Comparison between Sequential Gaussian Simulation and Kriging Interpolation on Soil Heavy Metal Pollution

[Objective] This study was to explore the difference of kriging interpolation and sequential Gaussian simulation on analyzing soil heavy metal pollution with a view to provide references for analyzing the heavy metal pollution of soil. [Method] The sampling data of soil copper from a county of Liaocheng, Shandong Province was set as the study objective. Kriging interpolation and sequential Gaussian simu- lation were used to simulate the spatial distribution of soil copper. And 30 sampling points were selected as the cross-validation data set to compare the two interpola- tion methods. [Result] Kriging method and Gaussian sequential simulation have their own advantages on simulating mean segment and extreme segment, therefore, re- searchers should choose the proper method based on the characteristics of test data and application purposes. [Conclusion] Analysis of soil heavy metal pollution is the prerequisite for soil management and ecological restoration. The result of this study is of important significance for choosing different interpolating and simulating methods to analyze soil heavy metal pollution based on different purposes.

A grouting simulation method for quick-setting slurry in karst conduit:The sequential flow and solidification method

It is difficult to temporally and spatially track and characterize the slurry viscosity in flowing water during grouting simulation.In this study,a sequential flow and solidification(SFS)method considering the spatial-temporal evolution of slurry viscosity in flowing water in karst conduit is proposed.First,a time-dependent model for the threshold function of slurry viscosity is established.During the grouting process,the spatial-temporal evolution of slurry viscosity is revealed by tracking the diffusion behavior of the slurry injected at different times.This method is capable of describing the gradual solidification process of the slurry during grouting.Furthermore,a physical model of grouting in a karst conduit is developed.Second,the effectiveness of the SFS method in grouting simulation is verified by the experiment of grouting conduit in flowing water.The SFS method enables real-time monitoring of fluid velocity and pressure during grouting in flowing water and provides a feasible calculation method for revealing the grouting plugging mechanism in complex karst conduits at different engineering scales.In addition,it can be used to guide the design of grouting tests in flowing water,improve cost efficiency,and provide theoretical basis for optimizing grouting design and slurry selection.

Risk quantification in grade variability of gold deposits using sequential Gaussian simulation

Risk quantification in grade is critical for mine design and planning.Grade uncertainty is assessed using multiple grade realizations,from geostatistical conditional simulations,which are effective to evaluate local or global uncertainty by honouring spatial correlation structures.The sequential Gaussian conditional simulation was used to assess uncertainty of grade estimates and illustrate simulated models in Sivas gold deposit,Turkey.In situ variability and risk quantification of the gold grade were assessed by probabilistic approach based on the sequential Gaussian simulations to yield a series of conditional maps characterized by equally probable spatial distribution of the gold grade for the study area.The simulation results were validated by a number of tests such as descriptive statistics,histogram,variogram and contour map reproductions.The case study demonstrates the efficiency of the method in assessing risk associated with geological and engineering variable such as the gold grade variability and distribution.The simulated models can be incorporated into exploration,exploitation and scheduling of the gold deposit.

Mixed D-vine copula-based conditional quantile model for stochastic monthly streamflow simulation

Copula functions have been widely used in stochastic simulation and prediction of streamflow.However,existing models are usually limited to single two-dimensional or three-dimensional copulas with the same bivariate block for all months.To address this limitation,this study developed a mixed D-vine copula-based conditional quantile model that can capture temporal correlations.This model can generate streamflow by selecting different historical streamflow variables as the conditions for different months and by exploiting the conditional quantile functions of streamflows in different months with mixed D-vine copulas.The up-to-down sequential method,which couples the maximum weight approach with the Akaike information criteria and the maximum likelihood approach,was used to determine the structures of multivariate Dvine copulas.The developed model was used in a case study to synthesize the monthly streamflow at the Tangnaihai hydrological station,the inflow control station of the Longyangxia Reservoir in the Yellow River Basin.The results showed that the developed model outperformed the commonly used bivariate copula model in terms of the performance in simulating the seasonality and interannual variability of streamflow.This model provides useful information for water-related natural hazard risk assessment and integrated water resources management and utilization.

