Magnesium vapor nucleation in phase transitions and condensation under vacuum conditions

Recent findings related to coagulable magnesium vapor nucleation and growth in vacuum were assessed critically, with emphasis on understanding these processes at a fundamental molecular level. The effects of magnesium vapor pressure, condensation temperature, and condensation zone temperature gradient on magnesium vapor nucleation in phase transitions and condensation from atomic collision and coacervation with collision under vacuum conditions were discussed. Magnesium powder and magnesium lump condensates were produced under different conditions and characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. The right condensation zone temperature approach to the liquid transition primarily improved the magnesium vapor concentration rate. The gas-solid phase transition was primarily inhibited by setting a small condenser temperature gradient. Under the right condensation temperature and temperature gradients, increasing magnesium vapor partial pressure improved crystallization and reduced the oxidation rate.

Effect of crystallization on purity of volatile metallic magnesium prepared from a one-step multi-region condensation process under vacuum condition

We hereby report a green and simple volatilization-condensation process to prepare high-purity magnesium in different crystal forms under vacuum condition. This method can be also used for the analysis of other metals, which can be separated by the same concept. In addition, Mg condensation is a very fast process, and the corresponding easy growth of the Mg crystals is promoted when the concentration of magnesium vapor is raised. From the view of crystallization, ultrafast crystal growth of high-purity magnesium is a barrier-free and orderly process. Interestingly, different condensed forms of Mg obtained via this ultrafast volatilization-condensation process are showing different purities. The distinct morphological formation of Mg in different condensed form is probably attributed to the differences of surface energy change of Mg during the condensation process.

Quark Gluon Condensate, Virtuality and Susceptibility of QCD Vacuum

We study vacuum of QCD in this work.The structure of non-local quark vacuum condensate,values ofvarious local quark and gluon vacuum condensates,quark-gluon mixed vacuum condensate,quark and gluon virtualityin QCD vacuum state,quark dynamical mass and susceptibility of QCD vacuum state to external field are predicted byuse of the solutions of Dyson Schwinger equations in'rainbow'approximation with a modeling gluon propagator andthree different sets of quark-quark interaction parameters.Our theoretical predictions are in good agreement with thecorrespondent empirical values used widely in literature,and many other theoretical calculations.The quark propagatorand self-energy functions are also obtained from the numerical solutions of Dyson-Schwinger equations.This work iscentrally important for studying non-perturbative QCD,and has many important applications both in particle andnuclear physics.

Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from liquid digestate by vacuum membrane distillation with permeate fractional condensation

A vacuum membrane distillation(VMD)process with permeate fractional condensation on membrane downstream has been developed for simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from liquid digestate.The polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane flux could reach 6000 g·m-2·h-1 with the rejection efficiency of total phosphorus(TP)over 0.99,under the condition of flowrate being 120 L·h-1 and temperature being 40°C.Membrane fouling occurred with a film of organics and microorganism deposited on the surface of the membrane.Membrane flux could be reversed after the membrane was rinsed by water.Higher feed temperature and flowrate could improve the membrane flux,while hardly affect the rejection efficiency of total phosphorus.The concentration of TP could reach 1600 mg·L-1 after membrane distillation,which is about 5 times of that in initial liquid digestate.On the downstream of the membrane,some of the permeate vapor was condensed under the vacuum condition and most of water was collected here.The remaining vapor enriched with total nitrogen(TN)was compressed and pumped to the atmospheric condition to condense.The TN concentration in atmospheric condensate was as high as 7000 mg·L-1 with the process separation factor for ammonia being enhanced to 114.

On the Vacuum Hydrodynamics of Moving Bodies—The Theory of General Singularity

The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Through key equations, the role of phonons as intermediaries between matter, energy, and spacetime geometry is demonstrated. The theory expands Einsteins field equations to differentiate between visible and dark matter, and revises the standard model by incorporating phonons. It addresses dark matter, dark energy, gravity, and phase transitions, while making testable predictions. The theory proposes that singularities, the essence of particles and black holes, are quantum entities ubiquitous in nature, constituting the very essence of elementary particles, seen as micro black holes or quantum fractal structures of spacetime. As the theory is refined with increasing mathematical rigor, it builds upon the foundation of initial physical intuition, connecting the spacetime continuum of general relativity with the hydrodynamics of the quantum vacuum. Inspired by the insights of Tesla and Majorana, who believed that physical intuition justifies the infringement of mathematical rigor in the early stages of theory development, this work aims to advance the understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe and the perception of reality.

