch and continuous flow experiments indicated that the LMWOAs exhibited inhibitory action,and as pH increased,the inhibitory action became weaker for all the three acids. The effect of LMWOAs concentration was not significant on inhibition. The effects of LMWOAs were closely related to reaction time.

Determination of Organic Acids in Root Exudates byHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography: III. Effectsof Interfering Factors

A solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of collection time and interferingions on separation and determination of low-molecular-weight organic acids in root exudates of soybeanusing the method for directly collecting root exudates. The suitable collection time of root exudates andthe interfering ions affecting organic acid determination were determined. The method for removing theinterfering ions was established and analyzed. The release amount of root exudates increased with theincrease of collection time from 0 to 120 min but decreased with increasing of collection time from 120 to 240min. The maximum exuding amounts of organic acids were observed in root exudates at the collection time of120 min. There was a significant difference of organic acid components between the treatments of collectiontime of 120 min and 240 min. Citric acid was found only in the treatment of 120 min collection time. NO3-was the main interfering ion in organic acid determination and had the same retention time as oxalic acid.Anion exchangs resin (SAX) properly treated by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) solventcould remove NO3- anion in sample solution of root exudates, thus enhancing the recoveries of organic acidsin root exudates. There was no significant effect of the chemicals added into sample solution such as H3PO4,SAX and KNO3 on the retention time of organic acids.

Solid Additive-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Processing for 19%Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells

Morphology is of great significance to the performance of organic solar cells(OSCs),since appropriate morphology could not only promote the exciton dissociation,but also reduce the charge recombination.In this work,we have developed a solid additive-assisted layer-by-layer(SAA-LBL)processing to fabricate high-efficiency OSCs.By adding the solid additive of fatty acid(FA)into polymer donor PM6 solution,controllable pre-phase separation forms between PM6 and FA.This intermixed morphology facilitates the diffusion of acceptor Y6 into the donor PM6 during the LBL processing,due to the good miscibility and fast-solvation of the FA with chloroform solution dripping.Interestingly,this results in the desired morphology with refined phase-separated domain and vertical phase-separation structure to better balance the charge transport/collection and exciton dissociation.Consequently,the binary single junction OSCs based on PM6:Y6 blend reach champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.16%with SAA-LBL processing,which can be generally applicable to diverse systems,e.g.,the PM6:L8-BO-based devices and thick-film devices.The efficacy of SAA-LBL is confirmed in binary OSCs based on PM6:L8-BO,where record PCEs of 19.02%and 16.44%are realized for devices with 100 and 250 nm active layers,respectively.The work provides a simple but effective way to control the morphology for high-efficiency OSCs and demonstrates the SAA-LBL processing a promising methodology for boosting the industrial manufacturing of OSCs.

Temporal and spatial variations of low-molecular-weight organic acids in Dianchi Lake, China

Low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） in eutrophic lake water of Dianchi, Southwestern China Plateau were investigated diurnally and vertically using ion chromatography. Two profiles （P1 and P2） were studied due to the difference of hydrochemical features. Lactic, formic, pyruvic and oxalic acid were detected as major components at P1 and P2 which were on average 7.98 and 6.53 ~tmol/L, respectively, corresponding to their proportions of 2.68% and 2.48% relative to DOC. Pyruvic acid was regarded as the uppermost species at P1 and P2, reaching up to 3.82 and 3.35 μmol/L and accounting for 47.9% and 51.3%, respectively, in individual TOA. Although humus were of biogenetic production at both sites, the significant negative correlation between diurnal variations of TOAs, fluorescence intensity （FI） of protein-like components and humic-like components at P1 indicated LMWOAs were greatly originated from bacterioplankton excretion and degradation. However, correlations between diurnal variations of humic-like FI and physicochemical parameters demonstrated algal origination of LMWOAs at P2. Although content of humus was high, TOA at P2 was 1.45 ~tmol/L lower than that at P1, due to the co-influence of more intense photo-oxidation and aggregation at P2. Therefore, TOAs exhibited quite opposite diurnal variation trends of increasing-decreasing and decreasing-increasing at P1 and P2, respectively. Except for impact of solar radiation, bacterial decomposition and assimilation rendered shifts of maximal LMWOAs along water column at P1. Covering with massive algae, UV rays penetrated shallower depth that LMWOAs assembled in surface layer water before 18：00 at P2 and represented decreasing profiles.

