Dynamics and synchronization of neural models with memristive membranes under energy coupling

Dynamical modeling of neural systems plays an important role in explaining and predicting some features of biophysical mechanisms.The electrophysiological environment inside and outside of the nerve cell is different.Due to the continuous and periodical properties of electromagnetic fields in the cell during its operation,electronic components involving two capacitors and a memristor are effective in mimicking these physical features.In this paper,a neural circuit is reconstructed by two capacitors connected by a memristor with periodical mem-conductance.It is found that the memristive neural circuit can present abundant firing patterns without stimulus.The Hamilton energy function is deduced using the Helmholtz theorem.Further,a neuronal network consisting of memristive neurons is proposed by introducing energy coupling.The controllability and flexibility of parameters give the model the ability to describe the dynamics and synchronization behavior of the system.

Electromechanical Transient Modeling Analysis of Large-Scale New Energy Grid Connection

The synchronous virtual machine uses inverter power to imitate the performance of the conventional synchronous machine.It also has the same inertia,damping,frequency,voltage regulation,and other external performance as the generator.It is the key technology to realize new energy grid connections’stable and reliable operation.This project studies a dynamic simulation model of an extensive new energy power system based on the virtual synchronous motor.A new energy storage method is proposed.The mathematical energy storage model is established by combining the fixed rotor model of a synchronous virtual machine with the charge-discharge power,state of charge,operation efficiency,dead zone,and inverter constraint.The rapid conversion of energy storage devices absorbs the excess instantaneous kinetic energy caused by interference.The branch transient of the critical cut set in the system can be confined to a limited area.Thus,the virtual synchronizer’s kinetic and potential energy can be efficiently converted into an instantaneous state.The simulation of power system analysis software package(PSASP)verifies the correctness of the theory and algorithm in this paper.This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the transient stability of new energy-connected power grids.

Implementation of a particle-in-cell method for the energy solver in 3D spherical geodynamic modeling

The thermal evolution of the Earth’s interior and its dynamic effects are the focus of Earth sciences.However,the commonly adopted grid-based temperature solver is usually prone to numerical oscillations,especially in the presence of sharp thermal gradients,such as when modeling subducting slabs and rising plumes.This phenomenon prohibits the correct representation of thermal evolution and may cause incorrect implications of geodynamic processes.After examining several approaches for removing these numerical oscillations,we show that the Lagrangian method provides an ideal way to solve this problem.In this study,we propose a particle-in-cell method as a strategy for improving the solution to the energy equation and demonstrate its effectiveness in both one-dimensional and three-dimensional thermal problems,as well as in a global spherical simulation with data assimilation.We have implemented this method in the open-source finite-element code CitcomS,which features a spherical coordinate system,distributed memory parallel computing,and data assimilation algorithms.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy from Lattice Model of Universe

The article considers a conceptual universe model as a periodic lattice (network) with nodes defined by the wave function in a background-independent Hamiltonian based on their relations and interactions. This model gives rise to energy bands, similar to those in semiconductor solid-state models. In this context, valence band holes are described as dark matter particles with a heavy effective mass. The conducting band, with a spontaneously symmetry-breaking energy profile, contains particles with several times lighter effective mass, which can represent luminous matter. Some possible analogies with solid-state physics, such as the comparison between dark and luminous matter, are discussed. Additionally, tiny dark energy, as intrinsic lattice Casimir energy, is calculated for a lattice with a large number of lattice nodes.

Multi-Time Scale Optimal Scheduling of a Photovoltaic Energy Storage Building System Based on Model Predictive Control

Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.

