Social Expenditure on Health Service and Its Macro Estimation

By social expenditure on health service(SEHS)we refer to the sum total of money paid by thewhole society during a certain period of year for the sake of preventing and treating diseases andof protecting and improving the people’s health.It reflects objectively the total level of SEHSduring a certain period;the levels of health service expenditures on the parts of the whole society,enterprises,and individuals;the ratio between SEHS and total social expenditure;and the ratiosof SEHS to gross national product and to national income.The article discussed and

Using a Spatial Convolution Method to Estimate Ecosystem Services Values at Regional Level: a Case Study in Northeast China

Since the introduction of the concept, studies on valuation of ecosystem services have been overwhelming, in cognizance of its great significance. In this article, the authors took Northeast China as the study area and applied the published coefficients for the world by Costanza to calculate the ecosystem services values through a spatial convolution method. The convolution analysis was done with a square processor with 5×5 neighborhood cells. The results showed that the ecosystem services value for the study area in the year 2003 was US$44 990 million which is US$89 million less than the value without operation, and the main contributions for that decrease were from water bodies, wetlands and estuaries. It is expected that this article can attract more interest to explore this field adopting geographic methods.

Stochastic DoS Attack Allocation Against Collaborative Estimation in Sensor Networks

In this paper,denial of service(DoS)attack management for destroying the collaborative estimation in sensor networks and minimizing attack energy from the attacker perspective is studied.In the communication channels between sensors and a remote estimator,the attacker chooses some channels to randomly jam DoS attacks to make their packets randomly dropped.A stochastic power allocation approach composed of three steps is proposed.Firstly,the minimum number of channels and the channel set to be attacked are given.Secondly,a necessary condition and a sufficient condition on the packet loss probabilities of the channels in the attack set are provided for general and special systems,respectively.Finally,by converting the original coupling nonlinear programming problem to a linear programming problem,a method of searching attack probabilities and power to minimize the attack energy is proposed.The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by simulation examples.

Semantic Region Estimation of Assistant Robot for the Elderly Long-Term Operation in Indoor Environment

In this work, in order to improve spatial recognition abilities for the long-term operation tasks of the assistant robot for the elderly, a novel approach of semantic region estimation is proposed. We define a novel graphbased semantic region descriptions, which are estimated in a dynamically fashion. We propose a two-level update algorithm, namely, Symbols update level and Regions update level. The algorithm firstly adopts particle filter to update weights of the symbols, and then use the Viterbi algorithm to estimate the region the robot stays in based on those weights, optimally. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach can solve problems of the long-term operation and kidnapped robot problem.

Survival Analysis of Logistics Service Providers: An Empirical Study of Chengdu, Area in China

This paper worked on a sample of 6791 logistics establishments registered in Chengdu, China over the period 1984-2016 to understand the survival status of logistics service providers (LSPs) by non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimation, together with Cox proportional hazard regression model, to identify factors affecting the failure of LSPs. In particular, it studies the interaction effect between LSPs’ size and entry timing and location. The empirical results show that: 1) Regarding the survival time, 1365 of the 6791 sample LSPs exited from the market by 2017. The exit rate is 20.1%, and the average life of the 6791 LSPs is about 6 years. 2) The survival of LSPs depends on their typology, ownership structure. And there is no significant difference in the probability of survival for both independent LSPs and logistics branches after controlling the effects of other variables. 3) Location and entry timing also play an important role in the survival of small-scale LSPs, but these factors cannot explain large-scale LSPs’ failure.

Research on Influences of Employment in Manufacturing Industry on that in the Service Industry Based on Bayes Model

Using the data of 285 prefectural and the above-level cities from 2004 to 2016,this thesis reveals the impact of employment in China's urban manufacturing industry on the employment of service industries with the Bayesian model.Under the Bayesian framework,partial linear semi-parametric model is proposed.The nonlinear functions are fitted by using truncation base cardinal spline and considering the random error tenns of mixed normal fitting models.The results show that:employment in the urban manufacturing industry in China has significant influence on the employment in the service industry.When the number of employees in the manufacturing industry changes from 0 to 650,000,the manufacturing industry has less influence.When the number of the employees in the manufacturing industry changes from 650,000 to 900,000,the employees of the service industry will dramatically increase.When the number of the employees in the manufacturing industry is more than 900,000,the employees in the service industry will be prone to stable growth.