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids （including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate） in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823pmol＇g-1, with an average of 0.912p.mol.gL The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.2124-0.089, 0.3024-0.228, 0.301-4-0.214, 0.014zk0.018 and 0.086＋0.118 pmol.g-% respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchange- able Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively corre- lated with inorganic anions （chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates） in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concen- trations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.

L-薄荷基甲酸的分离和纯化

寻找一种适合工业化分离L-薄荷基甲酸与其杂质新薄荷基甲酸的方法。试验采用薄荷基甲酸盐结晶法、胺盐结晶法、碱性水相通气(二氧化碳)法、弱碱提纯法,比较其分离纯化L-薄荷基甲酸的效果。结果显示,碱性水相通气(二氧化碳)法、弱碱提纯法对分离薄荷基甲酸杂质有效果。经优先比较,弱碱提纯法联合溶剂结晶法操作简便、产物纯度高、收率高,对工业化生产有一定的参考价值。

Prediction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Bioaccessibility to Earthworms in Spiked Soils by Composite Extraction with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin and Organic Acids

Traditional exhaustive extraction methods often overestimate the risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) bioaccessibility to biota. Therefore, reliable assessment methods need to be established. In this study, a composite extraction with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HPCD) and three low-molecular-weight organic acids, oxalic acid(OA), malic acid(MA), and citric acid(CA), was used to predict the PAH bioaccessibility to earthworms, subjecting to two soils(red soil and yellow soil) spiked with selected PAHs,phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene. For both soils,concentrations of PAHs by composite extraction using HPCD-OA(R^2= 0.89–0.92, slope = 1.89–2.03; n = 35), HPCD-MA(R^2=0.92–0.96, slope = 1.43–1.67; n = 35), and HPCD-CA(R^2= 0.92–0.96, slope = 1.26–1.56; n = 35) were significantly correlated with PAH accumulation in the Eisenia fetida earthworms. Moreover, the HPCD-CA-and HPCD-MA-extracted PAH concentrations were closer to the earthworm-accumulated PAH concentration than the extraction using just HPCD. The results indicated that the composite extraction could improve the prediction of PAH bioaccessibility, and therefore can serve as a reliable chemical method to predict PAH bioaccessibility to earthworms in contaminated soils.

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake,China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter （DOM） in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs （lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid） were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime （10：00-18：00 on Jun 13, 2008） than nighttime （21：00-6：00 the next morning）, in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion （ 1 m water depth）, reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs＇ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid （TOA） up until 18：00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion （〉1 m water depth）. Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials＇ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs＇ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.

Transformation and immobilization of hexavalent chromium in the co-presence of biochar and organic acids:effects of biochar dose and reaction time

A batch experiment was conducted to examine the effects of biochar dose and reaction duration on the transformation and immobilization of Cr(VI)in the combined biochar and low-molecular-weight organic acid systems.The results showed that increase in the dosage level of biochar caused increase in the solution pH,particularly for the Biochar300 treatments but did not enhance the reduction of Cr(VI)after 1-day reaction.Over 35%of the converted Cr(III)was immobilized by sorption to the biochar due to increased negatively charged sites on the biochar surfaces driven by pH rise.The elevated pH due to biochar dose increase tended to slow down the reduction of Cr(VI)to Cr(III),resulting in more Cr(VI)being adsorbed at a higher biochar dose.For the higher-temperature biochars,the increase in biochar dose did not markedly change the transformation and immobilization of the added Cr.Increase in the reaction duration markedly increased the pH for Biochar300.This resulted in the disappearance of all Cr(VI)in the solution after the 7-day reaction,possibly through sorption of cationic Cr(III)to the biochar surfaces.Increase in reaction time for the higher-temperature biochars resulted in re-oxidation of Cr(III)to Cr(VI)due to the increased exposure of solution Cr(III)to atmospheric oxygen.The research findings obtained from this study have implications for optimizing treatment procedure for wastewater that contains elevated level of toxic Cr(VI).Simulation experiments are required to determine appropriate biochar dose and reaction time to achieve cost-effective treatment goals.