Integration of Tracer Test Data to Refine Geostatistical Hydraulic Conductivity Fields Using Sequential Self-Calibration Method

On the basis of local measurements of hydraulic conductivity, geostatistical methods have been found to be useful in heterogeneity characterization of a hydraulic conductivity field on a regional scale. However, the methods are not suited to directly integrate dynamic production data, such as, hydraulic head and solute concentration, into the study of conductivity distribution. These data, which record the flow and transport processes in the medium, are closely related to the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. In this study, a three-dimensional gradient-based inverse method--the sequential self-calibration （SSC） method--is developed to calibrate a hydraulic conductivity field, initially generated by a geostatistical simulation method, conditioned on tracer test results. The SSC method can honor both local hydraulic conductivity measurements and tracer test data. The mismatch between the simulated hydraulic conductivity field and the reference true one, measured by its mean square error （MSE）, is reduced through the SSC conditional study. In comparison with the unconditional results, the SSC conditional study creates the mean breakthrough curve much closer to the reference true curve, and significantly reduces the prediction uncertainty of the solute transport in the observed locations. Further, the reduction of uncertainty is spatially dependent, which indicates that good locations, geological structure, and boundary conditions will affect the efficiency of the SSC study results.

Significant discrepancy between the ionization time for parallel and anti-parallel electron emission in sequential double ionization

The ionization time in sequential double ionization with an elliptically polarized laser pulse has been examined theo- retically using a semiclassical method. The significant discrepancy between the ionization time for parallel and anti-parallel electron emission is predicted numerically for the first time. The impact of the carrier envelope phase offset is also studied in this work.

Three-Dimensional Reservoir Modeling Using Stochastic Simulation, a Case Study of an East African Oil Field

This paper presents a three-dimensional geological reservoir model created using stochastic simulation. The oil field presented is an East African oil field formed by a structural trap. Data analysis and transformations were conducted on the properties before simulation. The variogram was used to measure the spatial correlation of cell-based facies modeling, and porosity and permeability modeling. Two main lithologies were modelled using sequential indicator simulation, sand and shale. Sand had a percentage of 26.8% and shale of 73.2%. There was a clear property distribution trend of sand and shale from the southwest to the northeastern part of a reservoir. The distribution trend of the facies resembled the proposed depositional model of the reservoir. Simulations show that average porosity and permeability of the reservoir are about 20% and 1004 mD, respectively. Average water saturation was 64%. STOIIP volume of 689.42 MMbbls was calculated. The results of simulation showed that the south eastern part of the reservoir holds higher volumes of oil. In conclusion, the model gave a better geological understanding of the geology of the area and can be used for decision making about the future development of the reservoir, prediction performance and uncertainty analysis.

GA-BASED MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION ESTIMATION OF VLSI SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS OF ARBITRARY DELAY MODELS

In this paper, the glitching activity and process variations in the maximum power dissipation estimation of CMOS circuits are introduced. Given a circuit and the gate library, a new Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based technique is developed to determine the maximum power dissipation from a statistical point of view. The simulation on 1SCAS-89 benchmarks shows that the ratio of the maximum power dissipation with glitching activity over the maximum power under zero-delay model ranges from 1.18 to 4.02. Compared with the traditional Monte Carlo-based technique, the new approach presented in this paper is more effective.

STUDY ON PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION REGULARITY OF FULLY MECHANIZED SUBLEVEL CAVING MINING AND SEQUENTIAL OPERATION

According to a lot of practical data in Liujialiang Mine and reliability theory and result of computer simulation, operation regularity of fully mechanized sublevel caving mining production system in the condition of gently inclined complicated geological structure and production shortcomings are found out and reliability of system and output of the working face are predicted finally.

The Simulation Gene Regulatory Boolean Network based on the Seauential Circuit

Along with the completion of HGP （human genome project）, huge amounts of genetic data constantly emerge. Research suggests that genes are not in independent existence and the expression of a gene will promote or inhibit the expression of another gene; if the expression of a gene makes the biochemical environment of ceils changed, the expression of a series of genes will be affected. In order to get a better understanding of the relationship between genes, all sorts of gene regulatory network models have been established by scientists. In this paper, a variety of gene regulatory networks are first introduced according to the process of this subject research, and then the most basic network （i.e. Boolean network） is emphatically analyzed, and then a new method （i.e. Boolean network based on the theory of circuit） to describe Boolean network is drawn forth. After the shortcomings of the Boolean network proposed in the past are analyzed, a simulation circuit Boolean model is established using EDA technology in order to improve the Boolean network.

基于GT-power与Simulink的发动机及其控制系统仿真

为了减少发动机控制系统的开发时间和费用,建立了基于GT-power与MATLAB/Simulink的联合仿真环境,并在此之上建立了相继增压柴油机的模型。仿真结果与试验数据进行了对比,证明该仿真模型适用于相继增压控制系统开发。在此基础之上,进行了相继增压切换仿真,分析了该仿真平台对于发动机控制系统设计的意义。