A Triple Nexus Water-Energy-Housing (WEH) Framework Modelling towards Improved Decision-Making in Humanitarian Operations

Given the challenges facing most humanitarian operations worldwide, a change of approach is needed to ensure greater sustainability of humanitarian settlements right from the planning stage. Some studies attribute unsustainability to inadequate provision of basic resources and highlight the apparent bottlenecks that prevent access to the meaningful data needed to plan and remedy problems. Most operations have relied on an “ad hoc ism” approach, employing parallel and disconnected data processing methods, resulting in a wide range of data being collected without subsequent prioritization to optimize interconnections that could enhance performance. There have been little efforts to study the trade-offs potentially at stake. This work proposes a new framework enabling all subsystems to operate in a single system and focusing on data processing perspective. To achieve this, this paper proposes a Triple Nexus Framework as an attempt to integrate water, energy, and housing sector data derived from a specific sub-system within the overall system in the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering. Understanding the synergies between water, energy, and housing, Systems Engineering characterizes the triple nexus framework and identifies opportunities for improved decision-making in processing operational data from these sectors. Two scenarios illustrate how an integrated platform could be a gateway to access meaningful operational data in the system and a starting point for modeling integrated human settlement systems. Upon execution, the model is tested for nexus megadata processing, and the optimization simulation yielded 67% satisfactory results, demonstrating that an integrated system could improve sustainability, and that capacity building in service delivery is more than beneficial.

Economic Analysis and Research of New Energy Vehicle Promotion Model

New energy vehicles represent the inevitable trend of future development.Compared to traditional fuel vehicles,they are more energy-saving and environmentally friendly,effectively reducing air pollution and mitigating excessive exploitation of oil resources,a stance strongly supported by governments.However,new energy vehicles possess certain drawbacks in terms of price and usability compared to traditional counterparts.Therefore,external support is imperative for their development.This paper delineates four main sections:the background of new energy vehicle promotion and application,a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign promotion models,specific promotion suggestions,and future development prospects.By leveraging insights from economic analysis,the optimal promotion model for new energy vehicles is elucidated.

A nonlinear creep model for surrounding rocks of tunnels based on kinetic energy theorem

The initiating condition for the accelerated creep of rocks has caused difficulty in analyzing the whole creep process.Moreover,the existing Nishihara model has evident shortcomings in describing the accelerated creep characteristics of the viscoplastic stage from the perspective of internal energy to analyze the mechanism of rock creep failure and determine the threshold of accelerated creep initiation.Based on the kinetic energy theorem,Perzyna viscoplastic theory,and the Nishihara model,a unified creep constitutive model that can describe the whole process of decaying creep,stable creep,and accelerated creep is established.Results reveal that the energy consumption and creep damage in the process of creep loading mainly come from the internal energy changes of geotechnical materials.The established creep model can not only describe the viscoelasticeplastic creep characteristics of rock,but also reflect the relationship between rock energy and creep deformation change.In addition,the research results provide a new method for determining the critical point of creep deformation and a new idea for studying the creep model and creep mechanical properties.

Hyperparameter Optimization Based Deep Belief Network for Clean Buses Using Solar Energy Model

Renewable energy has become a solution to the world’s energy concerns in recent years.Photovoltaic(PV)technology is the fastest technique to convert solar radiation into electricity.Solar-powered buses,metros,and cars use PV technology.Such technologies are always evolving.Included in the parameters that need to be analysed and examined include PV capabilities,vehicle power requirements,utility patterns,acceleration and deceleration rates,and storage module type and capacity,among others.PVPG is intermit-tent and weather-dependent.Accurate forecasting and modelling of PV sys-tem output power are key to managing storage,delivery,and smart grids.With unparalleled data granularity,a data-driven system could better anticipate solar generation.Deep learning(DL)models have gained popularity due to their capacity to handle complex datasets and increase computing power.This article introduces the Galactic Swarm Optimization with Deep Belief Network(GSODBN-PPGF)model.The GSODBN-PPGF model predicts PV power production.The GSODBN-PPGF model normalises data using data scaling.DBN is used to forecast PV power output.The GSO algorithm boosts the DBN model’s predicted output.GSODBN-PPGF projected 0.002 after 40 h but observed 0.063.The GSODBN-PPGF model validation is compared to existing approaches.Simulations showed that the GSODBN-PPGF model outperformed recent techniques.It shows that the proposed model is better at forecasting than other models and can be used to predict the PV power output for the next day.