Magnesium production by carbothermic reduction in vacuum

In present work,we investigate production of magnesium by carbothermic reduction under vacuum conditions.The process was divided into two parts,one is reduction process,and the other one is condensation process.The experimental results revealed that during reduction process,the gas-solid reaction between MgO and CO was not occurred at a temperature and pressure of 1723 K and 30-100 Pa respectively.So the main reduction reaction was MgO(_(s))+C(_(s))=Mg(_(g))+CO(_(g))(under vacuum)and reaction type belonged to solid-solid reaction.In Condensation Process,according to a contrast and analysis,the condensation quality of magnesium is associated with CO concentration.The resultant product C was formed and it followed magnesium vapor condensation which prevents mutual combination of two metal droplets to forms the compact condensation produces.Therefore,in order to compact morphological forms of magnesium crystal whiskers,we must control the technical conditions and find the method to separate the magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide.That's the key factor to get better crystalline structure.

Theoretical research on vacuum separation of Au-Ag alloy

To provide an accurate prediction of the product component dependence of temperature and pressure in vacuum distillation and give convenient and efficient guidance for the designing of the process parameters of industrial production, according to the molecular interaction volume model(MIVM), the separation coefficient(β) and vapor-liquid equilibrium composition of Au-Ag alloy at different temperatures are calculated. Combined with the vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) theory, the VLE phase diagrams, including the temperature-composition(T-x) and pressure-composition(p-x) diagrams of Au-Ag alloy in vacuum distillation are plotted. The triple points and condensation temperatures of gold and silver vapors are calculated as well. The results show that the β decreases and the contents of gold in vapor phase increase with the distillation temperature increasing. Low pressures have positive effect on the separation of Ag and Au. The difference between the condensation temperatures of gold and silver is about 450 K in the pressure range of 1-10 Pa.

Modified Approach for Calculating Four-Quark Condensates

By differentiating the dressed quark propagator with respect to a variable background field, the linear response of the dressed quark propagator in the presence of the background field can be obtained. From this general method, using the vector background tield as an illustration, we extract a general formula for the four-quark condensate （0： q（0）γμq（0）q（0）γμq（0） ： ｜0）. This formula contains the corresponding fully dressed vector vertex. We use this formula to analyze the factorization problem of the four-quark condensate and show that in the bare vertex approximation factorization holds exactly.

Curing Mechanism of Condensed Polynuclear Aromatic Resin and Thermal Stability of Cured Resin

In order to improve the thermal stability of condensed polynuclear aromatic(COPNA) resin synthesized from vacuum residue, 1,4-benzenedimethanol was added to cure COPNA resin. The curing mechanism was investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, solid carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Microstructures of the uncured and the cured COPNA resins were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The thermal stability of COPNA resins before and after curing was tested by thermogravimetric analysis. The element composition of the cured COPNA resin heated at different temperatures was analyzed by an element analyzer. The results showed that the uncured COPNA resin reacted with the cross-linking agent during the curing process, and the curing mechanism was confirmed to be the electrophilic substitution reaction. Compared with the uncured COPNA resin, the cured COPNA resin had a smooth surface, well-ordered and streamlined sheet structure with more crystalline solids, better molecular arrangement and orientation. The weight loss process of the uncured and cured COPNA resins was divided into three stages. Carbon residue of the cured COPNA resin was 41.65% at 600 ℃, which was much higher than 25.02% of the uncured COPNA resin, which indicated that the cured COPNA resin had higher thermal stability.

Linear Chemical Potential Dependence of Two-Quark Condensate

By differentiating the inverse dressed quark propagator at finite chemical potential μ with respect to μ, the linear response of the dressed quark propagato r to the chemical potential can be obtained, From this we extract a modelindependent formula for the linear chemical potential dependence of the in-medium two-quark condensate and show by two independent methods （explicit calculation and Lorentz covariance arguments） that the first-order contribution in μ to the in-medium two-quark condensate vanishes identically. Therefore if one wants to study the in-medium two-quark condensate one should expand to at/east the second order in the chemical potential μ.

DEARSENICATION FROM COBALT-ARSENIC CONCENTRATE BY VACUUM DISTILLATION

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Evidence for False Vacuum States inside the Cores of Massive Pulsars and the Ramification on the Measurements of Their True Masses

Based on the theory and observations of glitching pulsars, we show that the ultra-cold supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive pulsars should condensate in vacua, as predicated by non-perturbative QCD. The trapped matter here forms false vacuums embedded in flat spacetimes and completely disconnected from the outside world. Although the vacuum expectation value here vanishes, the masses and sizes of these incompressible superfluid cores are set to grow with cosmic times, in accord with the Onsager-Feynman superfluidity analysis. We apply our scenario to several well-studied pulsars, namely the Crab, Vela, PSR J0740+6620 and find that the trapped mass-contents in their cores read {0.15,0.55,0.64}, implying that their true masses are {1.55,2.35,2.72} , respectively. Based thereon, we conclude that: 1) The true masses of massive pulsars and neutron stars are much higher than detected by direct observations and, therefore, are unbounded from above, 2) The remnant of the merger event in GW170817 should be a massive NS harbouring a core with 1.66 .