鲊辣椒生香酵母的分离筛选鉴定及其应用研究

从自然发酵鲊辣椒中以嗅闻法结合总酯含量作为生香酵母的筛选依据分离筛选到1株生香酵母,经鉴定并分类命名为库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母菌(Pichia kudriavzevii)Y50,为探究该菌株混菌发酵生产鲊辣椒的品质提升作用,将Y50与植物乳杆菌混合发酵鲊辣椒(C),以自然发酵的鲊辣椒(A)以及接种植物乳杆菌发酵的鲊辣椒(B)为对比研究对象,对3种鲊辣椒的基本理化指标、辣椒碱、有机酸和挥发性成分进行比较分析。结果表明,3种鲊辣椒pH值、总酸、亚硝酸盐、胡萝卜素含量较为接近,但鲊辣椒C中有机酸含量达(25.46±0.32)g/kg,比鲊辣椒A和鲊辣椒B分别高出57.8%和32.2%。鲊辣椒A、B、C中分别检出挥发性风味物质90种、67种和72种,其中鲊辣椒C的挥发性物质含量最高,为(10101.11±99.04)μg/kg,酯类、醇类、醛类、酸类挥发性物质含量均有提高,相比A、B分别提升了75%、358%、106%、23%和102%、59%、68%、51%,赋予鲊辣椒更浓郁的酯香、花香和果香,说明添加生香酵母Y50能提升鲊辣椒整体的风味品质,通过气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)的计算,共检出22种OAV>1的香气化合物,这些关键香味物质赋予了鲊辣椒特有的香气特征,其中β-紫罗兰酮、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸己酯、正庚醇、(+)-柠檬烯、庚醛、愈创木酚是构成鲊辣椒C风味的关键物质。试验表明Y50具有进一步应用于鲊辣椒生产的潜力。

蒽渣与二氧化碳协同转化合成9-芴甲酸联产菲研究

【目的】煤基有机固废——蒽渣富含菲和芴等高附加值成分,为了解决菲和芴采用常规分离方法难以有效分离及温室气体CO_(2)的资源化利用问题,进行了研究。【方法】采用反应-分离耦合技术,以碳酸铯为催化剂,将蒽渣中的芴与CO_(2)反应生成9-芴甲酸,根据9-芴甲酸与菲溶解性的差异,得到高附加值9-芴甲酸的同时可联产菲。实验考察了碳酸铯用量和粒径等对9-芴甲酸收率的影响及其循环稳定性,并用于芴菲模型混合物及实际蒽渣的反应-分离。【结果】结果表明,9-芴甲酸收率随碳酸铯用量增加而增大,碳酸铯与芴摩尔比从2∶1增加到6∶1,9-芴甲酸收率从80.63%提高到95.76%.随着粒径减小,碳酸铯含水量增加,催化活性下降。碳酸铯经250℃N_(2)气氛焙烧再生后表现出良好的循环性能,经3次循环再生后,9-芴甲酸的收率仍保持在80%以上。蒽渣中其他组分菲、蒽和咔唑不参与芴与CO_(2)的反应,可在反应过程中实现分离。芴菲模型混合物经过二次反应-分离,得到的9-芴甲酸纯度为99.06%,收率为90.63%.菲的纯度为99.14%,收率为95.00%.以蒽渣为原料,由于其他组分的影响,9-芴甲酸纯度和收率下降,分别为93.33%和83.80%;菲的纯度和收率降为91.03%和93.31%.