The Ecological Service Function Development of Urban Modern Agriculture in Tianjin City and Corresponding Countermeasures

Based on the current situation of ecological environment of agriculture in Tianjin City,we divide the ecological service function of urban modern agriculture in Tianjin City into seven types: air regulation,climate regulation,water conservation,soil formation and protection, waste disposal,biodiversity conservation,and ecological entertainment. According to the method for assessing the value of natural ecosystem, coupled with the ecological service value equivalency factor table of China's ecosystem formulated by domestic scholars,we estimate the ecological value in Tianjin City. The results show that the actual ecological value of agriculture in Tianjin City was 30. 752 billion yuan in 2010,close to the agricultural economic value ( 31. 733 billion yuan) in 2010. Finally we put forth the following countermeasures for the ecological function development of urban modern agriculture in Tianjin City: strictly protecting arable land,and raising the standards of compensation for agricultural land requisition; actively and prudently developing facility agriculture,and preventing the blind scale expansion of facility agriculture to better give play to its ecological function; strengthening the construction of ecological agriculture,and promoting the market conversion of the ecological service value of agriculture; improving the environment,to form relatively complete agro-ecological system.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Road Network and Road Development Pri-ority in Three Parallel Rivers Region in Yunnan,China:An Evaluation Based on Modified Kernel Distance Estimate

Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.

新增医疗服务价格项目管理政策回顾、实施难点及建议

比较各地新增医疗服务价格项目管理方案和主要做法,发现各地新增价格项目受理未区分难度、消耗和缓急,未明确绿色通道和加收情形;新增价格项目将耗材打包收费,难以客观体现技术劳务与设备物耗贡献;新增医疗服务价格项目要素不统一,影响区域间医院价格管理效果评价;新增价格项目成本测算表构成与计算口径各异,影响区域间数据的比较;价格政策执行情况检查结果与新增价格项目管理之间缺乏有效协同衔接。建议整合现行政策文件,出台国家新增医疗服务价格项目管理指导意见;公立医院要响应临床需求,加强新增价格项目申报、成本测算、执行情况管理,促进医疗技术创新发展和临床应用。

我国药学服务收费探索与现状分析

目的 总结中国药学服务收费的探索历程及现状,并结合国外实践进行分析,为中国药学服务收费相关政策的进一步完善提供参考。方法 检索国家及各省卫生健康委员会、医疗保障局的官方网站,归纳中国药学服务收费相关政策的变革及各省最新的药学服务收费政策。同时检索中国国家知识基础设施(CNKI)、维普中文科技期刊数据库、Pubmed等数据库,总结关于药学服务收费相关研究。结果 国内关于药学服务成本测算和收费标准的研究较多,但多集中在药房调剂服务,对具体药学服务的技术劳务价值探讨较少,国外这方面研究相对较多。目前国内共8个省和1个直辖市公布了药学类医疗服务价格项目,收费项目、收费标准、医疗保险支付比例及监测评估指标各有差异。结论 将药学服务收费纳入国家医疗服务价格体系是对药学服务转型和药师价值的认可,但尚在起步阶段,仍有完善和改进空间。

公立医院复杂型医疗服务项目价格形成与动态调整

目的比较各地医疗服务价格动态调整实施方案和主要做法,结合存在的问题,提出完善公立医院参与复杂型医疗服务价格形成与调整机制的政策建议。方法利用文献研究法、比较分析法,回顾国家复杂型医疗服务价格形成与动态调整政策,梳理调价进展和面临的主要问题。结果部分地区医疗服务价格形成与动态调整机制设计缺乏可操作性,各地区价格动态调整机制实质性运行的进度差异较大。典型地区设置公立医院参与复杂型医疗服务价格形成与动态调整规则,分步、分批次启动价格动态调整。结论建议完善复杂型医疗服务价格形成与动态调整机制的具体规则,推进复杂型医疗服务价格形成与动态调整机制实质性运行。