Prediction of Sedimentary Microfacies Distribution by Coupling Stochastic Modeling Method in Oil and Gas Energy Resource Exploitation

In view of the problem that a single modeling method cannot predict the distribution of microfacies, a new idea of coupling modeling method to comprehensively predict the distribution of sedimentary microfacies was proposed, breaking the tradition that different sedimentary microfacies used the same modeling method in the past. Because different sedimentary microfacies have different distribution characteristics and geometric shapes, it is more accurate to select different simulation methods for prediction. In this paper, the coupling modeling method was to establish the distribution of sedimentary microfacies with simple geometry through the point indicating process simulation, and then predict the microfacies with complex spatial distribution through the sequential indicator simulation method. Taking the DC block of Bohai basin as an example, a high-precision reservoir sedimentary microfacies model was established by the above coupling modeling method, and the model verification results showed that the sedimentary microfacies model had a high consistency with the underground. The coupling microfacies modeling method had higher accuracy and reliability than the traditional modeling method, which provided a new idea for the prediction of sedimentary microfacies.

Review of multi-objective optimization in long-term energy system models

Modeling and optimizing long-term energy systems can provide solutions to various energy and environmental policies involving public-interest issues.The conventional optimization of long-term energy system models focuses on a single economic goal.However,the increasingly complex demands of energy systems necessitate the comprehensive consideration of multiple dimensional objectives,such as environmental,social,and energy security.Therefore,a multi-objective optimization of long-term energy system models has been developed.Herein,studies pertaining to the multi-objective optimization of long-term energy system models are summarized;the optimization objectives of long-term energy system models are classified into economic,environmental,social,and energy security aspects;and the multi-objective optimization methods are classified and explained based on the preferential expression of decision makers.Finally,the key development direction of the multi-objective optimization of energy system models is discussed.

A review of uncertain factors and analytic methods in long-term energy system optimization models

A larger number of uncertain factors in energy systems influence their evolution.Owing to the complexity of energy system modeling,incorporating uncertainty analysis to energy system modeling is essential for future energy system planning and resource allocation.This study focusses on long-term energy system optimization model.The important uncertain parameters in the model are analyzed and divided into policy,economic,and technical factors.This study specifically addresses the challenges related to carbon emission reduction and energy transition.It involves collecting and organizing relevant research on uncertainty analysis of long-term energy systems.Various energy system uncertainty modeling methods and their applications from the literature are summarized in this review.Finally,important uncertainty factors and uncertainty modeling methods for long-term energy system modeling are discussed,and future research directions are proposed.

Caching modeling and energy analyzing of cell-free wireless heterogeneous networks with beta Ginibre point process

Cell-free Wireless Heterogeneous Networks(HetNets)have emerged as a technological alternative for conventional cellular networks.In this paper,we study the spatially correlative caching strategy,the energy analysis,and the impact of parameter β on the total energy cost of the cell-free wireless HetNets with Access Points distributed by Beta Ginibre Point Process(β-GPP).We derive the approximate expression of Successful Delivery Probability(SDP)based on the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio coverage model.From both analytical and simulation results,it is shown that the proposed caching model based on β-GPP placement,which jointly takes into account path loss,fading,and interference,can closely simulate the caching performance of the cell-free HetNets in terms of SDP.By guaranteeing the outage probability constraints,the analytical expression of the uplink energy cost is also derived.Another conclusion is that with AP locations modeled by β-GPP,the power consumption is not sensitive to β,but is sensitive to the dimension of the kernel function;hence β is less restrictive,and only the truncation of the Ginibre kernel has to be appropriately modified.These findings are new compared with the existing literature where the nodes are commonly assumed to be of Poisson Point Process,Matern Hard-Core Process,or Poisson Cluster Process deployment in cell-free systems.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled simulation of the land subsidence due to aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system in soft soils