巯基乙酸在铜钼分离中的应用

介绍了铜钼分离抑制剂的种类 ,阐述了巯基乙酸作为铜钼分离有机抑制剂的研究发展及应用现状。在江西德兴铜矿进行的选钼工业试验表明 ,巯基乙酸是一种优良的有机抑制剂 ,能完全取代硫化钠 ,同时能有效地降低选矿药剂成本。最后展望了有机抑制巯基乙酸在实际应用中尚待解决的一些问题。

草甘膦与共存有机膦酸的对甲基苯磺酰氯衍生物反相高效液相色谱分离

建立了一种草甘膦生产母液中的草甘膦和共存有机膦酸的反相高效液相色谱分离方法。化合物与对甲基苯磺酰氯在pH 11.2的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中反应 ,取反应混合物溶液 10 μl进样 ,在C18柱中分离 ,用二极管阵列检测器在 2 4 0nm检测。流动相组成为 0 .0 5mol·L- 1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 5 .5 ) 甲醇 (80 +2 0 )。草甘膦与其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸的出峰顺序在pH 4 .2和 5 .5时是相反的。样品中草甘膦浓度在 2～ 4 0 μg·ml-

单一阴离子交换柱同时分离有机酸和无机阴阳离子

研究了用乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）作淋洗液时，性质迥异的有机酸、无机阴离子和碱土金属离子（Ca2+、Mg2+）在同一阴离子交换柱上的同时分离以及保留机理。结果表明，在离子交换机理之外，非离子交换机理对有机酸及钙镁的EDTA络阴离子的保留行为起一定的辅助作用。9种有机酸和无机阴阳离子在10 min内得到了较好的分离。各离子的电导检测灵敏度在 10-9至10-11 mol，能满足环境和食品分析的要求。

草酸与乙醛酸的萃取分离

以草酸和乙醛酸的稀溶液为分离对象 ,采用三辛胺 (TOA)为萃取反应剂、正辛醇为稀释剂 ,研究了单溶质、双溶质有机酸的萃取分离特性 ,测定了溶液pH值、萃取反应剂的浓度等因素对双溶质有机酸萃取的影响 ,提出了萃取的化学反应发生在有机相中的假定 ,建立了TOA萃取草酸的数学模型 .实验结果表明 ,草酸与TOA的萃合物有 1∶1和 1∶2两种形式 .在本实验的条件范围内 ,草酸的分配系数较乙醛酸大 ,且随溶液pH值的增大而下降 ,草酸对乙醛酸的分离系数随pH值的增大而减小 .随萃取反应剂浓度的增大 ,两酸的分配系数皆随之增大 ,分离系数也随之增大 ,而且对于高浓度的萃取反应剂在较高的溶液pH值下草酸仍具有较大的分离系数 .采用单溶质萃取反应平衡常数及纯稀释剂中双溶质的分配系数预测双溶质萃取的结果 。

高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中有机酸的优化研究

通过高效液相色谱图的分离效果、各个有机酸的线性相关关系、回收率及与常规方法作对比,确定SPE固相萃取柱、C 18色谱柱,研究流动相种类、浓度及pH,检测条件的流速、温度、紫外检测波长的最优条件,以建立高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中7种有机酸的方法。结果表明:在通过SPE固相萃取柱和Tiank C 18色谱柱进行分离后,选定了流动相为0.02 mol/L H 3 PO 4(pH 2.7),流速为0.425 mL/min,在紫外检测波长210 nm处,优化了测定条件。该方法回收率为83%,相对标准偏差(RSD)<0.04%,有机酸的线性相关系数R 2>0.994,可以实现7种有机酸的分离和准确定量。

大庆原油活性组分的分离、分析及界面活性

采用多次萃取的方法从大庆原油中分离出酸性活性组分 ,研究了酸性活性组分与碱水的乳化和界面张力性质 ,并对该组分进行了结构鉴定。

巯基乙酸在铜钼分离中的应用

对用于铜钼浮选分离的各类抑制剂进行了分类;详细介绍了巯基乙酸在铜钼浮选分离中的应用进展,并对其抑制机理的研究也进行了系统的阐述;针对巯基乙酸的市场供需情况,展望了用于有机抑制剂的巯基乙酸的研究发展趋势。

植物中微量元素硒的研究进展

微量元素硒不仅是人和动物必需的营养元素,也是植物生长发育不可缺乏的元素。植物体内的硒主要以硒蛋白、硒多糖、硒核酸等多种有机硒形态存在。对植物中硒的分布规律、赋存形式及主要生物态有机硒的分离纯化方法方面的研究工作进行综述,为植物中有机硒的深入研究提供参考依据。