课后服务能提高中小学生的学业成绩吗——基于东中西部6省32个县(区)的调查

为满足学生多样化的教育需求,促进中小学生身心健康发展,课后服务在中小学全面推行。针对我国6省份32个县(区)的中小学课后服务的开展情况进行调查,探讨学生参加校内课后服务对学业成绩的影响,采用倾向值匹配法来解决选择性偏误的影响,结果显示:在控制了学生个人特征、学校背景和家庭因素等影响后,参加课后服务的学生比未参加课后服务的学生的数学成绩有显著提高;参加课后服务对城乡学生学业成绩的影响存在异质性。基于上述发现,课后服务应在以下方面做出改进:发挥课后服务育人功能,促进学生全面发展;完善激励保障机制,提高教师课后服务能力;保障农村课后服务有效开展,缩小城乡课后服务质量差距。

基于资源消耗动因的标化医疗服务项目成本测算研究

新一轮医疗服务价格改革提出构建政府主导、医院参与的价格形成机制,目前各地正在开展改革试点,但在具体实践中医疗机构普遍感到价格调整建议的提出标准和依据不足。对此,以江苏省25家公立医院的成本数据为例,探讨基于主要资源消耗动因、对不同类型医疗服务项目进行标化成本测算的方法,为公立医院开展项目成本测算提供参考和依据。

中国基本公共服务发展水平的统计测度与时空效应

基本公共服务均等化是实现共同富裕的着力点,对基本公共服务发展水平进行精准测度,把握好各地区基本公共服务发展的差异性,对扎实推进共同富裕具有重要意义。依据“七有”“两保障”标准构建基本公共服务发展水平评价指标体系,采用熵权法测算2011—2020年各省份基本公共服务发展指数的时空变化。继而利用空间Kernel密度估计方法刻画空间影响下各地区发展水平的分布形态和演进规律。最后通过空间Markov转移概率矩阵进一步量化空间影响下的状态转移概率和内部动态性。研究发现:2011—2019年各省份基本公共服务发展水平稳步提升,中西部地区增速高于东部地区。2011—2020年各省份基本公共服务发展水平主要集中在较低水平,总体上呈现右移趋势;东部地区聚集趋势最弱,两极分化态势较为严重;中部地区极化特征不明显,但内部结构的稳定性较差;西部地区的基本公共服务发展水平存在下降的风险。空间因素对各地区发展水平存在显著影响,不同水平的地区具有俱乐部收敛特征。各省份基本公共服务发展水平主要向中低水平和中高水平转移,低水平和高水平地区的状态转移流动性最差;高水平地区影响下各地区均无状态转移,固化现象凸显。因此,当前阶段中国在推进共同富裕的进程中需要扩大东西联动交流,提高中西部公共服务的持续造血能力;增强区域协作机制,实施区域协调发展;关注虹吸效应,切实弱化两极分化态势。

列车控制系统的抗拒绝服务攻击弹性控制策略

当遭受拒绝服务(DoS)攻击时,分布式列车控制系统的弹性控制问题受到广泛关注.本文提出了一种基于分布式领导车状态观测器和障碍李雅普诺夫函数的弹性控制策略,不仅可以避免列车碰撞,同时实现了编队控制的目标.首先,给出了一种分布式的领导车状态观测器设计方法,用于实时估计领导车的状态.理论分析表明,在DoS攻击满足一定约束的条件下,该状态观测器的估计误差具有指数稳定特性.在此基础上,通过将列车碰撞避免问题转化为状态受限问题,提出一种基于障碍李雅普诺夫函数的状态受限控制律,解决了DoS攻击下确保碰撞避免的车队控制问题.最后,数值仿真证实了本文方法的有效性.