Aquifer thermal energy storage(ATES)system has received attention for heating or cooling buildings.However,it is well known that land subsidence becomes a major environmental concern for ATES projects.Yet,the effect of temperature on land subsidence has received practically no attention in the past.This paper presents a thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupled numerical study on an ATES system in Shanghai,China.Four water wells were installed for seasonal heating and cooling of an agriculture greenhouse.The target aquifer at a depth of 74e104.5 m consisted of alternating layers of sand and silty sand and was covered with clay.Groundwater level,temperature,and land subsidence data from 2015 to 2017 were collected using field monitoring instruments.Constrained by data,we constructed a field scale three-dimensional(3D)model using TOUGH(Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat)and FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua)equipped with a thermo-elastoplastic constitutive model.The effectiveness of the numerical model was validated by field data.The model was used to reproduce groundwater flow,heat transfer,and mechanical responses in porous media over three years and capture the thermo-and pressure-induced land subsidence.The results show that the maximum thermoinduced land subsidence accounts for about 60%of the total subsidence.The thermo-induced subsidence is slightly greater in winter than that in summer,and more pronounced near the cold well area than the hot well area.This study provides some valuable guidelines for controlling land subsidence caused by ATES systems installed in soft soils.

Morphology prediction of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) crystal in different solvent systems using modified attachment energy model

In order to theoretically study the growth morphology of dihydroxylammonium 5,5’-bistetrazole-1,1’-dio late(TKX-50)crystal in different solvent systems,crystal–solvent models were established,and then molecular dynamics(MD)methods were adopted as a means to simulate particle motion.Modified attachment energy(MAE)model was employed to calculate the growth morphology of TKX-50.The simulation results demonstrate that COMPASS force field and RESP charge are suitable for molecular dynamics simulation of TKX-50.The morphologically dominant growth surfaces of TKX-50 in vacuum are(020),(011),(11–1),(100)and(120),respectively.In water(H_(2)O)and N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)solvents,the(11–1)face is the largest in the habit face,the growth rate of(020)face becomes faster.With the increase of temperature,the aspect ratios of TKX-50 crystal in DMF solvent increase,and the areas of the(120)faces decrease.In ethylene glycol/H_(2)O mixed solvent system with volume ratio of 1/1,aspect ratio of TKX-50 is relatively small.In formic acid/H_(2)O mixed solvents with different volume ratios(1/4,1/3,1/2,1/1 and 2/1),aspect ratio of TKX-50 is relatively small when volume ratio is 1/2.

Combined hybrid energy storage system and transmission grid model for peak shaving based on time series operation simulation

This study proposes a combined hybrid energy storage system(HESS) and transmission grid(TG) model, and a corresponding time series operation simulation(TSOS) model is established to relieve the peak-shaving pressure of power systems under the integration of renewable energy. First, a linear model for the optimal operation of the HESS is established, which considers the different power-efficiency characteristics of the pumped storage system, electrochemical storage system, and a new type of liquid compressed air energy storage. Second, a TSOS simulation model for peak shaving is built to maximize the power entering the grid from the wind farms and HESS. Based on the proposed model, this study considers the transmission capacity of a TG. By adding the power-flow constraints of the TG, a TSOS-based HESS and TG combination model for peak shaving is established. Finally, the improved IEEE-39 and IEEE-118 bus systems were considered as examples to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model.

Simulation Analysis of New Energy Vehicle Engine Cooling System Based on K-E Turbulent Flow Mathematical Model

New energy vehicles have better clean and environmental protection characteristics than traditional fuel vehicles.The new energy engine cooling technology is critical in the design of new energy vehicles.This paper used oneand three-way joint simulation methods to simulate the refrigeration system of new energy vehicles.Firstly,a k-εturbulent flow model for the cooling pump flow field is established based on the principle of computational fluid dynamics.Then,the CFD commercial fluid analysis software FLUENT is used to simulate the flow field of the cooling pump under different inlet flow conditions.This paper proposes an optimization scheme for new energy vehicle engines’“boiling”phenomenon under high temperatures and long-time climbing conditions.The simulation results show that changing the radiator’s structure and adjusting the thermostat’s parameters can solve the problem of a“boiling pot.”The optimized new energy vehicle engine can maintain a better operating temperature range.The algorithm model can reference each cryogenic system component hardware selection and control strategy in the new energy vehicle’s engine.