基于GT-power和Simulink的相继增压切出过程仿真研究

相继增压的动态切换特性对发动机性能有着重要的影响。为了研究相继增压系统空气阀相对燃气阀延迟关闭时间对切出过程柴油机性能的影响,建立了基于GT-power和MATLAB/Simulink的联合仿真平台。采用GT-power软件建立了TBD234V12柴油机仿真模型,MATLAB/Simulink软件建立了调速器、相继增压控制器和增压器喘振指数监测器仿真模型。对不同的阀门响应时间和空气阀延迟时间进行了相继增压柴油机切出过程瞬态仿真计算,结果表明切出过程中适当的空气阀延迟时间可以明显改善切出过程柴油机稳定性和排放,阀门响应时间增加会使柴油机性能和排放恶化。通过仿真计算确定了最佳的阀门控制策略。

结构振动序列最优控制算法及其Simulink仿真实现

阐述了序列最优控制算法是针对土木工程结构地震响应振动控制问题中激励不可预知的特点,推导出1 种更为一般的最优控制算法,所获得的最优控制力表达式同时包含了结构响应和地震激励2 部分的影响.该算法增益矩阵与传统的2种最优控制近似算法相比具有时变的特点,提出了在应用该算法进行主动控制Simulink仿真分析时的2种实现方法,并通过AMD控制基准模型对2种实现方法进行了比较,同时也对该算法与现有两种结构最优控制算法的控制效果进行了评价.结果表明,2种实现方法是完全等效的,且在控制效果方面,序列最优控制算法优于现有的2种最优控制算法.

基于Simulink的导引头测向流程仿真分析

在分析某型反辐射无人机导引头测向原理的基础上,建立了导引头测向数学模型。借助Simulink建立了导引头测向流程仿真模型,得到了正常工作时的波形。结果表明,仿真较准确地模拟了导引头的测向过程。用户可以通过选择辐射源类型及设置参数,查看导引头在不同条件下测向过程及各节点输出波形,为导引头的维修检测提供了一种有效的辅助手段。

SSO Risk Evaluation for a Grid-connected PMSG-based Wind Farm Based on Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation

In a grid-connected wind farm based on permanent magnet synchronous generators(PMSGs),the wind speed and the number of operating PMSGs are the two most important influencing factors along with the stochastic nature of sub-synchronous oscillation(SSO)from the point view of the farm.This paper proposes a method of unstable SSO risk evaluation for grid-connected PMSG-based wind farms based on the sequential Monte Carlo simulation(SMCS).The determination of critical wind speed(CWS)of SSO and the sequential simulation strategy of wind speed states and PMSG states in a wind farm at the same wind speed(S-WF),as well as in a wind farm at different wind speeds(D-WF),are studied.Five indices evaluating the expectation,duration,frequency and energy loss of SsO risk are proposed.Moreover,a strategy to reduce SsO risk by adjusting the cut-in wind speed is discussed.The effectiveness of the discussed issues in this paper are proved by the case studies of a 750-PMSG wind farm based on the actual wind speed data collected.

A sequential method for estimating the optical properties of two-layer agro-products from spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance: Simulation

A sequential method for estimating the optical properties of two-layer biological tissues with spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance was proposed and validated using Monte Carlo simulations.The relationship between the penetration depth of detected photons and source-detector separation was first studied.Photons detected at larger source-detector separations generally penetrated deeper into the medium than those detected at small source-detector separations.The effect of each parameter involved in the two-layer diffusion model(i.e.,the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients(μa andμs′)of each layer,and the thickness of top layer)on reflectance was investigated.It was found that the relationship between the optical properties and thickness of top layer was a critical factor in determining whether photons would have sufficient interactions with the top layer and also penetrate into the bottom layer.The constraints for the proposed sequential estimation method were quantitatively determined by the curve fitting procedure coupledwith error contourmap analyses.Results showed that the optical properties of top layer could be determinedwithin 10%error using the semi-infinite diffusion model for reflectance profiles with properly selected start and end points,when the thickness of top layer was larger than two times its mean free path(mfp′).And the optical properties of the bottom layer could be estimatedwithin 10%error by the two-layer diffusion model,when the thickness of top layerwas b16 times its mfp′.The proposed sequential estimation method is promising for improving the estimation of the optical properties of two-layer tissues from the same spatially-resolved reflectance.