基于当量因子模型的江阴市生态服务价值核算研究

采用当量模型法核算生态系统服务的理论价值,并选择区域特征系数进行价值修正,结合研究区生态敏感性、人均生态价值占有量分析,对当前实践中生态服务价值难以转化、市场认可度低的问题进行探讨。结果表明,研究区2020年修正后的1个标准单位当量生态服务价值为6180.02元/hm^(2),总价值约159.82亿元。不同地类生态系统服务价值差异较大,其中水域单位面积价值最高(776272.05元/hm^(2)),湿地次之(321484.50元/hm^(2));从不同生态功能来看,调节服务、供给服务、支持服务、文化服务贡献率分别为84.08%、8.24%、5.75%、1.93%;生态价值人均占有量约12618.96元,不同地类差异较大;区域平均生态敏感性指数为0.79<1,说明生态服务价值对区域发展阶段具有敏感性趋势。

农业社会化服务对农业面源污染的影响研究——基于塔里木河流域棉农微观调查数据的实证分析

在经济社会发展全面绿色转型背景下,探究农业社会化服务对农业面源污染的影响,旨在实现减污降碳的同时,为完善农业社会化服务体系提供有力支撑。基于新疆塔里木河流域5地州7县360名棉农的调查数据,通过普通最小二乘法和倾向得分匹配法分析农业社会化服务对农业面源污染的影响,进一步运用逆向概率加权法对农业社会化服务采纳程度与农业面源污染排放量的关系进行实证检验。实证结果表明:不同农业社会化服务类型对农业面源污染的影响存在差异。其中,农业技术服务和农业机械服务对农业面源污染具有显著抑制作用,分别降低农户每公顷农资投入费用约1070元和1170元,而农业保险服务对农业面源污染存在显著正向影响。控制变量中,务农年限、家庭非农劳动力比例、种植规模对农业面源污染具有显著正向影响,而土壤肥力具有负向影响。农业社会化服务采纳程度越高,农业面源污染排放程度越低,且农业机械服务与农业技术服务的协同作用能够进一步降低农业面源污染,相较于仅采纳机械服务或技术服务,同时购买两项服务的农户农资投入费用分别减少约640元和800元。据此,提出积极推进各方主体参与环境污染综合治理,完善环境污染防控协作共治机制;加强农业科技投入,研发农业面源污染防控先进技术;把握农户差异化诉求,提供针对性农业社会化服务的对策建议。

互联网普及水平能够提高我国乡镇医疗机构服务能力吗?

目的:研究互联网普及水平与乡镇医疗机构服务能力之间的关系。方法:基于2011~2022年中国内地27个省份面板数据(除北京、上海、天津和西藏),利用三阶段超效率SBM-DEA模型和Malmquist指数对乡镇医疗机构服务能力分别进行静态和动态测度,并利用半参数估计进行实证分析。结果:2011~2022年乡镇医疗机构全要素生产率、综合效率与技术进步率均值分别为1.00、0.99和1.01;全国和东部地区互联网普及水平对乡镇医疗机构服务能力的偏导图呈现微弱下降趋势,中西部地区互联网普及水平对乡镇医疗机构服务能力的偏导图为“倒U”型。结论:我国各地区乡镇医疗机构服务能力呈现较大差异,互联网普及水平对乡镇医疗机构服务能力的提高是有限的。

关中平原城市群家庭服务业发展水平及其动态演进

从家庭服务业发展特征出发,从发展、共享、协调、可持续和开放5个维度构建家庭服务业高质量发展测度评价指标体系。通过熵权法测度关中平原城市群2011—2022年家庭服务业高质量发展水平,运用核密度估计和空间马尔科夫链法探究关中平原城市群家庭服务业高质量发展动态演进态势。结果表明,发展趋势稳定上升,发展总体水平低下;注重可持续发展,地区不平衡问题存在;城市群存在交虹吸效应,城市协同发展不显著。

混合攻击下基于容积卡尔曼滤波的多区域互联电力系统的检测与防御

以多区域互联电力系统为研究对象,对混合攻击下多区域互联电力系统的检测与防御进行研究。首先,建立多区域互联电力系统的数学模型,分析多区域互联电力系统遭受网络攻击的位置及其类型,建立虚假数据注入攻击和拒绝服务攻击模型,接着根据是否收到数据包诊断拒绝服务攻击,并用最新接收的数据对丢失的数据进行补偿,实现拒绝服务攻击的防御;然后,基于容积卡尔曼滤波算法检测虚假数据注入攻击,并采用指数平滑法对虚假数据注入攻击进行防御;最后,以两区域互联电力系统为例进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明:所设计的控制算法能有效克服混合攻击对系统造成的不良影响,实现电力系统功率平衡和频率稳定。