Research on AC Electronic Load with Energy Recovery Based on Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control

Nowadays,AC electronic loads with energy recovery are widely used in the testing of uninterruptible power supplies and power supply equipment.To tackle the problems of control difficulty,strategy complexity,and poor dynamic performance of AC electronic load with energy recovery of the conventional control strategy,a control strategy of AC electronic load with energy recovery based on Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control(FCSMPC)is developed.To further reduce the computation burden of the FCS-MPC,a simplified FCS-MPC with transforming the predicted variables and using sector to select expected state is proposed.Through simplified model and equivalent approximation analysis,the transfer function of the system is obtained,and the stability and robustness of the system are analyzed.The performance of the simplified FCS-MPC is compared with space vector control(SVPWM)and conventional FCS-MPC.The results show that the FCS-MPC method performs better dynamic response and this advantage is more obvious when simulating high power loads.The simplified FCS-MPC shows similar control performance to conventional FCS-MPC at less computation burden.The control performance of the system also shows better simulation results.

Energy-Efficient Approaches for a Machine Tool Building in a University through Field Measurement and Energy Modelling

The heating,ventilating,and air conditioning(HVAC)system consumes nearly 50%of the building’s energy,especially in Taiwan with a hot and humid climate.Due to the challenges in obtaining energy sources and the negative impacts of excessive energy use on the environment,it is essential to employ an energy-efficient HVAC system.This study conducted the machine tools building in a university.The field measurement was carried out,and the data were used to conduct energymodelling with EnergyPlus(EP)in order to discover some improvements in energy-efficient design.The validation between fieldmeasurement and energymodelling was performed,and the error rate was less than 10%.The following strategies were proposed in this study based on several energy-efficient approaches,including room temperature settings,chilled water supply temperature settings,chiller coefficient of performance(COP),shading,and building location.Energy-efficient approaches have been evaluated and could reduce energy consumption annually.The results reveal that the proposed energy-efficient approaches of room temperature settings(3.8%),chilled water supply temperature settings(2.1%),chiller COP(5.9%),using shading(9.1%),and building location(3.0%),respectively,could reduce energy consumption.The analysis discovered that using a well-performing HVAC system and building shading were effective in lowering the amount of energy used,and the energy modelling method could be an effective and satisfactory tool in determining potential energy savings.

Research on Equivalent Modeling Method of AC-DC Power Networks Integrating with Renewable Energy Generation

Along with the increasing integration of renewable energy generation in AC-DC power networks,investigating the dynamic behaviors of this complex system with a proper equivalent model is significant.This paper presents an equivalent modeling method for the AC-DC power networks with doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms to decrease the simulation scale and computational burden.For the AC-DC power networks,the equivalent modeling strategy in accordance with the physical structure simplification is stated.Regarding the DFIG-based wind farms,the equivalent modeling based on the sequential identification of multi-machine parameters using the improved chaotic cuckoo search algorithm(ICCSA)is conducted.In light of the MATLAB simulation platform,a two-zone four-DC interconnected power grid with wind farms is built to check the efficacy of the proposed equivalentmodelingmethod.Fromthe simulation analyses and comparative validation in different algorithms and cases,the proposed method can precisely reflect the steady and dynamic performance of the demonstrated system under N-1 and N-2 fault scenarios,and it can efficiently achieve the parameter identification of the wind farms and fulfill the equivalent modeling.Consequently,the proposed approach’s effectiveness and suitability are confirmed.