SimTech Simulator中单变量控制器的开发与使用

SimTech Simulator是圣泰(北京)工程软件有限公司开发的国产通用化工流程模拟软件,能够对常用炼化装置,如常减压、柴油加氢等常用炼化工艺进行模拟。通用稳态流程模拟有两种流程的计算方法,一种是序贯模块法(SM);一种联立方程法(EO),SM是按照顺序逐个进行单元模块计算,遇到循环需要进行撕裂迭代,用户的规定受到限制;EO是整个流程图设备方程联立求解,用户的规定灵活,但方程数量多时求解困难,对初值要求高。目前的商业流程模拟软件大多数采用序贯模块法,在遇到特殊的用户规定时,就需要使用控制器来进行迭代计算。控制器有单变量控制器和多变量控制器,这里主要描述单变量控制器,单变量控制器需要指定一个控制变量和一个操纵变量,通过调节控制变量使操纵变量达到设定值。文章描述了控制器对序贯模块法计算过程的影响和控制器计算的迭代算法,最后通过两个案例进行验证,一个是天然气的压缩输送工况,设定出口压力和流量,来调节入口压力和流量;另一个是通过控制器来调节加氢装置循环氢的量,与手动设定值相比,与设计值的误差从3%降到了0.05%。

某燃料运输容器在多过程序贯冲击条件下的动态力学响应特征

目的识别某燃料运输容器在国标规范要求的多过程序贯冲击条件下的冲击响应特性,为运输容器的安全设计及防护措施等提供参考。方法开展运输容器在1.2 m高度侧跌、钢棒1 m高度贯穿、500 kg重物9 m高度冲砸和1 m高度穿刺等4种事故场景顺序叠加作用条件下的多过程序贯冲击试验,同时开展相应的冲击损伤累积有限元模拟分析,研究运输容器结构在多种冲击载荷序贯叠加作用下的动态响应特征。结果模拟结果同试验结果符合较好,验证了冲击损伤累积有限元模拟方法的正确性和实用性。试验结果和数值模拟结果均显示在多过程序贯冲击条件下,容器缓冲结构起到很好的防护作用,可对燃料部件产生有效防护,且结构功能保持完好。结论燃料运输容器具有很好的缓冲性能,可以满足国标规定的多过程序贯冲击条件下的防护要求。冲击损伤累积有限元模拟方法可较准确地分析复杂结构在多过程序贯冲击条件下的动态响应特征,具有较好的实用性。

基于U-Net和CNN深度学习求取地质属性建模变差函数参数

在油气藏地质属性建模中,变差函数的求取尤为关键,一般是通过拟合实验变差函数求取变程、方位角、基台值等参数的方式获得,但当研究区内样本点数量过少时,实验变差函数拟合效果较差,从而影响属性建模质量。为了克服传统方法的不足,最大限度地利用空间数据,文中提出一种基于U-Net和CNN网络求取变差函数参数的新方法:以孔隙度属性建模为例,首先选用球状模型并利用序贯高斯模拟(SGS)算法模拟生成多组孔隙度模型,以所得孔隙度平面模型抽取的数据点为基准构成样本集;然后采用U-Net进行孔隙度模型重构,保证孔隙度分布的空间相关性;最后利用CNN对样本集进行深度学习,从而建立求取变差函数的模型。实际应用表明,利用所提方法取得的主变程方位角与通过实验变差函数拟合求取的方位角仅相差1.52°,与沉积微相展布方向一致,得到的主次变程与实验变差函数非常契合,证明求取的变差函数结果可靠。同时,该方法简化了地质建模工作流程,减少了求取实验变差函数主观性,降低了研究区内样本点数量的局限性,为变差函数的预测提供了一种新的思路。

碳酸盐岩储层闭合酸化模拟研究

酸压裂缝生产一段时间后导流能力会逐渐降低,常采用闭合酸化来提高已酸压裂缝的导流能力,闭合酸化模拟对闭合酸化设计意义重大,因此,针对该问题进行闭合酸化建模及数值模拟。首先,基于达西定理、物质平衡原理、酸岩反应动力学建立闭合酸化数学模型;然后通过地质统计学中的序贯高斯模拟算法生成具有非均质性和空间关联性的初始裂缝宽度空间分布和裂缝表面基质渗透率分布;利用有限体积法对模型进行数值求解,用C++编制模拟计算程序;最后基于该模型进行广泛的数值模拟研究,分析酸液分布规律、裂缝表面溶蚀规律、酸液作用距离的影响因素及规律,并形成各种条件下的酸液作用距离图版。研究表明,初始裂缝宽度和裂缝表面粗糙度对裂缝表面溶蚀形态起主导作用,裂缝面溶蚀形态有均匀推进、指进溶蚀和沟槽溶蚀;裂缝宽度越小、粗糙度越大,裂缝表面溶蚀竞争越强烈,越容易形成沟槽,酸液作用距离越远;排量、注酸量正相关于活酸作用距离,酸液传质系数负相关于活酸作用距离;典型的施工排量、酸液用量、常用的酸液类型下,闭合酸化中酸液作用距离为20~60 m。此模型可以预测不同条件下酸液作用距离和酸蚀裂缝表面溶蚀形态,优化闭合酸化参数,为现场闭合酸化施工设计提供理论依据和指导。