Is the Higgs Field a Positive and Negative Mass Planckion Condensate, and Does the LHC Produce Extreme Dark Energy?

Assuming a two-component, positive and negative mass, superfluid/supersolid for space (the Winterberg model), we model the Higgs field as a condensate made up of a positive and a negative mass, planckion pair. The connection is shown to be consistent (compatible) with the underlying field equations for each field, and the continuity equation is satisfied for both species of planckions, as well as for the Higgs field. An inherent length scale for space (the vacuum) emerges, which we estimate from previous work to be of the order of, l+ (0) = l- (0) = 5.032E-19 meters, for an undisturbed (unperturbed) vacuum. Thus we assume a lattice structure for space, made up of overlapping positive and negative mass wave functions, ψ+, and, ψ-, which together bind to form the Higgs field, giving it its rest mass of 125.35 Gev/c2 with a coherence length equal to its Compton wavelength. If the vacuum experiences an extreme disturbance, such as in a LHC pp collision, it is conjectured that severe dark energy results, on a localized level, with a partial disintegration of the Higgs force field in the surrounding space. The Higgs boson as a quantum excitation in this field results when the vacuum reestablishes itself, within 10-22 seconds, with positive and negative planckion mass number densities equalizing in the disturbed region. Using our fundamental equation relating the Higgs field, φ, to the planckion ψ+ and ψ- wave functions, we calculate the overall vacuum pressure (equal to vacuum energy density), as well as typical ψ+ and ψ- displacements from equilibrium within the vacuum.

侧向排汽凝汽器设计与研发

介绍了侧向排汽凝汽器的设计要点及关键技术,包括汽轮机与凝汽器的整体布置方案、凝汽器管束布置、凝汽器数值传热和真空力平衡方式等。侧向排汽机组布置紧凑,减少了土建成本,具有良好的社会及经济效益,通过对其设计与研发的介绍,为侧向排汽机组的推广提供了技术支持。

高盐化工有机浓废液真空蒸发处理研究

高盐化工废水有效处理是缓解工业用水压力的有效途径。以某化工企业机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)处理后的高盐浓缩液为研究对象,利用真空蒸发技术对其进行蒸发冷凝处理,考查了真空度、蒸发温度、浓缩液初始pH对蒸发冷凝效果的影响和经济效益分析,结果表明:有机物截留率与真空度、蒸发温度呈反比,与浓缩液初始pH呈正比;酸化处理后,冷凝液BOD_(5)/COD达到0.606,适合后续生物法处理达标排放;二次浓缩的有机物截留率、冷凝水收集量分别可达99.59%、663 g/L,每吨废水浓缩液至少可节省4597元处置费用。本研究可以为高盐化工废水的污染控制和化工行业的可持续发展提供科学依据。

平直翅片管式捕水器换热性能实验研究

为研究平直翅片管式捕水器换热性能,设计了一种真空捕水器实验系统,并对其换热性能进行测试,系统运行约450 s,真空室内的模拟热源温度从80℃降至25℃,凝结水量约2.9 kg。实验结果表明:蒸发动力越高,水蒸发越剧烈;捕水器凝结水蒸气的峰值制冷量为45.0 kW,峰值传热系数约为53.68 W/(m^(2)·K),平均传热系数为38.34 W/(m^(2)·K);相比光管折流板式捕水器,平直翅片管式捕水器所需冷却时间缩短17%,凝结水量提高7.41%。

Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Aether and Electron Tetrahedron Model

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.

汽轮机凝汽器真空下降的原因及预防措施研究

近年来,随着电力行业的快速发展和技术的不断进步,人们对汽轮机凝汽器性能的要求越来越高。然而,在实际运行过程中,凝汽器会出现真空下降的问题,进而影响电厂的安全稳定运行。再加上电厂运行环境具有复杂性和多变性,以及不同机组的差异性,使得凝汽器真空下降问题具有很高的研究价值和挑战性。因此,全面分析汽轮机凝汽器真空下降的原因,提出有效的预防措施,为电厂的安全、经济运行提供保障。

聚酯刮板冷凝器改造解决真空堵塞

以探讨解决PET聚酯生产中预缩聚真空系统发生的局部堵塞为目的,对聚酯国产化初期,刮板冷凝器结构设计中存在的缺陷、造成故障的原因进行了分析,实践中通过针对性的技术改造和工艺控制措施预防排除真空堵塞故障,保障了装置生产长期稳定运行。

膜式烧碱蒸发工艺中Ⅰ效真空度低的原因及处理

分析了粒(片)碱生产中Ⅰ效蒸发器真空度低的原因,并提出处理方法。